Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)-A review of device reliability and innovation

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Volumn 360, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 1-11

  Islam, Nazrul ^a   Gladki, Ellen ^b  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CANBERRA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Device; Dry powder inhaler (DPI); Formulation; Pulmonary

Indexed keywords

ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; APOMORPHINE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; FENOTEROL; FENTANYL; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FORMOTEROL; FORMOTEROL FUMARATE; INSULIN; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; MORPHINE; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PROCATEROL; PUMACTANT; SALBUTAMOL SULFATE; SALMETEROL XINAFOATE; TERBUTALINE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE; VACCINE;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRY POWDER; HUMAN; POWDER INHALER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; SHORT SURVEY;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ANIMALS; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; NEBULIZERS AND VAPORIZERS; POWDERS;

EID: 47049128164     PISSN: 03785173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.044     Document Type: Short Survey

References (152)

1. Adi H., Larson I., Chiou H., Young P., Traini D., and Stewart P. Agglomerate strength and dispersion of salmeterol xinafoate from powder mixtures for inhalation. Pharm. Res. 23 (2006) 2556-2565
2. Agertoft L., and Pederson S. Lung deposition and systemic availability of fluticasone Diskus and budesonide Turbuhaler in children. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2003) 779-782
3. Altounyan R.E.C. Inhibition of experimental asthma by a new compound-sodium cromoglycate. Intal. Acta Allergol. 22 (1967) 487-489
4. Ashurst I., Malton A., Prime D., and Sumby B. Latest advances in the development of dry powder inhalers. Pharma. Sci. Technol. Today 3 (2000) 246-256
5. Atkins P.J. Dry powder inhalers: an overview. Respir. Care 50 (2005) 1304-1312
6. Backman R., Baumgatten C., and Sharma R. Fluticasone propionate via Diskus inhaler at half the microgram dose of budesonide via Turbuhaler inhaler. Clin. Drug Invest. 21 (2001) 735-743
7. Banga A.K. Delivery of protein therapeutics. Business Brief.: Pharmatech. (2003) 198-201
8. Bell J.H., Hartley P.S., and Cox J.S.G. Dry powder aerosols. I. New powder inhalation device. J. Pharm. Sci. 60 (1971) 1559-1564
9. Bennett J.V., Fernandez C.J., Valdespino-Gomez J.L., Garcia-Garcia M.L., Islas R.R., Echaniz A.G., Jimenez C.A., and Sepulveda A.J. Aerosolized measles and measles-rubella vaccines induce better measles antibody booster responses than injected vaccines: randomized trials in Mexican schoolchildren. Bull. World Health Organiz. 80 (2002) 806-812
10. Beth A.S.B., Jack A.R., Daniel P.B., and David R.F. A piezo-electronic inhaler for local and systemic application. Drug Deliv. Technol. 4 (2004) 90-93
11. Bisgaard H. Drug delivery from inhaler devices. Lung deposition, clinical effect and cost effectiveness vary. Br. Med. J. 313 (1996) 895-896
12. Bisgaard H. Automatic actuation of a dry powder inhaler into a nonelectrostatic spacer. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (1998) 518-521
13. Blair J., Mao L., and Hodgers E. Modification of the pulmonary absorption of cyclosporine using Solidose technology. In: Dalby R.N., Byron P.R., Farr S.J., and Peart J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery VII (2000), Serentec Press, Releigh 481-483
14. Borgstrom L., Asking L., and Thorsson L. Idealhalers or realhalers? A comparison of Diskus and Turbuhaler. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 59 (2005) 1488-1495
15. Bot A.L., Tarara T.E., Smith D.J., Bot S.R., Wood C.M., and Weer J.G. Novel lipid-based hollow porous microparticles as a platform for immunoglobulin delivery to the respiratory tract. Pharm. Res. 17 (2000) 275-283
16. Brambilla G., Cocconi D., Armani A., Smith S., Lye E., and Burge S. Designing a novel dry powder inhaler: the NEXT TM DPI (Part 1). In: Dalby, et al. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery X (2006), Davis Horwood International, UK 553-555
17. Brown B.A.S., Rasmussen J.A., Becker D.P., and Friend D.R. A piezo-electric inhaler for local and systemic application. Drug Deliv. Technol. 4 (2004) 90-93
18. Bryan J. Novel inhaler devices: balancing innovation against price is important. Pharm. J. 274 (2005) 241-242
19. Byron P.R. Prediction of drug residence times in regions of the human respiratory tract following aerosol inhalation. J. Pharm. Sci. 75 (1986) 433-438
20. Byron P.R., and Patton J.S. Drug delivery via the respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Med. 7 (1994) 49-75
21. Byron P.R., Peart J., and Staniforth J.N. Aerosol characteristics I: properties of the fine powders before and after aerosolizationby dry powder inhalers. Pharm. Res. 14 (1997) 698-705
22. Byron P.R. Drug delivery devices: issues in drug development. Proc. Am. Thoracic Soc. 1 (2004) 321-328
23. Carter P.A., Rowley G., Fletcher E.J., and Sylanopoulos V. Measurement of electrostatic charge decay in pharmaceutical powders and polymer materials used in dry powder inhaler devices. Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm. 24 (1998) 1083-1088
24. CRER. Guidance for Industry: Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) and Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Drug Products (1998), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Rockville, MD
25. Chan H.K. Formulation challenges: protein powders for inhalation. Drugs Pharm. Sci. 126 (2003) 879-890
26. Chan H.K. Dry powder aerosol delivery systems: current and future research directions. J. Aerosol Med. 19 (2006) 21-27
27. Chan H.K., Young P.M., Traini D., and Coates M. Dry powder inhalers: challenges and goals for next generation therapies. Pharm. Technol. Eur. 19 (2007) 19-24
28. Chawla, B., Paul, S., 2008. Inhaler, PCT Int. Appl. WO 2008001132. Brintech International Limited, UK.
29. Cheatham, W.W., Leone-Bay, A., Grant, M., Fog, P.B., Diamond, D.C., 2006. Pulmonary delivery of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5. PCT Int. Appl., WO 2006023944, 23 pp.
30. Clark A.R. Medical aerosol inhalers: past, present and future. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22 (1995) 374-391
31. Chen, Q., 2007a. Device for quantitatively dispensing dry powder and used with dry powder inhaler, CN 200710020974. Faming Zhuanil Shenqing Gonokai Shuomingshu, China.
32. Chen, Q., 2007b. Device for rapidly evaluating dry powder from capsule in dry powder inhaler, CN 200710020975. Faming Zhuanil Shenqing Gonokai Shuomingshu, China.
33. Chet L.L. Inhalation aspects of therapeutic aerosols. Toxicol. Pathol. 35 (2007) 23-26
34. Chrystyn H. Closer to an 'Ideal Inhaler' with the Easyhaler: an innovative dry powder inhaler. Clin. Drug Invest. 26 (2006) 175-183
35. Chow A.H.L., Tong H.H.Y., Chattopadhyay P., and Shekunov B.Y. Particle engineering for pulmonary drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 24 (2007) 411-437
36. Coates M.S., Fletcher D.F., Chan H.K., and Raper J.A. Effect of design on the performance of a dry powder inhaler using computational fluid dynamics. Part 1: Grid structure and mouthpiece length. J. Pharm. Sci. 11 (2004) 2863-2876
37. Cochrane G.M., Bala m.V., Downs K.E., Mauskopf J., and Ben-Joshph R.H. Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma therapy: patient compliance, devices, and inhalation technique. Chest 117 (2000) 542-550
38. Crowder T.M., Louey M.D., Sethuraman V.V., Smyth H.D.C., and Hickey A.J. An odessy in inhaler formulations and design. Pharm. Technol. 25 (2001) 99-113
39. Crowther L.N.R., Holbrook A.M., Crystin H., Macleod S.M., and Newhouse M.T. Dry powder versus intravenous and nebulized gentamycin in cystic fobrosis and bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160 (1999) 1711-1716
40. Dagsland, A., 2007. New device, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007073302. Astrazeneca AB, Sweden.
41. Dalby R.N., Hickey A.J., and Tiano S.L. Medical devices for the delivery of therapeutic aerosols to the lungs. Lung Biol. Health Dis. 221 (2007) 417-444
42. DiNunzio J.C., McGinity J.W., and Williams R.O. Advance delivery devices: a review of development and design technology for next generation dry powder inhalers. Drug Deliv. Technol. 7 (2007) 23-34
43. Dunbar C. Dry powder formulations for inhalation. Drug. Deliv. Syst. Sci. 2 (2002) 78-80
44. de Boer A.H., Hagedoorn P., Westerman E.M., Le Brun P.P.H., Heijerman H.G.M., and Frijlink H.W. Design and in vitro performance of a disposable inhaler (Twincer) with multiple air classifier technology for high powder doses. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 28 (2006) 171-178
45. de Boer A.H., Gjaltema D., and Hagedoorn P. Inhalation characteristics and their in vitro drug delivery. Part 2: effect of peak flow rate (PIFR) and inspiration time of the in vitro drug release from three different types of commercial dry powder inhaler. Int. J. Pharm. 138 (1996) 45-56
46. DeLong M., Wright J., Dawson M., Meyer T., Sommerer K., and Dunbar C. Dose delivery characteristics of the AIR pulmonary delivery system over a range of inspiratory flow rates. J. Aerosol Med. 18 (2005) 452-459
47. de Swart R.L., LiCalsi C., Quirk A.V., Van Amerongen G., Nodelman V., Aloock R., Yueksle S., Ward G.H., Hardy J.G., Vos H., Witham C.L., Grainger C.I., Kuiken T., Greenspan B.J., Gard T.G., and Oserhaus A.D.M.E. Measles vaccination of macaques by dry powder inhalation. Vaccine 25 (2007) 1183-1190
48. Dilraj A., Cutts F.T., de Castro J.F., Wheeler J.G., Brown D., Roth C., Coovadia H.M., and Bennett J.V. Response to different measles vaccine strains given by aerosol and subcutaneous routes to schoolchildren: a randomised trial. Lancet 355 (2000) 798-803
49. Dilraj A., Sukkhoo R., Cutts F.T., and Bennett J.V. Aerosol and subcutaneous measles vaccine: Measles antibody responses 6 years after re-vaccination. Vaccine 25 (2007) 4170-4174
50. Dolovich M. The relevance of aerosol particle size to clinical response. J. Biopharm. Sci. 3 (1992) 39-45
51. Edwards D.A., Hanes J., Caponetti G., Hrkach J., Ben-Jebria A., Eskew M.L., Mintzes J., Dewaver D., Lotan N., and Langer R. Large porous particles for pulmonary drug delivery. Science 276 (1997) 1868-1871
52. Edwards D.A., Ben-Jebria A., and Langer R. Recent advances in pulmonary drug delivery using large, porous inhaled particles. J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (1998) 379-385
53. Endo K., Amikawa S., Matsumoto A., Sahashi N., and Onoue S. Erythritol-based dry powder of glucagon for pulmonary administration. Int. J. Pharm. 290 (2005) 63-71
54. Erin L.G., and James D.C. Needle-free vaccine delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58. (2006) 68-89
55. Eslve, V., Kreim, A., 2007, Dry powder inhaler, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007098870, Germany.
56. Everard M.L., Devadason S.G., and Le S.P.N. Particle size selection device for use with the Turbohaler. Thorax 51 (1996) 537-539
57. Freedman T. Medihaler Therapy for bronchial asthma: a new type of aerosol therapy. Postgrad. Med. J. 20 (1956) 667-673
58. French D.L., Edwards D.A., and Niven R.W. The influence of formulation on emission, deaggregation and deposition of dry powders for inhalation. J. Aerosol Sci. 27 (1996) 769-783
59. Friede M., and Aguado M.T. Need for new vaccine formulations and potential of particulate antigen and DNA delivery systems. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57 (2005) 325-331
60. Geller D.E. Comparing clinical features of the nebulizer, metered-dose inhaler, and dry powder inhaler. Respir. Care 50 (2005) 1313-1322
61. Ganderton D., and Kasem N.M. Dry powder inhalers. Adv. Pharm. Sci. 6 (1992) 165-191
62. Gonda I. Aerosols for delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the respiratory tract. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 6 (1990) 273-313
63. Graham T.M., and Ronald A.A. Inhaled insulin for diabetes mellitus. New Engl. J. Med. 356 (2006) 497-502
64. Groneberg D.A., Witt C., Wagner U., Chung K.F., and Fischer A. Fundamentals of pulmonary drug delivery. Respir. Med. 97 (2003) 382-387
65. Helen B. Development of inhaler technology. Med. Dev. Technol. 12 (2001) 24-26
66. Hersey J.A. Ordered mixing: a new concept in powder mixing practice. Powder Technol. 11 (1975) 41-44
67. Hess D.E. Metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers in aerosol therapy. Respir. Care 50 (2005) 1376-1383
68. Hickey A.J. Summary of common approaches to pharmaceutical aerosol administration. In: Hickey A.J. (Ed). Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology (1992), Marcel Dekker, New York 255-288
69. Hickey A.J., Concessio N.M., VanOort M.M., and Platz R.M. Factors influencing the dispersion of dry powders as aerosols. J. Pharm. Technol. 18 (1994) 58-64
70. Hickey A.J., and Concessio N.M. Descriptors of irregular particle morphology and powder properties. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 26 (1997) 29-39
71. Hickey A.J. Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol technology. second edition (2004), Marcel Dekker, NY, USA
72. Hickey A.J., and Crowder T.M. Next generation dry powder inhalation delivery systems. Lung Biol. Health Dis. 221 (2007) 445-460
73. Hil M. Characteristics of an active multiple-dose dry powder inhaler. In: Byron P.R., Dalby R.N., and Farr S.J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery IV (1994), Interpharm Press, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL 109-116
74. Hussain A., Majumder Q.H., and Ahsan F. Inhaled insulin is better absorbed when administered as a dry powder compared to solution in the presence or absence of alkylglycosides. Pharm. Res. 23 (2006) 138-147
75. Ibrahim T.H., Burk T.R., Etzler F.M., and Neuman R.D. Direct adhesion measurements of pharmaceutical particles to gelatin capsule surfaces. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 14 (2000) 1225-1242
76. Islam N., Stewart P., Larson I., and Hartley P. Lactose surface modification by decantation-are drug-fine lactose ratios the key to better dispersion of salmeterol xinafoate from lactose interactive mixtures?. Pharm. Res. 21 (2004) 492-499
77. Islam N., Stewart P., Larson I., and Hartley P. Surface roughness contribution to the adhesion force distribution of salmeterol xinafoate on lactose carriers by atomic force microscopy. J. Pharm. Sci. 94 (2005) 1500-1511
78. Kelly H.W. Innovations in Dry Powder Inhalation Systems, in Dry Powder Inhalers in the Treatment of Asthma: A Continuing Education Monograph for Physicians, Nurses, Pharmacists, Physician Assistants and Respiratory Therapists (2002), Meniscus, USA pp. 10-18
79. Kirk W.F. Aerosols for inhalation therapy. Trends Rev.: Pharm. Int. (1986) 1950-1954
80. Laube B.L. The expanding role of aerosols in systemic drug delivery, gene therapy, and vaccination. Respir. Care 50 (2005) 1161-1176
81. Le Brun P.P.H., de Boer A.H., Mannes G.P.M., de fraiture D.M.I., Brimicombe R.W., Touw D.J., Vinks A.A., Frijlink H.W., and Heijerman H.G.M. Dry powder inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis therapy: part 2: inhalation of a nevel colistin dry powder formulation: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers and patients. Eur. J. Pharm. 54 (2002) 25-32
82. Li, J., 2007. Breath actuated dry powder inhaler, Britt. UK Pat. Appl., GB 2433247; WO 2007096667.
83. Li W.I., and Edwards D.A. Aerosol particle transport and deaggregation phenomena in the mouth and throat. Adv Drug Deliv. Rev. 26 (1997) 41-49
84. LiCalsi C., Maniac M.J., Christensen T., Philip E., Ward G.H., and Witham C. A powder formulation of measles vaccine for aerosol delivery. Vaccine 19 (2001) 2629-2636
85. Louey M.D., and Stewart P.J. Particle interactions involved in aerosol dispersion of ternary interactive mixtures. Pharm. Res. 19 (2002) 1524-1531
86. Lu D., and Hickey A.J. Liposomal dry powders as aerosols for pulmonary delivery of proteins. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Technol. 6 (2005) 641-648
87. Lucas P., Anderson K., and Staniforth J.N. Protein deposition from dry powder inhalers: fine particle multiplets as performance modifiers. Pharm. Res. 15 (1998) 562-569
88. Lucking, S.W., Martin, G.P., 2007. Unit dose dry powder inhaler, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2006GB03803 20061012. Innovata Biomed Ltd., GB.
89. Malhotra, G., Lulla, A., 2007. Improved dry powder inhaler, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007144659. Cipla Limited, India.
90. Mao L., and Blair J. Effect of additives on the aerosolization properties of spray dried trehalose powders. Resp. Deliv. Drugs IX 3 (2004) 653-656
91. Misra, A., Bhupal, C.M., Ganesh, S., Kumar, P.B., 2006. Aerodynamically light porous dry powder inhaler formulations for targeted pulmonary deposition. Indian Pat. Appl. Patent No. 2006MU00953, 30 pp.
92. Morton, D., 2006. Dry powder inhaler formulations comprising surface-modified particles with anti-adherent additives. PCT Int. Appl. Patent No. WO 2006056812, 63 pp.
93. Martonen T.B., and Katz I.M. Deposition patterns of aerosolized drugs within human lungs: effects of ventilatory parameters. Pharm. Res. 10 (1993) 871-878
94. Matida E.A., Finlay W.H., Rimkus M., Grgic B., and Lange C.F. A new add-on spacer design concept for dry-powder inhalers. J. Aerosol Sci. 35 (2004) 823-833
95. Muller, W.R., Egginman, T., 2007. Improvements in or relating to dry powder inhaler device, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007093310. Jagotec AG, Switzerland.
96. Newman S.P., Pavia D., and Clarke S.W. How should a pressurized beta-adrenergic bronchodilator be inhaled?. Eur. J. Respir. Dis, 62 (1981) 3-21
97. Newman S.P., and Clarke S.W. Therapeutic aerosols I-physical and practical considerations. Thorax 38 (1983) 881-886
98. Newman S.P., and Busse W.W. Evolution of dry powder inhaler design, formulation, and performance. Respir. Med. 96 (2002) 293-304
99. Newman S.P. Dry powder inhalers for optimal drug delivery. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 4 (2004) 23-33
100. Newhouse M.T., Nantel N.P., Chambers C.B., Pratt B., and Parry-Billings M. Clickhaler (a novel dry powder inhaler) provides similar bronchodilation to pressurized metered-dose inhaler, even at low flow rates. Chest 115 (1999) 952-956
101. Newhouse M.T., Hirst P.H., Duddu S.P., Walter Y.H., Tarra T.E., Clark A.R., and Weers J.G. Inhalation of a dry powder tobramycin PulmoSphere formulation in healthy volunteers. Chest 124 (2003) 360-366
102. Nantel N.P., Chambers C.B., Pratt B., and Parry-Billings M. Clickhaler (a novel dry powder inhaler) provides similar bronchodilation to pressurized metered-dose inhaler, even at low flow rates. Chest 115 (1999) 952-956
103. Nilsson, T., Holaster, L.O.E., 2007. Inhaler for moisture sensitive drugs, US Pat. Appl. Publ. WO 2007037748, US 2007068524. Microdrug AG, Switzerland.
104. Nyce J.W., Leonard S.A., and Gillum A.M. Respirable antisense oligonucleotides (RASON's) formulation and delivery in theory and practice. In: Dalby R.N., Byron P.R., Farr S.J., and Peart J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery VII (2000), Serentec Press, Releigh 13-17
105. Ostrander K.D., Hovey D.C., Knapp D.A., and Perry-Billings M. Potential delivery of advantages of spray-dried nanocrystal colloidal budesonide with the Clickhaler. In: Dalby R.N., Byron P.R., Farr S.J., and Peart J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery VII (2000), Serentec Press, Releigh 447-449
106. Palander A., Mattila T., Karhu M., and Muttonen E. In vitro comparison of three salbutamol-containing multidose dry powder inhalers: Buventol Easyhaler, Inspiryl Turbuhaler and Ventoline Diskus. Clin. Drug Invest. 20 (2000) 25-33
107. Patton J.S. Mechanisms of macromolecule absorption by the lungs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 19 (1996) 3-36
108. Patton J.S., Buker J., and Nagarajan S. Inhaled insulin. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 35 (1999) 235-247
109. Patton, J.S., Kuo, M.C., Harris, J.M., Leach, C., Perkins, K., Bueche, B., 2002. Pulmonary administration of PEG-modified insulin, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2002094200, p. 85.
110. Patton J.S. Pulmonary drug delivery comes of Age: the outlook for 2005 & beyond. Drug Deliv. Technol. 5 (2005) 45-49
111. Peart J., and Clarke M.J. New developments in dry powder inhaler technology. Am. Pharm. Rev. 4 (2001) 37, 38, 40, 42-45
112. Pesson G., and Wire I.E. The bronchodilator response from inhaled terbutaline is influenced by the mass of small particles: a study on a dry powder inhaler (Turbuhaler). Eur. Res. J. 2 (1989) 253-256
113. Pentafragas, D., 2007. Improvement of a dry powder inhaler, PCT Int. Appl., WO 200712928.
114. Podczeck F. The relationship between particulate properties of carrier materials and the adhesion force of drug particles in interactive powder mixtures. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 11 (1997) 1089-1104
115. Rosenstock J., Muchmore D., Swanson D., and Schmitke J. AIR Inhaled Insulin System: a novel insulin-delivery system for patients with diabetes. Expert Rev. Med. Dev. 4 (2007) 683-692
116. Satish, G., Bhowmick, S.B., Subhas, B., Ganorker, K.W., 2007. Dry Powder inhaler, Indian Pat. Appl., IN 2004MU00520. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., India.
117. Sato T., Moromoto Y., Adachi S., Nishibayashi T., Odomi M., and Toguchi H. Swinghalar: in vitro and in vivo performance of a novel dry powder inhaler. Aerosol Soc. Drug Deliv. Lungs XVI (2005) 234-235
118. Schultz R.K., Miler N.C., Smith D.K., and Ross D.L. Powder aerosols with auxiliary means of dispersion. J. Bio. Pharm. Sci. 3 (1992) 115-121
119. Sengupta, K., 2007, Dry powder inhaler device, Indian Pat. Appl., IN 2006KO00144, India.
120. Shekunov B.Y., Feeley J.C., Chow A.H.L., Tong H.H.Y., and York P. Aerosolisation behaviour of micronised and supercritically-processed powders. J. Aerosol Sci. 34 (2003) 553-568
121. Sheth K.K. Innovations in Dry Powder Delivery, in Dry Powder Inhalers in the Treatment of Asthma: A continuing education monograph for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants and respiratory therapists (2002), Meniscus, USA 3-9
122. Sievers, R.E., Best, J.A., Stephen, P., 2008. Human powered dry powder inhaler and dry powder inhaler compositions. US Pat. Appl. US 2008035143, USA.
123. Smyth, H., Truman, C.R., 2007. Dry powder inhaler with aerolastic dispersion mechanism, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007103152. Stc. Unm, USA.
124. Smith I.J., and Parry-Billings M. The inhalers of the future? A review of dry powder devices on the market today. Pulmon. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (2003) 79-95
125. Smith, S.J., Harris, D.S., 2007. Hinge cyclone inhaler, Britt. UK Pat. Appl., GB 2439204; WO 2007144614. Cambridge Consultant Ltd., UK.
126. Srichana T., Martin G.P., and Marriott C. Dry powder inhalers: the influence of device resistance and powder formulation on drug and lactose deposition in vitro. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 7 (1998) 73-80
127. Staniforth J.N. Pre-formulation aspects of dry powder aerosol. In: Dalby R.N., Byron P.R.., Farr S.J., and Peart J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery V (1996), Interpharm Press, Buffalo Grove 65-73
128. Staniforth, J.N., Morton, D., Tobyn, M., Eason, S., Harmer, Q., Ganderton, D. 2006. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising apomorphine for pulmonary inhalation. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., US 2006178394, p. 51.
129. Stahl K., Backstorm K., Thalberg K., Axelsson A., Schaefer T., and Kristensen H.G. Spray drying and characterization of particles for inhalation. Respir. Deliv.Drugs VIII (2002) 565-568
130. Steckel H., and Muller B.W. In vitro evaluation of dry powder inhalers 1: drug deposition of commonly used devices. Int. J. Pharm. 154 (1997) 19-29
131. Steckel H., Rasenack N., Villax P., and Muller B.W. In vitro characterization of jet-milled and in-situ-micronized fluticasone-17-propionate. Int. J. Pharm. 258 (2003) 65-75
132. Stephen J.F., and Babatunde A.O. Pulmonary delivery of opoids as pain therapeutics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58 (2006) 1076-1088
133. Surendrakumar K., Martyn G.P., Hodgers E.C.M., Jansen M., and Blair J.A. Sustained release of insulin from sodium hyaluronate based dry powder formulations after pulmonary delivery to beagle dogs. J. Controlled Rel. 91 (2003) 385-394
134. Tarsin W., Assi K.H., and Chrystyn H. In-vitro intra- and inter-inhaler flow rate-dependent dosage emission from a combination of budesonide and eformoterol in a dry powder inhaler. J. Aerosol Med. 7 (2004) 25-32
135. Telko M., and Hickey A.J. Dry powder inhaler formulation. Respir. Care 50 (2005) 1209-1227
136. Timothy M.C., Sara A.J., and Christopher M.B. A novel platform delivery system for combination respiratory therapies. In: Dalby, et al. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery VII (2006), Davis Horwood International, UK 725-727
137. Timsina M.P., Martin G.P., Marriott C., Ganderton D., and Yianneskis M. Drug delivery to the respiratory tract using dry powder inhalers. Int. J. Pharm. 101 (1994) 1-13
138. Thomas M., and Williams A.E. Are outcomes the same with all dry powder inhalers?. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 59 (2005) 33-35
139. Thomas R.S. Inhaled human insulin. Drugs Today 42 (2006) 207-221
140. Thorson L., Edsbacker S., Kaleen A., and Lofdhal C.G. Pharmacokinetics and systemic activity of fluticasone via Diskus and pMDI and of budesonide via Turbuhaler. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 52 (2001) 529-538
141. Tobyn M., Staniforth J.N., Morton D., Harmer Q., and Newton M.E. Active and intelligent inhaler device development. Int. J. Pharm. 277 (2004) 31-37
142. Tobyn M., Staniforth J., Morton D., Harmer Q., and Newton M.E. Active and intelligent inhaler device development. Int. J. Pharm. 277 (2004) 31-37
143. Villax, P., Mcderment, L., Bruce, M., 2007, A simple inhaler, PCT Int. Appl., WO 2007132217. Hovione Inter AG, Switz.
144. Wang Z.L., Grgic B., and Finlay W.H. A dry powder inhaler with reduced mouth-throat deposition. J. Aerosol Med. 19 (2006) 168-174
145. Yang T.T., and Keynon D. Use of an agglomerate formulation in a new multidose dry powder inhaler. In: Dalby R.N., Byron P.R., Farr S.J., and Peart J. (Eds). Respiratory Drug Delivery VII (2000), Srentec Press, Raeigh 503-505
146. York P., and Hanna M. Particle engineering by supercritical fluid technologies for powder inhalation drug delivery. In: Byron P.R., et al. (Ed). Respiratory drug delivery VI, Program and Proceedings (1996), Interpharm Press Inc. 231-239
147. Young P., Thomson J., Woodcock D., Aydin M., and Price R. The development of a novel high-dose pressurised aerosol dry powder device (PADD) for the delivery of pumactant for inhalation therapy. J. Aerosol Med. 17 (2004) 123-128
148. Young P.M., Cocconi D., Colombo P., Bettini R., Price R., Steele D.F., and Tobyn M.J. Characterization of a surface modified dry powder inhalation carrier prepared by "particle smoothing". J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54 (2002) 1339-1344
149. Yvonne K.L., Thomas J.A., and Corinne S.L. Rationale for the selection of an aerosol delivery system for gene delivery. J. Aerosol Med. 19 (2006) 372-384
150. Zeng X.M., Martin G.P., Tee S.-K., and Marriott C. The role of fine particle lactose on the dispersion and deaggregation of salbutamol sulfate in an air stream in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 176 (1998) 99-110
151. Zeng X.M., Martin G.P., Marriott C., and Pritchard J. The influence of carrier morphology on drug delivery by dry powder inhalers. Int. J. Pharm. 200 (2000) 93-106
152. Zhu, J., Wen, J., Ma, Y. and Zhang, H., 2007. Dry powder inhaler, US Pat. Appl Publ., US 2007235029; WO 2007115395, China.