Alveolar air and urine analyses as biomarkers of exposure to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 42, Issue 13, 2008, Pages 5002-5007

  Caro, J ^a   Gallego, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETICS; CHLORINATION; CHLORINE; ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; SWIMMING POOLS; BIOMARKERS; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS;

ALVEOLAR AIR; AMBIENT AIR (AA); CHLOROFORM (CF); ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; IN ORDER; INDOOR SWIMMING POOL; SWIMMING ACTIVITY; TRI-HALO-METHANES (THM); URINE SAMPLES;

BODY FLUIDS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CHLOROFORM; TRIHALOMETHANE;

AMBIENT AIR; BIOMARKER; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; METHANE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; POOL; SWIMMING; URINE;

ADULT; AIR ANALYSIS; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BREATH ANALYSIS; CHLORINATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXPIRED AIR; FEMALE; HUMAN; LUNG ALVEOLUS; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REACTION TIME; SHIFT WORKER; SWIMMING; SWIMMING POOL; URINALYSIS; WATER ANALYSIS;

AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BREATH TESTS; CHLOROFORM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; KINETICS; SPAIN; SWIMMING POOLS; TRIHALOMETHANES; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

AIR SAMPLES; ALVEOLAR AIR; AMBIENT AIR; BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; CHLOROFORM CONCENTRATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXTERNAL EXPOSURE; INDOOR SWIMMING POOL; RESPONSE SENSITIVITY; SWIMMING ACTIVITY; TRIHALOMETHANES; URINE ANALYSIS; URINE SAMPLE; WATER CHLORINATION; WORK SHIFTS;

EID: 46849104458     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es800415p     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Zwiener, C.; Richardson, S. D. Analysis of disinfection by-products in drinking water by LC-MS and related MS techniques. Trends Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 613-621.
2. Liang, L.; Singer, P. C. Factors influencing the formation and relative distribution of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2920-2928.
3. Obolensky, A.; Singer, P. C. Halogen substitution patterns among disinfection byproducts in the information collection rule database. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2719-2730.
4. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J.; Toledano, M. B.; Elliott, P. Uptake of chlorination disinfection by-products; a review and a discussion of its implications for exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2000, 10, 586-599.
5. Graves, C. G.; Matanoski, G. M.; Tardiff, R. G. Weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products: a critical review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2001, 34, 103-124.
6. Villanueva, C. M.; Cantor, K. P.; Cordier, S.; Jaakkola, J. J.; King, W. D.; Lynch, C. F.; Porru, S.; Kogevinas, M. Disinfection by products and bladder cancer. A pooled analysis. Epidemiology 2004, 15, 357-367.
7. Zwiener, C.; Richardson, S. D.; De Marini, D. M.; Grummt, T.; Glauner, T.; Frimmel, F. H. Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 363-372.
8. Chu, H.; Nleuwenhuijsen, M. J. Distribution and determinants of trihalomethane concentrations in indoor swimming pools. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002, 59, 243-247.
9. Levesque, B.; Ayotte, P.; Tardif, R.; Charest-Tardif, G.; Dewailly, E.; Prud'Homme, D.; Gingras, G.; Allaire, S. Evaluation of the health risk associated with exposure to chloroform in indoor swimming pools. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2000, 61, 225-243.
10. Nuckols, J. R.; Ashley, D. L.; Lyu, C.; Gordon, S. M.; Hinckley, A. F.; Singer, P. C. Influence of tap water quality and household water use activities on indoor air and internal dose levels of trihalomethanes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 863-870.
11. Xu, X.; Weisel, C. P. Dermal uptake of chloroform and haloketones during bathing. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15, 289-296.
12. Xu, X.; Weisel, C. P. Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15, 6-16.
13. Miles, A. M.; Singer, P. C.; Ashley, D. L.; Lynberg, M. C.; Mendola, P.; Langlois, P. H.; Nuckols, J. R. Comparison of trihalomethanes in tap water and blood. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 1692-1698.
14. Egorov, A. I.; Tereschenko, A. A.; Altshul, L. M.; Vartiainen, T.; Samsonov, D.; LaBrecque, B.; Mäki-Paakkanen, J.; Drizhd, N. L.; Ford, T. E. Exposures to drinking water chlorination by-products in a Russian City. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2003, 206, 539-551.
15. Lindstrom, A. B.; Pleil, J. D.; Berkoff, D. C. Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 636-642.
16. Aggazzotti, G.; Fantuzzi, G.; Righi, E.; Predieri, G. Blood and breath analyses as biological indicators of exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 217, 155-163.
17. Erdinger, L.; Kühn, K. P.; Kirch, F.; Feldhues, R.; Fröbel, T.; Nohynek, B.; Gabrio, T. Pathways of trihalomethane uptake in swimming pools. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2004, 207, 571-575.
18. Fantuzzi, G.; Righi, E.; Predieri, G.; Ceppelli, G.; Gobba, F.; Aggazzotti, G. Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Sci. Total Environ. 2001, 264, 257-265.
19. Caro, J.; Gallego, M. Assessment of exposure of workers and swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4793-4798.
20. Tan, Y.; Liao, K. H.; Conolly, R. B.; Blount, B. C.; Mason, A. M.; Clewell, H. J. Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to identify exposures consistent with human biomonitoring data for chloroform. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2006, 69, 1727-1756.
21. Leavens, T. L.; Blount, B. C.; DeMarini, D. M.; Madden, M. C.; Valentine, J. L.; Case, M. W.; Silva, L. K.; Warren, S. H.; Hanley, N. M.; Pegram, R. A. Disposition of bromodichloromethane in humans following oral and dermal exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 99, 432-445.
22. Van den Velde, S.; Quirynen, M.; Van Hee, P.; Van Steenberghe, D. Differences between alveolar air and mouth air. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 3425-3429.
23. Caro, J.; Gallego, M. Development of a sensitive thermal desorption method for the determination of trihalomethanes in humid ambient and alveolar air. Talanta 2008, doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.044.
24. Caro, J.; Serrano, A.; Gallego, M. Direct screening and confirmation of priority volatile organic pollutants in drinking water. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1138, 244-250.
25. Caro, J.; Serrano, A.; Gallego, M. Sensitive headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of trihalomethanes in urine. J. Chromatogr. B 2007, 848, 277-282.
26. Ashley, D. L.; Prah, J. D. Time dependence of blood concentrations during and after exposure to a mixture of volatile organic compounds. Arch. Environ. Health 1997, 52, 26-33.
27. Imbriani, M.; Ghittori, S. Gases and organic solvents in urine as biomarkers of occupational exposure: a review. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2005, 78, 1-19.