Gender differences in aggressiveness in children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia

Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 110-117

  Gutt, Elisa Kijner ^a   Petresco, Sandra ^a   Krelling, Renata ^a   Busatto, Geraldo F ^a   Bordin, Isabel A S ^b   Lotufo Neto, Francisco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Behavior; Child; Gender; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGGRESSIVENESS; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAZIL; CHILD; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MOTHER; OUTPATIENT; PREVALENCE; PROGENY; RATING SCALE; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 46849121386     PISSN: 15164446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000200005     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Faraone SV, Chen WJ, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT. Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164(5):625-9.
2. Häfner H, an der Heiden W, Behrens S, Gattaz WF, Hambrecht M, Löffler W, Maurer K, Munk-Jørgensen P, Nowotny B, Riecher-Rössler A, Stein A. Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age of onset of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(1):99-113.
3. Castle DJ, Murray RM. The neurodevelopmental basis of sex differences in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1991;21(3):565-75.
4. Goldstein JM, Link BG. Gender and clinical expression of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 1988;22(2):141-55.
5. Schultz SK, Miller DD, Oliver SE, Arndt S, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. The life course of schizophrenia: age and symptoms dimensions. Schizophr Res. 1997;23(1):15-23.
6. Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Gallacher F, Heimberg C, Gur RC. Gender differences in the clinical expression of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1992;7(3):225-31.
7. Salokangas RK, Stengard E. Gender and short-term outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1990;3(5-6):333-45.
8. Andia AM, Zisook S, Heaton RK, Hesselink J, Jernigan T, Kuck J,Morganville J, Braff DL. Gender differences in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(8):522-8.
9. Foerster A, Lewis S, Owen M, Murray R. Pre-morbid adjustment and personality in psychosis: effects of sex and diagnosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:171-6.
10. Goldstein JM, Santangelo SL, Simpson JC, Tsuang MT. The role of gender in identifying subtypes of schizophrenia: a latent class analytic approach. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(2):263-75.
11. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, Vibe-Hansen L. First-episode schizophrenia. II. Premorbid patterns by gender. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):257-69.
12. Andreasen NC, Swayze VW 2nd, Flaum M, Yates WR, Arndt S, McChesney C. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia evaluated with computed tomography scanning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(11):1008-15.
13. Cowell PE, Kostianovsky DJ, Gur RC, Turetsky BI, Gur RE. Sex differences in neuroanatomical and clinical correlations in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(6):799-805.
14. Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, O'Brien LM, Horton NJ, Kennedy DN, Makris N, Caviness VS Jr, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(2):154-64.
15. Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. Sex differences in brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(12):1648-54.
16. Leung A, Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2000;401:3-38.
17. Goldstein JM, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS Jr. Images in neuroscience. Brain development, XI: sexual dimorphism. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(3):352.
18. Häfner H, Behrens S, De Vry J, Gattaz WF. Oestradiol enhances the vulnerability threshold for schizophrenia in women by an early effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Evidence from an epidemiological study and from animal experiments. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;241(1):65-8.
19. [No authors cited]. Gender and Schizophrenia: an introduction and synthesis of findings. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(2):179-344.
20. Goldstein JM. The impact of gender on understanding the epidemiology of schizophrenia. In: Seeman MV, editor. Gender and psychopatology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1995. p. 159-99.
21. Murray R, O'Callaghan E, Castle DJ, Lewis SW. A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18(2):319-32.
22. Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tulio-Henrikson A, Lönnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(2-3):239-58.
23. Blennow G, McNeil T. Neurological deviations in new-borns at psychiatric high risk. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84(2):179-84.
24. Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ. 1994;309(6956):699-703.
25. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Rock D, Roberts SA, Janal M, Kestenbaum C, Cornblatt B, Adamo UH, Gottesman II. Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: The New York High Risk Project. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(9):1416-22.
26. Fish B, Marcus J, Hans S, Auerbach J, Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(3):221-35.
27. Henriksson KM, McNeil TF. Health and development in the first 4 years of life in offspring of women with schizophrenia and affective psychoses: Well-Baby Clinic information. Schizophr Res. 2004;70(1):39-48.
28. Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Auerbach AG. Children at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study. II. Neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(10):797-809.
29. Chua SE, Murray RM. The neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia: evidence concerning structure and neuropsychology. Ann Med. 1996;28(6):547-55.
30. Rapoport JL, Addington AM, Frangou S, Psych MR. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10(5):434-49.
31. Weinberger DR. From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet. 1995;346(8974):552-7.
32. Aylward E, Walker E, Bettes B. Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophr Bull. 1984;10(3):430-59.
33. Freedman LR, Rock D, Cornblatt BA, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The New York high-risk project: attention, anhedonia and social outcome. Schizophr Res. 1998;30(1):1-9.
34. Hans SL, Marcus J, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Styr B, Auerbach JG. Neurobehavioral deficits at adolescence in children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(8):741-8.
35. Norman RM, Malla AK, Manchanda R, Townsend L. Premordid adjustment in first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: a comparison of social and academic domains. Acta Psiquiatr Scand. 2005;112(1):30-9.
36. Watt N, Lubensky AW. Childhood roots of schizophrenia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1976;44(3):363-75.
37. Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J. Antecedents of predominantly negative and predominantly positive-symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(7):622-32.
38. Hans SL, Marcus J, Henson L, Auerbach JG, Mirsky AF. Interpersonal behavior of children at risk for schizophrenia. Psychiatry. 1992;55(4):314-35.
39. Cannon M, Walsh E, Hollis C, Kargin M, Taylor E, Murray RM, Jones PB. Predictors of later schizophrenia and affective psychosis among attendees at a child psychiatry department. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:420-6.
40. Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka JK, Lönnqvist JK. Childhood predictors of future psychiatry morbidity in offsprings of mothers with psychotic disorders: results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:108-14.
41. Schiffman J, Walker E, Ekstrom M, Schulsinger F, Sorensen H, Mednick S. Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: a prospective investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(11):2021-7.
42. Ho BC, Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Arndt S, Andreasen NC. Two-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: predictive value of symptoms for quality of life. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(9): 1196-201.
43. Szymanski SR, Cannon TD, Gallacher F, Erwin RJ, Gur RE. Course of treatment response in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(4):519-25.
44. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1398-402.
45. Roff JD, Knight R. Preschizophrenics: low IQ and aggressive symptoms as predictors of adult outcome and marital status. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1980;168(3):129-32.
46. Bergman AJ, Walker E. The relationship between cognitive function and behavioral deviance in children at risk for psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1995;36(2):265-78.
47. Olin SC, Mednick SA. Risk factors of psychosis: identifying vulnerable populations premorbidly. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):223-40.
48. Walker E, Downey G, Bergman A. The effects of parental psychopathology and maltreatment on child behaviour: a test of the diathesis-stress model. Child Dev. 1989; 60(1):15-24.
49. Miller PM, Byrne M, Hodges A, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC. Childhood behavior, psychotic symptoms and psychosis onset in young people at high risk of schizophrenia: early findings from the Edinburgh High Risk study. Psychol Med. 2002;32(1):173-9.
50. John RS, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F. Teacher reports as a predictor of schizophrenia and borderline schizophrenia: a Bayesian decision analysis. J Abnorm Psychology. 1982;91(6):399-413.
51. Olin SS, John RS, Mednick SA. Assessing the predictive value of teacher reports in a high risk sample for schizophrenia: a ROC analysis. Schizophr Res. 1995;16(1):53-66.
52. Barata RB, Ribeiro MC. Relação entre homicídios e indicadores econômicos em São Paulo, Brasil, 1996. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2000;7(2):118-24.
53. Gawryszewski VP, Costa LS. Homicidios e desigualdades sociais no Município de São Paulo [Social inequality and homicide rates in São Paulo City, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(2):191-7.
54. Loeber R, Hay D. Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Ann Rev Psychol. 1997;48:371-410.
55. Paula CS. Prevalência de Problemas de Saúde Mental em Crianças e Adolescentes da Periferia de São Paulo e Implicações para a Saúde Pública local. [Tese]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina; 2005.
56. American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
57. Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center of Children, Youth, & families; 2001.
58. Bordin IA, Mari JJ, Caeiro MF. Validação da versão brasileira do "Child Behavior Checklist" (CBCL) (Inventário de comportamentos da infância e adolescência); dados preliminares. Rev ABP-APAL. 1995;17(2):55-66.
59. Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP). Critério de classificação econômica Brasil [on line]. Available in: http:/www.abep.org/codigosgerais/ABEP. CCEB; 2003.
60. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams J. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996.
61. Edelbrock C, Costello AJ, Dulcan MK, Conover NC, Kala R. Parent-child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms assessed via structured interview. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1986;27(2):181-90.
62. Mowbray CT, Lewandowski L, Bybee D, Oyserman D. Relationship between maternal clinical factors and mother-reported child problems. Community Ment Health J. 2005;41(6):687-704.
63. Marcus J, Hans SL, Lewow E, Wilkinson L, Burack CM. Neurological findings in high-risk children: Childhood assessment and 5-year follow-up. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11(1):85-100.
64. Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. Gender and schizophrenia: implications for understanding the heterogeneity of the illness. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(3):243-53.
65. Crijnen AAM, Achenbach TM, Verhulst FC. Problems reported by parents of children in multiple cultures: the Child Behavior Checklist Syndrome Constructs. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(4):569-74.
66. Hudziak JJ, van Beijsterveldt CE, Bartels M, Rietveld MJH, Rettew DC, Derks EM, Boomsma DI. Individual differences in aggression: genetic analysis by age, gender, and informant in 3-, 7-, and 10-year-old Dutch twins. Behav Genet. 2003;33(5):575-89.
67. Leadbeater BJ, Kuperminc GP, Blatt SJ, Hertzog C. A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Dev Psychol. 1999;35(5):1268-82.
68. Eley TC, Lichtenstein P, Stevenson J. Sex differences in the etiology of aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior: results from two twin studies. Child Dev. 1999;70(1):155-68.
69. Gelhorn HL, Stallings MC, Young SE, Corley RP, Rhee SH, Hewitt JK. Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder: symptom, domain and full-scale analyses. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(6):580-91.
70. Jacobson KC, Neale CA, Prescott MC, Kendler KS. Cohort differences in genetic and environmental influences on retrospective reports of conduct disorder among adult male twins. Psychol Med. 2000;30(4):775-87.
71. Rhee SH, Waldman ID. Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(3):490-529.
72. Miles DR, Carey G. Genetic and environmental architecture of human aggression. J Pers Social Psychol. 1997;72(1):207-17.
73. van Beijsterveldt CE, Bartels M, Hudziak JJ, Boomsma DI. Causes of stability of aggression from early childhood to adolescence: a longitudinal genetic analysis in Dutch twins. Behav Genet. 2003;33(5):591-605.
74. Cannon TD, Mednick SA. The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993;370:33-47.
75. Allen FH. Aggression in relation to emotional development, normal and pathological. Ment Hyg. 1950;34(3):353-63.
76. Lewis DO. The development of the symptom of violence. In: Lewis M, editor. Child and adolescent Psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991. p. 331-40.