Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination

Vision Research

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 257-269

  Boynton, Geoffrey M ^a   Demb, Jonathan B ^a   Glover, Gary H ^a   Heeger, David J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Contrast; FMRI; Masking; Primary visual cortex; Psychophysics

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTEROCULAR TRANSFER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBSERVER VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL MASKING;

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PSYCHOPHYSICS; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 0032920991     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00113-8     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Albrecht D.G., Geisler W.S. Motion sensitivity and the contrast-response function of simple cells in the visual cortex. Visual Neuroscience. 7:1991;531-546.
2. Albrecht D.G., Hamilton D.B. Striate cortex of monkey and cat: Contrast response function. Journal of Neurophysiology. 48:1982;217-237.
3. Barlow H.B., Kaushal T.P., Hawken M., Parker A.J. Human contrast discrimination and the threshold of cortical neurons. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 4:1987;2366-2371.
4. Bonds A.B. Role of inhibition in the specification of orientation selectivity of cells in the cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience. 2:1989;41-55.
5. Boynton G.M., Engel S.A., Glover G.H., Heeger D.J. Linear systems analysis of fMRI in human V1. Journal of Neuroscience. 16:1996;4207-4221.
6. Bradley A., Ohzawa I. A comparison of contrast detection and discrimination. Vision Research. 26:1986;991-997.
7. Bradley A., Skottun B., Ohzawa I., Sclar G., Freeman R.D. Visual orientation and spatial frequency discrimination; A comparison of single neurons and behavior. Journal of Neurophysiology. 57:1987;755-772.
8. Brady N., Field D.J. What's constant in contrast constancy? The effects of scaling on the perceived contrast of bandpass patterns. Vision Research. 35:1995;739-756.
9. Britten K.H., Shadlen M.N., Newsome W.T., Movshon J.A. Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochiastic motion signals. Visual Neuroscience. 10:1993;1157-1169.
10. Carandini M., Heeger D.J. Summation and division by neurons in primate visual cortex. Science. 264:1994;1333-1336.
11. Carandini M., Heeger D.J., Movshon J.A. Linearity and normalization of simple cells of the macaque primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 17:1997;8621-8644.
12. Dean A.F. The variability of discharge of simple cells in the cat striate cortex. Experimental Brain Research. 44:1981a;437-440.
13. Dean A.F. The relationship between response amplitude and contrast for cat striate cortical neurons. Journal of Physiology (London). 318:1981;413-427.
14. DeAngelis G.C., Robson J.G., Ohzawa I, Freeman R.D. The organization of suppression in receptive fields of neurons in the cat's visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology. 68:1992;144-163.
15. Demb J.B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia. PhD thesis, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 1997.
16. DeValois R.L., Albrecht D.G., Thorell L.G. Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vision Research. 21:1982;545-559.
17. DeYoe E.A., Carman G.J., Bandettini P., Glickman S., Wieser J., Cox R., Miller D., Neitz J. Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 93:1996;2382-2386.
18. Efron B., Tibshirani R.J. An introduction to the bootstrap. 1993;Chapman and Hall, New York.
19. Engel S.A., Glover G.H., Wandell B.A. Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. Cerebral Cortex. 7:1997;181-192.
20. Engel S.A., Rumelhart D.E., Wandell B.A., Lee A.T., Glover G.H., Chichilnisky E.J., Shadlen M.N. fMRI of human visual cortex. Nature. 369:1994;525.
21. Foley J.M., Boynton G.M. A new model of human luminance pattern vision mechanisms: Analysis of the effects of pattern orientation, spatial phase, and temporal frequency. Lawton T.A. Computational vision based on neurobiology. SPIE Proceedings. 2054:1994.
22. Foley J.M., Yang Y. Forward pattern masking; effects of spatial frequency and contrast. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 8:1991;2026-2037.
23. Foley J.M. Human luminance pattern-vision mechanisms; masking experiments require a new model. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 11:1994;1710-1719.
24. Geisler W.S., Albrecht D.G. Visual cortex neurons in monkeys and cats: Detection, discrimination and indentification. Visual Neuroscience. 14:1997;897-919.
25. Glover G.H., Lai S. Self-navigating spiral fMRI; Interleaved versus single-shot. Magnetic Resonance Medicine. 39:1998;361-368.
26. Graham N. Visual Pattern Analyzers. 1989;Oxford University Press, New York.
27. Hawken M.J., Parker A.J. Detection and discrimination mechanisms in the striate cortex of the old-world monkey. Blakemore C. Vision: coding and efficiency. 1990;103-116 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28. Heeger D.J. Nonlinear model of neural responses in cat visual cortex. Landy M., Movshon J.A. Computational models of visual processing. 1991;119-133 MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
29. Heeger D.J. Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience. 9:1992a;181-198.
30. Heeger D.J. Half-squaring in responses of cat simple cells. Visual Neuroscience. 9:1992b;427-443.
31. Heeger D.J. Modelling simple cell direction selectivity with normalized, half-squared, linear operators. Journal of Neurophysiology. 70:1993;1885-1898.
32. Kwong K.K., Belliveau J.W., Chesler D.A., Goldberg I.E., Weiskoff R.M., Poncelet B.P., Kennedy D.N., Hoppel B.E., Cohen M.S., Turner R., Cheng H.M., Brady T.J., Rosen B.R. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 89:1992;5675-5679.
33. Legge G.E., Foley J.M. Contrast masking in human vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 70:1980;1458-1470.
34. Legge G.E. A power law for contrast discrimination. Vision Research. 21:1981;457-467.
35. Moseley M.E., Glover G.H. Functional MR imaging. Capabilities and limitations. Functional Neuroimaging. 5:1995;161-191.
36. Nachmias J., Sansbury R. Grating contrast; Discrimination may be better than detection. Vision Research. 14:1974;1039-1042.
37. Nestares O., Heeger D.J. Modelling the apparent frequency specific suppression in simple cells responses. Vision Research. 37:1997;1535-1543.
38. Noll D., Cohen J., Meyer C., Schneider W. Spiral k-space MR imaging of cortical activation. JMRI. 5:1995;49-57.
39. Ogawa S., Lee T., Kay A., Tank D. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 87:1990;9868-9872.
40. Ogawa S., Tank D., Menon R., Ellerman J., Kim S., Merkle H., Ugurbil K. intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: Functional brain mapping using MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 89:1992;5951-5955.
41. Pelli DG. Uncertainty explains many aspects of visual contrast detection and discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 2:1985;1508-1532.
42. Robson J.G., Graham N. Probability summation and regional variation in contrast sensitivity across the visual field. Vision Research. 21:1981;409-418.
43. Schneider W., Noll D.C., Cohen J.D. Functional topographic mapping of the cortical ribbon in human vision with conventional MRI scanners. Nature. 365:1993;150-153.
44. Sclar G., Maunsell J.H.R., Lennie P. Coding of image contrast incentral visual pathways of the macaque monkey. Vision Research. 30:1990;1-10.
45. Sereno M.I., Dale A.M., Reppas J.B., Kwong K.K., Belliveau J.W., Brady T.J., Rosen B.R., Tootell R.B.H. Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science. 268:1995;889-893.
46. Shadlen M.N., Britten K.H., Newsome W.T., Movshon J.A. A computaional analysis of the relationship between neuronal behavioural responses to visual motion. Journalof Neuroscience. 15:1996;1486-1510.
47. Snowden R.J., Treue S., Anderson R.A. The response of neurons in macaque MT of the alert rhesus monkey to moving dot patterns. Experimental Brain Research. 88:1992;389-400.
48. Softky W.R., Koch C. The highly irregular firing of cortical cells is inconsistent with temporal integration of random EPSPs. Journal of Neuroscience. 13:1993;334-350.
49. Stromeyer C.F., Klein S. Spatial frequency channels in human vision as assymmetric (edge) mechanisms. Vision Research. 14:1974;1409-1420.
50. Teo P., & Heeger D.J. Perceptual image distortion. In: Proceedings of First International Conference on Image Processing. Austin, TX, 1994: 982-6.
51. Teo P., Heeger D.J. A general mechanistic model of spatial pattern detection. Investigative Opthalmology Visual Science Suppl. 36:1995;439.
52. Teo P., Sapiro G., Wandell B.A. Creating connected representations of cortical gray matter for functional MRI visualization. IEEE Medical Transactions. 16:1997;852-863.
53. Tolhurst D.J., Barfield L.P. Interactions between spatial frequency channels. Vision Research. 18:1977;51-58.
54. Tolhurst D.J., Heeger D.J. Comparison of contrast normalization and threshold models of the responses of simple cells in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience. 14:1997;293-310.
55. Tolhurst D.J., Heeger D.J. Contrast normalization and a linear model for the directional selectivity of simple cells in cat striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience. 14:1997;19-26.
56. Tolhurst D.J., Movshon J.A., Dean A.F. The statistical reliability of single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex. Vision Research. 23:1983;775-785.
57. Tootell R.B.H., Taylor J.B. Anatomical evidence for MT and additional cortical visual areas in humans. Cerebral Cortex. 5:1995;39-55.
58. Tootell R.B.H., Reppas J.B., Kwong K.K., Malach R., Born R.T., Brady T.J., Rosen B.R., Belliveau J.W. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience. 15:1995;3215-3230.
59. VanEssen D.C., Felleman D.J., DeYoe E.A., Olavarria J., Knierim J. Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 55:1990;679-696.
60. Watson A.B. Probability summation over time. Vision Research. 19:1979;515-522.
61. Zeki S., Watson J.D.G., Lueck C.J., Friston K.J., Kennard C., Frackowiak R.S. A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 11:1991;641-649.