Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Journal of Clinical Virology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 297-320

  Mackay, Ian M ^a,b  

^a ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Diversity; New species; Respiratory virus; Review; Rhinovirus; Virus characterization

Indexed keywords

5 [5 [2,6 DICHLORO 4 (4,5 DIHYDRO 2 OXAZOLYL)PHENOXY]PENTYL] 3 METHYLISOXAZOLE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTITUSSIVE AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BTA 798; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; ENVIROXIME; PIRODAVIR; PLECONARIL; RECOMBINANT INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; RUPINTRIVIR;

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BOCAVIRUS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMMON COLD; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FIBROMA; HEALTH CARE COST; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS; HUMAN RHINOVIRUS; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MUCOSAL BLEEDING; NEW SPECIES; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY VIRUS; REVIEW; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS SHEDDING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WHEEZING;

COMMON COLD; HUMANS; RHINOVIRUS;

EID: 46449110794     PISSN: 13866532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. PCR. Real-Time PCR in microbiology: from diagnosis to characterization (2007), Caister Academic Press, Norfolk
2. Aberle J.H., Aberle S.W., Pracher E., Hutter H.-P., Kundi M., and Popw-Kraupp T. Impact on clinical course of disease and interferon-g response. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 (2005) 605-610
3. Abraham G., and Colonno R.J. Many rhinovirus serotypes share the same cellular receptor. J Virol 51 (1984) 340-345
4. Al-Sunaidi M., Williams C.H., Hughes P.J., Schnurr D.P., and Stanway G. Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains. J Virol 81 (2007) 1013-1021
5. Andeweg A.C., Bestebroer T.M., Huybreghs M., Kimman T.G., and de Jong J.C. Improved detection of rhinoviruses in clinical samples by using a newly developed nested reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 37 (1999) 524-530
6. Andréoletti L., Lesay M., Deschildre A., Lambert V., Dewilde A., and Wattré P. Differential detection of rhinoviruses and enteroviruses RNA sequences associated with classical immunofluorescence assay detection of respiratory virus antigens in nasopharyngeal swabs from infants with bronchiolitis. J Med Virol 61 3 (2000) 341-346
7. Andrewes C.H. The complex epidemiology of respiratory virus infections. Science 146 (1964) 1274-1277
8. Andrewes C.H. Rhinoviruses and common colds. Ann Rev Med 17 (1966) 361-370
9. Andrewes C.H., Chaproniere D.M., Gompels A.E.H., Pereira H.G., and Roden A.T. Propagation of common-cold virus in tissue cultures. Lancet 265 (1953) 546-547
10. Andries K., Dewindt B., Snoeks J., Wouters L., Moereels H., Lewi P.J., et al. Two groups of rhinoviruses revealed by a panel of antiviral compounds present sequence divergence and differential pathogenicity. J Virol 64 (1990) 1117-1123
11. Arden K.E., McErlean P., Nissen M.D., Sloots T.P., and Mackay I.M. Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol 78 (2006) 1232-1240
12. Arnold J.C., Singh K.K., Spector S.A., and Sawyer M.H. Undiagnosed respiratory viruses in children. Pediatrics 121 (2008) e631-e637
13. Arruda E., and Hayden F.G. Detection of human rhinovirus RNA in nasal washings by PCR. Mol Cell Probes 7 (1993) 373-379
14. Arruda E., Pitkäranta A., Witek T.J., Doyle C.A., and Hayden F.G. Frequency and natural history of rhinovirus infections in adults during autumn. J Clin Microbiol 35 (1997) 2864-2868
15. Atmar R.L. Uncommon(ly considered) manifestations of infection with rhinovirus, agent of the common cold. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 266-267
16. Baer G., Schaad U.B., and Heininger U. Clinical findings and unusual epidemiologic characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland. Eur J. Pediatr 167 (2007) 63-69
17. Banham T.M. A collaborative study of the aetiology of acute respiratory infections in Britain 1961-4. A report of the medical research council working party on acute respiratory virus infections. Br Med J 2 (1965) 319-326
18. Bardin P.G., Johnston S.L., and Pattemore P.K. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms II. Physiology and mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy 22 (1992) 809-822
19. Barrett B., Brown R., Voland R., Maberry R., and Turner R.B. Relations among questionnaire and laboratory measures of rhinovirus infection. Eur Respir J 28 (2006) 358-363
20. Bartlett N.W., Walton R.P., Edwards M.R., Aniscenko J., Caramori G., Zhu J., et al. Mouse models of rhinovirus-induced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Med 14 (2008) 199-204
21. Behbehani A.M., and Lee L.H. Growth, plaque production and cationic stabilization of rhinovirus type 1 (Echovirus 28). J Bacteriol 88 (1964) 1608-1611
22. Bertino J.S. Cost burden of viral respiratory infections: Issues for formulary decision makers. Am J Med 112 (2002) 42S-49S
23. Billaud G., Peny S., Legay V., Lina B., and Valette M. Detection of rhinovirus and enterovirus in upper respiratory tract samples using a multiplex nested PCR. J Virol Methods 108 (2003) 223-228
24. Binford S., Weady P.T., Maldonado F., Brothers M.A., Matthews D.A., and Patick A.K. In vitro resistance studies of Rupintrivir, a novel inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 (2007) 4366-4373
25. Blomqvist S., Roivainen M., Puhakka T., and Hovi T. Virological and serological analysis of rhinovirus infections during the first two years of life in a cohort of children. J Med Virol 66 (2002) 263-268
26. Blomqvist S., Skyttä A., Roivainen M., and Hovi T. Rapid detection of human rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates by a microwell reverse transcription-PCR-hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 37 (1999) 2813-2816
27. Bloom H.H., Forsyth B.R., Johnson K.M., and Chanock R.M. Relationship of rhinovirus infection to mild upper respiratory disease. J Am Med Assoc 186 (1963) 38-45
28. Briese T., Palacios G., Kokoris M., Jabado O., Liu Z., Renwick N., et al. Diagnostic system for rapid and sensitive differential detection of pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2005) 310-313
29. Brunstein J.D., Cline C.L., McKinney S., and Thomas E. Evidence from multiplex molecular assays for complex multipathogen interactions in acute respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 46 (2008) 97-102
30. Bryce J., Boschi-Pinto C., Shibuya K., and Black R.E. WHO estimates of the causes of death inchildren. Lancet 365 (2005) 1147-1152
31. Buscho R.F., Perkins J.C., Knopf H.L.S., Kapikian A.Z., and Chanock R.M. Further characterization of the local respiratory tract antibody response induced by intranasal instillation of inactivated rhinovirus 13 vaccine. J Immunol 108 (1972) 169-177
32. Cate T.R., Couch R.B., Fleet W.F., Griffith W.R., Gerone P.J., and Knight V. Production of tracheobronchitis in volunteers with rhinovirus in a small-particle aerosol. Am J Epidemiol 81 (1965) 95-105
33. Cate T.R., Couch R.B., and Johnson K.M. Studies with rhinoviruses in volunteers: production of illness, effect of naturally acquired antibody, and demonstration of a protective effect not associated with serum antibody. J Clin Invest 43 (1964) 56-67
34. Cate T.R., Rossen R.D., Douglas Jr. R.G., Butler W.T., and Couch R.B. The role of nasal secretion and serum antibody in the rhinovirus common cold. Am J Epidemiol 84 (1966) 352-363
35. Coiras M.T., Aguilar J.C., García M.L., Casas I., and Pérez-Breña M.P. Simultaneous detection of fourteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by two multiplex reverse transcription nested-PCR assays. J Med Virol 72 (2004) 484-495
36. Collinson J., Nicholson K.G., Cancio E., Ashman J., Ireland D.C., Hammersley V., et al. Effects of upper respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 51 (1996) 1115-1122
37. Colonno R.J., Callahan P.L., and Long W.J. Isolation of a monoclonal antibody that blocks attachment of the major group of human rhinoviruses. J Virol 57 (1986) 7-12
38. Conant R.M., and Hamparian V.V. Identification of rhinovirus strain D.C. Nature 217 (1968) 1264
39. Conant R.M., and Hamparian V.V. Rhinoviruses: Basis for a numbering system. II Serologic characterization of prototype strains. J Immunol 100 (1968) 107-113
40. Contoli M., Message S.D., Laza-Stanca V., Edwards M.R., Wark P.A.B., Bartlett N.W., et al. Role of deficient type III interferon-l production in asthma exacerbations. Nat Med 12 (2006) 1023-1026
41. Cooney M.K., Hall C.B., and Fox J.P. The seattle virus Watch. III. Evaluation of isolation methods and summary of infections detected by virus isolations. Am J Epidemiol 96 (1972) 286-305
42. Cooney M.K., and Kenny G.E. Demonstration of dual rhinovirus infection in humans by isolation of different serotypes in human heteroploid (HeLa) and human diploid fibroblast cell cultures. J Clin Microbiol 5 (1977) 202-207
43. Couch R.B. The common cold: control?. J Infect Dis 150 (1984) 167-173
44. Couch R.B., Douglas Jr. R.G., Lindgren K.M., Gerone P.J., and Knight V. Airborne transmission of respiratory infection with Coxsackievirus A type 21. Am J Epidemiol 91 (1970) 78-86
45. Craighead J.E., Meier M., and Cooley M.H. Pulmonary infection due to rhinovirus type 13. N Engl J Med 281 (1969) 1403-1404
46. D'Alessio D.J., Meschievitz C.K., Peterson J.A., Dick C.R., and Dick E.C. Short-duration exposure and the transmission of rhinoviral colds. J Infect Dis 150 (1984) 189-194
47. Deffernez C., Wunderli W., Thomas Y., Yerly S., Perrin L., and Kaiser L. Amplicon sequencing and improved detection of human rhinovirus in respiratory samples. J Clin Microbiol 42 (2004) 3212-3218
48. Dick E.C., Blumer C.R., and Evans A.S. Epidemiology of infections with rhinovirus types 43 and 55 in a group of university of Wisconsin student families. Am J Epidemiol 86 (1967) 386-400
49. Douglas Jr. R.G., Cate T.R., and Couch R.B. Growth and cytopathic effect of H type rhinoviruses in monkey kidney tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 123 (1966) 234-241
50. Douglas Jr. R.G., Cate T.R., Gerone P.J., and Couch R.B. Quantitative rhinovirus shedding patterns in volunteers. Am Rev Resp Dis 94 (1966) 159-167
51. Dreschers S., Dumitru C.A., Adams C., and Gulbins E. The cold case: are rhinoviruses perfectly adapted pathogens?. Cell and Mol Life Sci 64 (2007) 181-191
52. Eccles R. Mechanisms of symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Br J Hosp Med 68 (2007) 578-582
53. El-Sahly H.M., Atmar R.L., Glezen W.P., and Greenberg S.B. Spectrum of clinical illness in hospitalized patients with "Common cold" virus infections. Clin Infect Dis 31 (2000) 96-100
54. Evans Jr. F.O., Sydnor J.B., Moore W.E.C., Moore G.R., Manwaring J.L., Brill A.H., et al. Siniusitis of the maxillary antrum. N Engl J Med 293 (1975) 735-739
55. Fiala M., and Kenny G.E. Enhancement of rhinovirus plaque formation in human heteroploid cell cultures by magnesium and calcium. J Bacteriol 92 (1966) 1715-1717
56. Fox J.P., Cooney M.K., and Hall C.E. The Seattle virus watch. V. Epidemiologic observation of hrinovirus infections, 1965-1969 in families with young children. Am J Epidemiol 101 (1975) 122-143
57. Freymuth F., Vabret A., Galateau-Salle F., Ferey J., Eugene G., Petitjean J., et al. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzavirus 3, adenovirus and rhinovirus sequences in respiratory tract of infants by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization. Clin Diagn Virol 8 (2000) 31-40
58. Gadomski A.M. Potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among young children: lack of effect of antibiotic treatment for upper respiratory infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12 (1993) 115-120
59. Gama R.E., Hughes P.J., Bruce C.B., and Stanway G. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of rhinovirus nucleic acids from clinical material. Nucleic Acids Res 16 (1988) 9346
60. Gern J.E., and Busse W.W. Relationship of viral infections to wheezing illnesses and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol 2 (2002) 132-138
61. Gern J.E., Galagan D.M., Jarjour N.N., Dick E.C., and Busse W.W. Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally induced infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 (2008) 1159-1161
62. Gern J.E., Vrtis R., Grindle K.A., Swenson C., and Busse W.W. Relationship of upper and lower airway cytokines to outcome of experimental rhinovirus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 2226-2231
63. Glezen W.P., and Denny F.W. Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children. N Engl J Med 288 (1973) 498-505
64. Glezen W.P., Loda F.A., Clyde W.A., Senior R.J., Sheaffer C.I., Conley W.G., et al. Epidemiologic patterns of acute lower respiratory disease of children in a pediatric group practice. J Pediatr 78 (1971) 397-406
65. Graham N.M., Burrell C.J., Douglas R.M., Deballe P., and Davies L. Adverse effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis 162 (1990) 1277-1282
66. Green R.M., Custovic A., Sanderson G., Hunter J., Johnston S.L., and Woodcock A. Synergism between allergens and viruses and risk of hospital admission with asthma: case-control study. Br Med J 324 (2007) 1-5
67. Greve J.M., Davis G., Meyer A.M., Forte C.P., Yost S.C., Marlor C.W., et al. The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1. Cell 56 (1989) 839-847
68. Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Micro-neutralization test for identification of rhinovirus serotypes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122 (1966) 1137-1141
69. Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Viral respiratory infection therapy: historical perspectives and current trials. Am J Med 112 (2002) 33S-41S
70. Gwaltney Jr. J.M., Buier R.M., and Rogers J.L. The influence of signal variation, bias, noise and effect size on statistical significance in treatment studies of the common cold. Antiviral Res 29 (1996) 287-295
71. Gwaltney Jr. J.M., and Hendley J.O. Rhinovirus transmission one if by air, two if by hand. Am J Epidemiol 107 (1978) 357-361
72. Gwaltney Jr. J.M., Hendley J.O., Simon G., and Jordan Jr. W.S. Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population I. The occurrence of illness. N Engl J Med 275 (1966) 1261-1268
73. Gwaltney Jr. J.M., and Jordan Jr. W.S. Rhinoviruses and respiratory disease. Bacteriol Rev 28 (1964) 409-422
74. Gwaltney Jr. J.M., Winther B., Patrie J.T., and Hendley J.O. Combined antiviral-antimediator treatment for the common cold. J Infect Dis 186 (2002) 147-154
75. Gwaltney J.M., Moskalski P.B., and Hendley J.O. Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds. Ann. Intern Med 88 (1978) 463-467
76. Hakonarson H., Maskeri N., Carter C., Hodinka R.L., Campbell D., and Grunstein M.M. Mechanism of rhinovirus-induced changes in airway smooth muscle responsiveness. J Clin Invest 102 (1998) 1732-1741
77. Hall T.A. Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41 (1999) 98
78. Halonen P., Rocha E., Hierholzer J., Holloway B., Hyypiä T., Hurskainen P., et al. Detection of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses in clinical specimens by PCR and liquid-phase hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 33 (1995) 648-653
79. Hamparian V.V., Colonno R.J., Cooney M.K., Dick E.C., Gwaltney Jr. J.M., Hughes J.H., et al. A collaborative report: Rhinoviruses - extension of the numbering system from 89 to 100. Virology 159 (1987) 191-192
80. Hamparian V.V., Ketler A., and Hilleman M.R. Recovery of new viruses (Coryzavirus) from cases of common cold in human adults. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 108 (1961) 444-453
81. Hamre D. Rhinoviruses. Monogr Virol 1 (1967) 1-85
82. Hamre D., Connelly A.P., and Procknow J.J. Virologic studies of acute respiratory disease in young adults. IV. Virus isolations during four years of surveillance. Am J Epidemiol 83 (1966) 238-249
83. Hayden F.G., Andries K., and Janssen P.A.J. Safety and efficacy of intrabnasal Pirodavir (R77975) in experimental rhinovirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 (1992) 727-732
84. Hayden F.G., and Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Intranasal interferon-a treatment of experimental rhinoviral colds. J Infect Dis 150 (1984) 174-180
85. Hayden F.G., Herrington D.T., Coats T.L., Kim K., Cooper E.C., Villano S.A., et al. Efficacy and safety of oral pleconaril for treatment of colds due to picornaviruses in adults: results of 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 36 (2003) 1523-1532
86. Hayden F.G., Mills S.E., and Johns M.E. Human tolerance and histopathologic effects of long-term administration of intranasal interferon-a2. J Infect Dis 148 (1983) 914-921
87. Heikkinen T., and Chonmaitree T. Importance of respiratory viruses in acute otitis media. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 (2003) 230-241
88. Henderson F.W., Clyde W.A., Collier A.M., Denny F.W., Senior R.J., Sheaffer C.I., et al. The etiologic and epidemiologic spectrum of bronchiolitis in pediatric practice. J Pediatr 95 (1979) 183-190
89. Hendley J.O. The host response, not the virus, causes the symptoms of the common cold. Clin Infect Dis 26 (1998) 847-848
90. Hendley J.O., Edmondson Jr. W.P., and Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Relation between naturally acquired immunity and infectivity of two rhinoviruses in volunteers. J Infect Dis 125 (1972) 243-248
91. Hendley J.O., and Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Mechanisms of transmission of rhinovirus infections. Epidemiol Rev 10 (1988) 242-258
92. Hendley J.O., Gwaltney Jr. J.M., and Jordan Jr. W.S. Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population. IV. Infections within families of employees during two fall peaks of respiratory illness. Am J Epidemiol 89 (1969) 184-196
93. Hendley J.O., Wenzel R.P., and Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. N Engl J Med 288 (1973) 1361-1364
94. Hershenson M.B., and Johnston S.L. Rhinovirus infections More than a common cold. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 1284-1285
95. Heymann P.W., Platts-Mills T.A.E., and Johnston S.L. Role of viral infections, atopy and antiviral immunity in the etiology of wheezing exacerbations among children and young adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 (2005) S217-S222
96. Hofer F., Gruenberger M., Kowalski H., Machat H., Huettinger M., Kuechler E., et al. Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate cell entry of a minor group common cold virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (1994) 1839-1842
97. Holmes M.J., Reed S.E., Stott E.J., and Tyrrell D.A.J. Studies of experimental rhinovirus type 2 infections in polar isolation and in England. J Hyg 76 (1976) 379-393
98. Hughes P.J., North C., Minor P.D., and Stanway G. The complete nucleotide sequence of Coxsackievirus A21. J Gen Virol 70 (1989) 2943-2952
99. Hungnes O., Jonassen T.Ø., Jonassen C.M., and Grinde B. How sequence information helps us understand the evolution and dissemination of viruses. Acta Pathol Immunol Microbiol Scand 108 (2000) 81-97
100. Hutchinson A.F., Ghimire A.K., Thompson M.A., Black J.F., Brand C.A., Lowe A.J., et al. A community-based, time-matched, case-control study of respiratory viruses and exacerbations of COPD. Respir Med 101 (2007) 2472-2481
101. Hyypiä T., Auvinen P., and Maaronen M. Polymerase chain reaction for human picornaviruses. J Gen Virol 70 (1989) 3261-3268
102. Ireland D.C., Kent J., and Nicholson K.G. Improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested RT-PCR. J Med Virol 40 (1993) 96-101
103. Ishiko H., Miura R., Shimada Y., Hayashi A., Nakajima H., Yamazaki S., et al. Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis. Intervirology 45 (2002) 136-141
104. Jackson G.G., and Dowling H.F. Transmission of the common cold to volunteers under controlled conditions. IV. Specific immunity to the common cold. J Clin Invest 38 (1959) 762-769
105. Jacques J., Bouscambert-Duchamp M., Moret H., Carquin J., Brodard V., Lina B., et al. Association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in French infants. J Clin Virol 35 (2006) 463-466
106. Jakiela B., Brockman-Schneider R., Amineva S., Lee W.-M., and Gern J.E. Basal cells of differentiated bronchial epithelium are more susceptible to rhinovirus infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38 5 (2008) 517-523
107. Jartti T., Lehtinen P., Vuorinen P., Koskenvuo M., and Ruuskanen O. Persistence of rhinovirus and enterovirus RNA after acute respiratory illness in children. J Med Virol 72 (2004) 695-699
108. Jartti T., Lehtinen P., Vuorinen T., Österback R., van den Hoogen B., Osterhaus A.D.M.E., et al. Respiratory picornaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus as causative agents of acute expiratory wheezing in children. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (2004) 1095-1101
109. Johnson H.E., Altman R., Hamre D., and Ward T. Viral infections and the common cold. Chest 45 (1964) 46-53
110. Johnston N.W., Johnston S.L., Norman G.R., Dai J., and Sears M.R. The September epidemic of asthma hospitalization: school children as disease vectors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117 (2006) 557-562
111. Johnston S.L. Innate immunity in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (2007) 267-270
112. Johnston S.L., Bardin P.G., and Pattemore P.K. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms III. Rhinoviruses: molecular biology and prospects for future intervention. Clin Exp Allergy 23 (1993) 237-246
113. Johnston S.L., and Openshaw P.J.M. The protective effect of childhood infections. Br Med J 322 (2001) 376-377
114. Johnston S.L., Pattemore P.K., Sanderson G., Smith S., Lampe F., Josephs L., et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. Br Med J 310 (1995) 1225-1229
115. Johnston S.L., Sanderson G., Pattemore P.K., Smith S., Bardin P.G., Bruce C.B., et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of picornavirus infection in subjects with and without respiratory symptoms. J Clin Microbiol 31 (1993) 111-117
116. Kaiser L., Aubert J.-D., Pache J.-C., Deffernez C., Rochat T., Garbino J., et al. Chronic rhinoviral infection in lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 1392-1399
117. Kämmerer U., Kunkel B., and Korn K. Nested PCR for specific detection and rapid identification of human picornaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 32 (1994) 285-291
118. Kapikian A.Z., Conant R.M., Chanock R.M., Chapple P.J., Dick E.C., Fenters J.D., et al. Rhinoviruses: a numbering system. Nature 213 (1967) 761-762
119. Ketler A., Hamparian V.V., and Hilleman M.R. Characterization and classification of ECHO 28-rhinovirus-coryzavirus agents. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 110 (1962) 821-831
120. Khan A.G., Pichler J., Rosemann A., and Blaas D. Human rhinovirus type 54 infection via heparan sulfate is less efficient and strictly dependent on low endosomal pH. J Virol 81 (2008) 4625-4632
121. Khetsuriani N., Kazerouni N.N., Erdman D.D., Lu X., Redd S.C., Anderson L.J., et al. Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119 (2007) 314-321
122. King A.M.Q., Brown F., Christian P., Hovi T., Hyypiä T., Knowles N.J., et al. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (2000), Academic Press, New York
123. Kistler A., Avila P.C., Rouskin S., Wang D., Ward T., Yagi S., et al. Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus and human rhinovirus diversity. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) 817-825
124. Kistler A., Webster D.R., Rouskin S., Magrini V., Credle J., Schnurr D., et al. Genome-wide diversity and selective pressure in the human rhinovirus. Virol. J 4 (2007) 40
125. Kling S., Donninger H., Williams Z., Vermeulen J., Weinberg E., Latiff K., et al. Persistence of rhinovirus RNA after asthma exacerbation in children. Clin Exp Allergy 35 (2005) 672-678
126. Kolatkar P.R., Bella J., Olson N.H., Bator C.M., Baker T.S., and Rossmann M.G. Structural studies of two rhinovirus serotypes complexed with fragments of their cellular receptor. EMBO J 18 (1999) 6249-6259
127. Krilov L., Pierik L., Keller E., Mahan K., Watson D., Hirsch M., et al. The association of rhinoviruses with lower respiratory tract disease in hospitalized patients. J Med Virol 19 (1986) 345-352
128. Kusel M.M.H., de Klerk N.H., Holt P.G., Kebadze T., Johnston S.L., and Sly P.D. Role of respiratory viruses in acute upper and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 (2006) 680-686
129. Laine P., Blomqvist S., Savolainen C., Andries K., and Hovi T. Alignment of capsid protein VP1 sequences of all human rhinovirus prototype strains: conserved motifs and functional domains. J Gen Virol 87 (2006) 129-138
130. Laine P., Savolainen C., Blomqvist S., and Hovi T. Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinovirus capsid protein VP1 and 2A protease coding sequences confirms shared genus-like relationships with human enteroviruses. J Gen Virol 86 (2005) 697-706
131. Lambert S.B., Allen K.M., Druce J.D., Birch C.J., Mackay I.M., Carlin J.B., et al. Community epidemiology of human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus NL63, and other respiratory viruses in healthy preschool-aged children using parent-collected specimens. Pediatrics 120 (2007) e929-e937
132. Lamson D., Renwick N., Kapoor V., Liu Z., Palacios G., Ju J., et al. MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in new york state during 2004-2005. J Infect Dis 194 (2006) 1398-1402
133. Larson H.E., Reed S.E., and Tyrrell D.A.J. Isolation of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses from 38 colds in adults. J Med Virol 5 (1980) 221-229
134. Lau S.K.P., Yip C.C.Y., Tsoi H.-W., Lee R.A., So L.-Y., Lau Y.-L., et al. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children. J Clin Microbiol 45 (2007) 3655-3664
135. Le Gall O., Christian P., Fauquet C.M., King A.M.Q., Knowles N.J., Nakashima N., et al. Picornavirales, a proposed order of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a pseudo-T = 3 virion architecture. Arch Virol 153 4 (2008) 715-727
136. Ledford R.M., Collett M.S., and Pevear D.C. Insights into the genetic basis for natural phenotypic resistance of human rhinoviruses to pleconaril. Antiviral Res 68 (2005) 135-138
137. Ledford R.M., Patel N.R., Demenczuk T.M., Watanyar A., Herbertz T., Collett M.S., et al. VP1 sequencing of all human rhinovirus serotypes: insights into genus phylogeny and susceptibility to antiviral capsid-binding compounds. J Virol 78 (2004) 3663-3674
138. Lee W.-M., Kiesner C., Pappas T., Lee I., Grindle K., Jartti T., et al. A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illness in infants. PLoS One 2 (2007) e966
139. Lehtinen P., Jartti T., Virkki R., Vuorinen T., Leinonen M., Peltola J., et al. Bacterial coinfections in children with viral wheezing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis 25 (2006) 463-469
140. Lemanske R.F. The childhood origins of asthma (COAST) study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15 (2002) 1-6
141. Lemanske R.F., Gern J.E., and Gangnon R.E. Viral specimen collection by parents increases response rate in population-based virus studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117 (2006) 956-957
142. Lemanske R.F., Jackson D.J., Gangnon R.E., Evans M.D., Li Z., Shult P.A., et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 (2005) 571-577
143. Leparc I., Aymard M., and Fuchs F. Acute, chronic and persistent enterovirus and poliovirus infections: detection of viral genome by seminested PCR amplification in culture-negative samples. Mol Cell Probes 8 (1994) 487-495
144. Levandowski R.A., Weaver C.W., and Jackson G.G. Nasal-secretion leukocyte populatons determined by flow cytometry during acute rhinovirus infection. J Med Virol 25 (1988) 423-432
145. Lidwell O.M., and Sommerville T. Observations on the incidence and distribution of the common cold in a rural community during 1948 and 1949. J Hyg 49 (1951) 365-381
146. Lina B., Pozzetto B., Andreoletti L., Beguier E., Bourlet T., Dussaix E., et al. Multicenter evaluation of a commercially available PCR assay for diagnosing enterovirus infection in a panel of cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J Clin Microbiol 34 (1996) 3002-3006
147. Linder J.A. Improving care for acute respiratory infections: better systems, not better microbiology. Clin Infect Dis 45 (2007) 1189-1191
148. Loens K., Goossens H., de Laat C., Foolen H., Oudshoorn P., Pattyn S., et al. Detection of rhinoviruses by tissue culture and two independent amplification techniques, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and reverse transcription-PCR, in children with acute respiratory infections during a winter season. J Clin Microbiol 44 (2006) 166-171
149. Louie J.K., Yagi S., Nelson F.A., Kiang D., Glaser C.A., Rosenberg S.A., et al. Rhinovirus outbreak in a long term care facility for elderly persons associated with unusually high mortality. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 262-265
150. Lu X., Holloway B., Dare R.K., Kuypers J., Yagi S., Williams J.V., et al. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for comprehensive detection of human rhinoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 46 (2008) 533-539
151. Mackay IM, McErlean P, Arden KE, Faux CE, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, et al. Rhinoviruses: support act or main event?. In: Schildgen O, editor. Role of newly detected and emerging viruses in childhood respiratory diseases. Nova science publishers, Inc., in press-a.
152. Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Challenges Facing Real-time PCR Characterization of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Chapter 8. In: Mackay IM editor. Real-Time PCR in Microbiology: From Diagnosis to Characterization. Caister Academic Press, pp 269-318, in press-b.
153. Mackay I.M. Human bocavirus; multisystem detection raises questions about infection. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) 968-970
154. Mackay I.M., Bustin S., Andrade J.M., Nissen M.D., and Sloots T.P. Quantification of microorganimsms: not human, not simple, not quick. In: Mackay I.M. (Ed). Real-time PCR in microbiology (2007), Caister Academic Press, Norfolk 133-182
155. Macnaughton M.R. The structure and replication of rhinoviruses. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 97 (1982) 1-26
156. Mahony J., Chong S., Merante F., Yaghoubian S., Sinha T., Lisle C., et al. Development of a respiratory virus panel test for detection of twenty human respiratory viruses by use of multiplex PCR and a fluid microbead-based assay. J Clin Microbiol 45 (2007) 2965-2970
157. Mallia P., and Johnston S.L. How viral infections cause exacerbation of airway diseases. Chest 130 (2006) 1203-1210
158. Mallia P., Message S.D., Kebadze T., Parker H.L., Kon O.M., and Johnston S.L. An experimental model of rhinovirus induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a pilot study. Respir Res 7 (2006) 116
159. Martin J.G., Siddiqui S., and Hassan M. Immune responses to viral infections: Relevance for asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev 7S (2006) S125-S127
160. Martinez F.D. Gene-environment interactions in asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (2007) 26-31
161. McErlean P, Shackleton LA, Andrewes E, Webster DR, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, et al. Distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus C (HRV C). PLoS Apr 2 2008;(4):e1847.
162. McErlean P., Shackleton L.A., Lambert S.B., Nissen M.D., Sloots T.P., and Mackay I.M. Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus, HRV-QPM, discovered in infants with bronchiolitis. J Clin Virol 39 (2007) 67-75
163. McFadden Jr. E.R. Acute severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 740-759
164. Milam D.F., and Smillie W.G. A bacteriological study of "colds" on an isolated tropical island (St John, United States Virgin Islands, West Indies). J Exp Med 53 (1931) 733-752
165. Miller D.L., McDonald J.C., Williams R.E.O., and Wilson J.S. A trial of bacterial vaccines for the common cold in the Royal Air Force. Lancet (1960) 358-360
166. Miller E.K., Lu X., Erdman D.D., Poehling K.A., Zhu Y., Griffin M.R., et al. Rhinovirus-associated hospitalizations in young children. J Infect Dis 195 (2007) 773-781
167. Minor T.E., Baker J.W., Dick E.C., DeMeo A.N., Ouellette J.J., Cohen M., et al. Greater frequency of viral; respiratory infections in asthmatic children as compared with their nonasthmatic siblings. J Pediatr 85 (1974) 472-477
168. Minor T.E., Dick E.C., DeMeo A.N., Ouellette J.J., Cohen M., and Reed C.E. Viruses as precipitants of asthmatic attacks in children. J Am Med Assoc 227 (1974) 292-298
169. Minor T.E., Dick E.C., Peterson J.A., and Docherty D.E. Failure of naturally acquired rhinovirus infections to produce temporal immunity to heterologous serotypes. Infect Immun 10 (1974) 1192-1193
170. Mizgerd J.P. Lung infection-a public health priority. PloS Med 3 (2006) e76
171. Mogabgab W.J., and Pelon W. Problems in characterizing and identifying an apparently new virus found in association with mild respiratory disease in recruits. Ann NY Acad Sci 67 (1957) 403-412
172. Monto A.S. The seasonality of rhinovirus infection and its implications for clinical recognition. Clin Therapeut 24 (2002) 1987-1997
173. Monto A.S., Bryan E.R., and Ohmit S. Rhinovirus infections in Tecumseh, Michigan: frequency of illness and number of serotypes. J Infect Dis 156 (1987) 43-49
174. Mori J., and Clewley J.P. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for typing rhinovirus RNA. J Med Virol 44 (1994) 323-329
175. Nicholson K.G., Kent J., and Ireland D.C. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. Br Med J 307 (1993) 982-986
176. Nokso-Koivisto J., Kinnari T.J., Lindahl P., Hovi T., and Pitkäranta A. Human picornavirus and coronavirus RNA in nasopharynx of children without concurrent respiratory symptoms. J Med Virol 66 (2002) 417-420
177. Nolte F.S., Marshall D.J., Rasberry C., Schievelbein S., Banks G.G., Storch G.A., et al. MultiCode-PLx system for multiplexed detection of seventeen respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol 45 (2007) 2779-2786
178. Nyquist A.-C., Gonzales R., Steiner J.F., and Sande M.A. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis. J Am Med Assoc 279 (1998) 875-877
179. O'Brien K.L., Dowell S.F., Schwartz B., Marcy S.M., Phillips W.R., and Gerber M.A. Cough illness/bronchitis - principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics 101 (1998) 178-181
180. Ostroff R., Ettinger A., La H., Rihanek M., Zalman L., Meador III J., et al. Rapid multiserotype detection of human rhinoviruses on optically coated silicon surfaces. J Clin Virol 21 (2001) 105-117
181. Papadopoulos N.G., Hunter J., Sanderson G., Meyer J., and Johnston S.L. Rhinovirus identification by BglI digestion of picornavirus RT-PCR amplicons. J Virol Methods 80 (1999) 179-185
182. Papadopoulos N.G., Moustaki M., Tsolia M., Bossios A., Astra E., Prezerakou A., et al. Association of rhinovirus infection with increased disease severity in acute bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 1285-1289
183. Papadopoulos N.G., Sanderson G., Hunter J., and Johnston S.L. Rhinoviruses replicate effectively at lower airway temperatures. J Med Virol 58 (1999) 100-104
184. Papadopoulos N.G., Stanciu L.A., Papi A., Holgate S.T., and Johnston S.L. A defective type 1 response to rhinovirus in atopic asthma. Thorax 57 (2002) 328-332
185. Parsons R., and Tyrrell D.A.J. A plaque method for assaying some viruses isolated from common colds. Nature 189 (1961) 640-642
186. Patick A.K. Rhinovirus chemotherapy. Antiviral Res 71 (2006) 391-396
187. Patick A.K., Brothers M.A., Maldonado F., Binford S., Maldonado O., Fuhrman S., et al. In vitro antiviral activity and single-dose pharmacokinetics in humans of a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005) 2267-2275
188. Pattemore P.K., Johnston S.L., and Bardin P.G. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. I. Epidemiology. Clin Exp Allergy 22 (1992) 325-336
189. Paul J.H., and Freese H.L. An epidemiological and bacteriological study of the "common cold" in an isolated arctic community (Spitsbergen). Am J Hyg 17 (1933) 517-535
190. Pelon W. Classification of the "2060" virus as ECHO 28 and further study of its properties. Am J Hyg 73 (1961) 36-54
191. Pelon W., Mogabgab W.J., Phillips L.A., and Pierce W.E. A cytopathogenic agent isolated from naval recruits with mild respiratory illnesses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 94 (1957) 262-267
192. Peltola V., Waris M., Österback R., Susi P., Ruuskanen O., and Hyypiä T. Rhinovirus transmission within families with children: incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. J Infect Dis 197 (2008) 382-389
193. Pettersen E.F., Goddard T.D., Huang C.C., Couch G.S., Greenblatt D.M., Meng E.C., et al. UCSF chimera-A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25 (2004) 1605-1612
194. Pevear D.C., Fancher M.J., Felock P.J., Rossmann M.G., Miller M.S., Diana G., et al. Conformational change in the floor of the human rhinovirus canyon blocks adsorption to HeLa cell receptors. J Virol 63 (1989) 2002-2007
195. Phillips C.A., Melnick J.L., and Grim C.A. Rhinovirus infections in a student population: Isolation of the five new serotypes. Am J Epidemiol 87 (1968) 447-456
196. Pitkäranta A., Arruda E., Malmberg H., and Hayden F.G. Detection of rhinovirus in sinus brushings of patients with acute community-acquired sinusitis by reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 35 (1997) 1791-1793
197. Pitkäranta A., Roivainen M., Blomgren K., Peltola J., Kaijalainen T., Räty R., et al. Presence of viral and bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. A prospective study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinol 70 (2005) 647-654
198. Pitkäranta A., Virolainen A., Jero J., Arruda E., and Hayden F.G. Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics 102 (1998) 291-295
199. Pizzichini M.M.M., Pizzichini E., Efthimiadis A., Chauhan A.J., Johnston S.L., Hussack P., et al. Asthma and natural colds. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158 (1998) 1178-1184
200. Price W.H. The isolation of a new virus associated with respiratory clinical disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 42 (1956) 892-896
201. Racaniello V.R. Picornaviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe D.M., and Howley P.M. (Eds). Fields virology vol. 1 (2001), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 685-722
202. Rakes G.P., Arruda E., Ingram J.M., Hoover G.E., Zambrano J.C., Hayden F.G., et al. Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in wheezing children requiring emergency care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 785-790
203. Rathe J. Resolution of all known HRV-A and HRV-B complete genome sequences, and their relationship to a potential new species, HRV-C. XV European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses meeting, EUROPIC 2008.
204. Rawlinson W.D., Waliuzzaman Z., Carter I.W., Belessis Y.C., Gilbert K.M., and Morton J.R. Asthma exacerbations in children are associated with rhinovirus but not human metapneumovirus infection. J Infect Dis 187 (2003) 1314-1318
205. Read S.J., Jefferey K.J.M., and Bangham C.R.M. Aseptic meningitis and encephalitis: the role of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 35 (1997) 691-696
206. Reilly C.M., Hoch S.M., Stokes J., McClelland L., Hamparian V.V., Ketler A., et al. Clinical and laboratory findings in cases of respirtaory illness caused by coryzaviruses. Ann Intern Med 57 (1962) 515-525
207. Renwick N., Schweiger B., Kapoor V., Liu Z., Villari J., Bullmann R., et al. A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) 1754-1760
208. Richard N., Komurian-Pradel F., Javouhey E., Perret M., Rajoharison A., Bagnaud A., et al. The impact of dual viral infection in infants admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit associated with severe bronchiolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27 (2008) 1-5
209. Rihkanen H., Carpen O., Roivainen M., Vaheri A., and Pitkäranta A. Rhinovirus in adenoid tissue. Int J Pediatr Otorhinol 68 (2004) 903-908
210. Roldaan A.C., and Masural N. Viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children staying in a mountain resort. Eur J Respir Dis 63 (1982) 140-150
211. Rosen L. Subclassification of picornaviruses. Bacteriol Rev 29 (1965) 173-184
212. Rosenbaum M.J., De Berry P., Sullivan E.J., Pierce W.E., Mueller R.E., and Peckinpaugh R.O. Epidemiology of the common cold in military recruits with emphasis on infections by rhinovirus types 1A, 2, and two unclassified rhinoviruses. Am J Epidemiol 93 (1971) 183-193
213. Rosenstein N., Phillips W.R., Gerber M.A., Marcy S.M., Schwartz B., and Dowell S.F. The common cold - principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics 101 (1998) 181-184
214. Rossmann M.G. Viral cell recognition and entry. Protein Science 3 (1994) 1712-1725
215. Rossmann M.G., Arnold E., Erickson J.W., Frankenberger E.A., Griffith J.P., Hecht H.-J., et al. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature 317 (1985) 145-153
216. Rossmann M.G., Bella J., Kolatkar P.R., He Y., Wimmer E., Kuhn R.J., et al. Cell recognition and entry by rhino- and enteroviruses. Virology 269 (2000) 239-247
217. Rossmann M.G., He Y., and Kuhn R.J. Picornavirus-receptor interactions. Trends Microbiol 10 (2002) 324-331
218. Rotbart H.A. Treatment of picornavirus infections. Antiviral Res 53 (2002) 83-98
219. Rotbart H.A., and Hayden F.G. Picornavirus infections: a primer for the practitioner. Arch Family Med 9 (2000) 913-920
220. Rueckert R.R., and Wimmer E. Systematic nomenclature of picornavirus proteins. J Virol 50 (1984) 957-959
221. Ryan J., Tucker S.P., Luttick A., Hamilton S., and Nearn R.H. A new oral rhinovirus inhibitor BTA798. 18th International Conference proceedings thereof on Antiviral Research (2005)
222. Savolainen C., Blomqvist S., Mulders M.N., and Hovi T. Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. J Gen Virol 83 (2002) 333-340
223. Savolainen C., Laine P., Mulders M.N., and Hovi T. Sequence analysis of human rhinoviruses in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase coding region reveals within-species variation. J Gen Virol 85 (2004) 2271-2277
224. Schwartz B., Marcy S.M., Phillips W.R., Gerber M.A., and Dowell S.F. Pharyngitis - principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics 101 (1998) 171-174
225. Seemungal T., Harper-Owen R., Bhowmik A., Moric I., Sanderson G., Message S., et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chornic obstrcutive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1618-1623
226. Sethi S.K. Reproducible plaquing system for rhinovirus serotypes in HeLa cells - agarose suspension. Acta Virol 22 (1978) 60-65
227. Shanmukh S., Jones L., Driskell J., Zhao Y., Dluhy R., and Tripp R.A. Rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory virus molecular signatures using a silver nanorod array SERS substrate. Nano Lett 6 (2006) 2630-2636
228. Silva M.J., Ferraz C., Pissarra S., Cardoso M.J., Simões J., and Vitór A.B. Role of viruses and atypical bacteria in asthma exacerbations among children in Oporto (Portugal). Allergologia et immunopathologia 35 (2007) 4-9
229. Skern T., Sommergruber W., Blaas D., Gruendler P., Fraundorfer F., Pieler C., et al. Human rhinovirus 2: Complete nucleotide sequence and proteolytic processing signals in the capsid protein region. Nucleic Acids Res 13 (1985) 2111-2126
230. Smith M.B.H., and Feldman W. Over-the-counter cold medications: a critical review of clinical trials between 1950 and 1991. J Am Med Assoc 269 (1993) 2258-2263
231. Soyka L.F., Robinson D.S., Lachant N., and Monaco J. The misuse of antibiotics for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children. Pediatrics 55 (1975) 552-556
232. Spence L., Brown W.J., Pyne D.B., Nissen M.D., Sloots T.P., McCormack J.G., et al. Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exer 39 (2007) 577-586
233. Stanway G., Hughes P.J., Mountford R.C., Minor P.D., and Almond J.W. The complete nucleotide sequence of a common cold virus: human rhinovirus 14. Nucleic Acids Res 12 (1984) 7859-7877
234. Staunton D.E., Merluzzi V.J., Rothlein R., Barton R., Marlin S.D., and Springer T.A. A cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, is the major surface receptor for rhinoviruses. Cell 56 (1989) 849-853
235. Steininger C., Aberle S.W., and Popow-Kraupp T. Early detection of acute rhinovirus infections by a rapid reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 39 (2001) 129-133
236. Stirk H.J., and Thornton J.M. The BC loop in poliovirus coat protein VP1: an ideal acceptor site for major insertions. Protein Eng 7 (1994) 47-56
237. Stott E.J., Eadie M.B., and Grist N.R. Rhinovirus infections of children in hospital; isolation of three possibly new rhinoviruse seroptypes. Am J Epidemiol 90 (1969) 45-52
238. Strachan D.P. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. Br Med J 299 (1989) 1259-1260
239. Sung B.S., Chonmaitree T., Broemeling L.D., Owen M.J., Patel J.A., Hedgpeth D.C., et al. Association of rhinovirus infection with poor bacteriologic outcome of bacterial-viral otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 17 (1993) 38-42
240. Suvilehto J., Roivainen M., Seppänen M., Meri S., Hovi T., Carpén O., et al. Rhinovirus/enterovirus RNA in tonsillar tissue of children with tonsillar disease. J Clin Virol 35 (2006) 292-297
241. Suzuki M., Saito K., Min W.-P., Vladau C., Toida K., Itoh H., et al. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. The Laryngoscope 117 (2007) 272-277
242. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M., and Kumar S. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24 (2007) 1596-1599
243. Tapparel C, Junier T, Cordey S, Mühlemann K, Van Belle S, Turin L, Zdobnov E, Kaiser L. Genome analysis of circulating picornavirus reveals rhinovirus recombination and a new enterovirus serotype. XV European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses meeting, EUROPIC 2008.
244. Tapparel C., Junier T., Gerlach D., Cordey S., van Belle S., Perrin L., et al. New complete genome sequences of human rhinoviruses shed light on their phylogeny and genomic features. BMC Genomics 10 (2007) 224
245. Taylor-Robinson D. Laboratory and volunteer studies on some viruses isolated from common colds (Rhinoviruses). Am Rev Resp Dis 88 (1963) S262-S268
246. Taylor-Robinson D., and Tyrrell D.A.J. Serotypes of viruses (rhinoviruses) isolated from common colds. Lancet (1962) 452-454
247. Todd J.K., Todd N., Damato J., and Todd W.A. Bacteriology and treatment of purulent nasopharyngitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 3 (1984) 226-232
248. Tomassini J.E., Graham D., DeWitt C.M., Lineberger D.W., Rodkey J.A., and Colonno R.J. cDNA cloning reveals that the major group rhinovirus receptor on HeLa cells is intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 (1989) 4907-4911
249. Torgersen H., Skern T., and Blaas D. Typing of human rhinoviruses based on sequence variations in the 5' non-coding region. J Gen Virol 70 (1989) 3111-3116
250. Turner R.B. The common cold. Pediatr Ann 27 (1998) 790-795
251. Turner R.B., Wecker M.T., Pohl G., Witek T.J., McNally E., St George R., et al. Efficacy of Tremacamra, a soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, for experimental rhinovirus infection. J Am Med Assoc 281 (2007) 1797-1804
252. Turner R.B., Weingand K.W., Yeh C.-H., and Leedy D.W. Association between interleukin-8 concentration in nasal secretions and severity of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis 26 (1998) 840-846
253. Tyrrell D.A.J. A view from the common cold unit. Antiviral Res 18 (1992) 105-125
254. Tyrrell D.A.J., Buckland F.E., Bynoe M.L., and Hayflick L. The cultivation in human-embryo cells of a virus (D.C.) causing colds in man. Lancet 280 (1962) 320-322
255. Tyrrell D.A.J., and Bynoe M.L. Some further virus isolations from common colds. Br Med J (1961) 393-397
256. Tyrrell D.A.J., Bynoe M.L., Hitchcock G., Pereira H.G., and Andrewes C.H. Some virus isolations from common colds. I. Experiments employing human volunteers. Lancet (1960) 235-237
257. Tyrrell D.A.J., and Fielder M. Cold wars: The fight against the common cold (2002), Oxford University Press, New York
258. Tyrrell D.A.J., and Parsons R. Some virus isolations from common colds. III. Cytopathic effects in tissue cultures. Lancet i (1960) 239-242
259. Uncapher C.R., DeWitt C.M., and Colonno R.J. The major and minor group receptor families contain all but one human rhinovirus serotype. Virol 180 (1991) 814-817
260. Urquhart G.E.D., and Grist N.R. Virological studies of sudden, unexplained infant deaths in Glasgow 1967-1970. J Clin Pathol 25 (1972) 443-446
261. Urquhart G.E.D., and Stott E.J. Rhinoviraemia. Br Med J 4 (1970) 28-30
262. van den Hoogen B.G., van Doornum G.J.J., Fockens J.C., Cornelissen J.J., Beyer W.E.P., de Groot R., et al. Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 188 (2003) 1571-1577
263. van der Zalm M.M., Uiterwaal C.S.P.M., de Jong B.M., Wilbrink B., and van der Ent C.K. Viral specimen collection by parents increases response rate in population-based virus studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117 (2006) 955-957
264. Versteegh F.G.A., Weverling G.J., Peeters M.F., Wilbrink B., Veenstra-van Schie M.T.M., van Leewen-Gerritsen J.M., et al. Community-acquired pathogens associated with prolonged coughing in children: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 (2005) 801-807
265. Vesa S., Kleemola M., Blomqvist S., Takala A., Kilpi T., and Hovi T. Epidemiology of documented viral respiratory infections and acute otitis media in a cohort of children followed from two to twenty-four months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20 (2001) 574-581
266. Wald E.R., Dashefsky B., and Byers C. Frequency and severity of infection in day care. J Pediatr 112 (1988) 540-546
267. Wald T.G., Shult P., Krause P., Miller B.A., Drinka P., and Gravenstein S. A rhinovirus outbreak among residents of a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med 123 (1995) 588-593
268. Wang D., Coscoy L., Zylberberg M., Avila P.C., Boushey H.A., Ganem D., et al. Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 15687-15692
269. Wang Q.M., and Chen S.H. Human rhinovirus 3C protease as a potential target for the development of antiviral agents. Curr Protein Peptide Sci 8 (2007) 19-27
270. Wark P.A.B., Bucchieri F., Johnston S.L., Gibson P.G., Hamilton L., Mimica J., et al. IFN-g-induced protein 10 is a novel biomarker of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120 (2007) 586-593
271. Wark P.A.B., Johnston S.L., Bucchieri F., Powell R., Puddicombe S., Laza-Stanca V., et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J Exp Med 201 (2005) 937-947
272. Winther B., Gwaltney Jr. J.M., Mygind N., Turner R.B., and Hendley J.O. Sites of rhinovirus recovery after point inoculation of the upper airway. J Am Med Assoc 256 (1986) 1763-1767
273. Winther B., Hayden F.G., and Hendley J.O. Picornavirus infections in children diagnosed by RT-PCR during longitudinal surveillance with weekly sampling: association with symptomatic illness and effect of season. J Med Virol 78 (2006) 644-650
274. Winther B., McCue K., Ashe K., Rubino J.R., and Hendley J.O. Environmental contamination with rhinovirus and transfer to fingers of healthy individuals by daily life activity. J Med Virol 79 (2007) 1606-1610
275. Wright P.F., Deatly A.M., Karron R.A., Belshe R.B., Shi J.R., Gruber W.C., et al. Comparison of detection of rhinovirus by polymerase chain reaction and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness. J Clin Microbiol 45 (2007) 2126-2129
276. Xatzipsalti M., Kyrana S., Tsolia M., Psarras S., Bossios A., Laza-Stanca V., et al. Rhinovirus viremia in children with respiratory infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 1037-1040
277. Yoo J., Tcheurekdjian H., Lynch S.V., Cabana M., and Boushey H.A. Microbial manipulation of immune function for asthma prevention. Inferences from clinical trials. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 4 (2007) 277-282