메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 372-378

When molecules and morphology clash: Reconciling conflicting phylogenies of the Metazoa by considering secondary character loss

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLADISTICS; GENE EXPRESSION; METAZOAN; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 4644266187     PISSN: 1520541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04045.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (74)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0000376043 scopus 로고
    • Molecular evidence for inclusion of the phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea
    • Abele, L. G., Kim, W., and Felgenhauer, B. G. 1989. Molecular evidence for inclusion of the phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6: 685-691.
    • (1989) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.6 , pp. 685-691
    • Abele, L.G.1    Kim, W.2    Felgenhauer, B.G.3
  • 2
    • 0037067641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in ants
    • Abouheif, E., and Wray, G. A. 2002. Evolution of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in ants. Science 297: 249-252.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 249-252
    • Abouheif, E.1    Wray, G.A.2
  • 3
    • 0031691532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitations of metazoan 18S rRNA sequence data: Implications for reconstructing a phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom and inferring the reality of the Cambrian explosion
    • Abouheif, E., Zardoya, R., and Meyer, A. 1998. Limitations of metazoan 18S rRNA sequence data: implications for reconstructing a phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom and inferring the reality of the Cambrian explosion. J. Mol. Evol. 47: 394-405.
    • (1998) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.47 , pp. 394-405
    • Abouheif, E.1    Zardoya, R.2    Meyer, A.3
  • 4
    • 4644310699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polychaeta, Annelida Articulata are not monophyletic: Articulating the Metameria (Metazoa: Coelomata)
    • Almeida, W. D., Christoffersen, M. L., Amorim, D. S., Garraffoni, A. R. S., and Silva, G. S. 2003. Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa: Coelomata). Rev. Brasil. Zool. 20: 23-57.
    • (2003) Rev. Brasil. Zool. , vol.20 , pp. 23-57
    • Almeida, W.D.1    Christoffersen, M.L.2    Amorim, D.S.3    Garraffoni, A.R.S.4    Silva, G.S.5
  • 9
    • 0034081946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla
    • Budd, G. E., and Jensen, S. 2000. A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biol. Rev. 75: 253-295.
    • (2000) Biol. Rev. , vol.75 , pp. 253-295
    • Budd, G.E.1    Jensen, S.2
  • 11
    • 0032433340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: An analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence
    • Collins, A. G. 1998. Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15458-15463.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 15458-15463
    • Collins, A.G.1
  • 12
    • 0036090367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles
    • Collins, A. G. 2002. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. J. Evol. Biol. 15: 418-432.
    • (2002) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.15 , pp. 418-432
    • Collins, A.G.1
  • 13
    • 0035544654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining phyla: Evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans
    • Collins, A. G., and Valentine, J. W. 2001. Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans. Evol. Dev. 3: 432-442.
    • (2001) Evol. Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 432-442
    • Collins, A.G.1    Valentine, J.W.2
  • 15
    • 0037229216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placozoa are not derived cnidarians: Evidence from molecular morphology
    • Ender, A., and Schierwater, B. 2003. Placozoa are not derived cnidarians: evidence from molecular morphology. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 130-134.
    • (2003) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.20 , pp. 130-134
    • Ender, A.1    Schierwater, B.2
  • 17
    • 0039351565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles Darwin, Fritz Müller, Anton Dohrn, and the origin of evolutionary physiological anatomy
    • Ghiselin, M. T. 1996. Charles Darwin, Fritz Müller, Anton Dohrn, and the origin of evolutionary physiological anatomy. Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 27: 49-58.
    • (1996) Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano , vol.27 , pp. 49-58
    • Ghiselin, M.T.1
  • 18
    • 0002752853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metamerism and life-style within polychaetes: Morpho-functional aspects and evolutionary implications
    • Giangrande, A., and Gambi, M. C. 1998. Metamerism and life-style within polychaetes: morpho-functional aspects and evolutionary implications. Ital. J. Zool. 65: 39-50.
    • (1998) Ital. J. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 39-50
    • Giangrande, A.1    Gambi, M.C.2
  • 19
    • 0036380787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the Cambrian explosion?
    • Giribet, G. 2002. Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the Cambrian explosion? Mol. Phyl. Evol. 24: 345-357.
    • (2002) Mol. Phyl. Evol. , vol.24 , pp. 345-357
    • Giribet, G.1
  • 20
    • 0034350325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology
    • Giribet, G., Distel, D. L., Polz, M., Sterrer, W., and Wheeler, W. C. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 49: 539-562.
    • (2000) Syst. Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 539-562
    • Giribet, G.1    Distel, D.L.2    Polz, M.3    Sterrer, W.4    Wheeler, W.C.5
  • 21
    • 0033935083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of arthropod phylogeny: New data based on ribosomal DNA sequences and direct character optimization
    • Giribet, G., and Ribera, C. 2000. A review of arthropod phylogeny: new data based on ribosomal DNA sequences and direct character optimization. Cladistics 16: 204-231.
    • (2000) Cladistics , vol.16 , pp. 204-231
    • Giribet, G.1    Ribera, C.2
  • 23
    • 0036593395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient phylogenetic relationships
    • Gribaldo, S., and Philippe, H. 2002. Ancient phylogenetic relationships. Theor. Popul. Biol. 61: 391-408.
    • (2002) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.61 , pp. 391-408
    • Gribaldo, S.1    Philippe, H.2
  • 24
    • 0037214857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences
    • Herlyn, H., Piskurek, O., Schmitz, J., Ehlers, U., and Zischler, H. 2003. The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 26: 155-164.
    • (2003) Mol. Phyl. Evol. , vol.26 , pp. 155-164
    • Herlyn, H.1    Piskurek, O.2    Schmitz, J.3    Ehlers, U.4    Zischler, H.5
  • 25
    • 0000631106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecules versus morphology in systematics: Conflicts, artifacts, and misconceptions
    • J. J. Wiens (ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Hillis, D. M., and Wiens, J. J. 2000. Molecules versus morphology in systematics: conflicts, artifacts, and misconceptions. In J. J. Wiens (ed.). Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 1-19.
    • (2000) Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data , pp. 1-19
    • Hillis, D.M.1    Wiens, J.J.2
  • 26
    • 0035527372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilaterian phylogeny and uncritical recycling of morphological data sets
    • Jenner, R. A. 2001. Bilaterian phylogeny and uncritical recycling of morphological data sets. Syst. Biol. 50: 730-742.
    • (2001) Syst. Biol. , vol.50 , pp. 730-742
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 27
    • 0036980140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boolean logic and character state identity: Pitfalls of character coding in metazoan cladistics
    • Jenner, R. A. 2002. Boolean logic and character state identity: pitfalls of character coding in metazoan cladistics. Contr. Zool. 71: 67-91.
    • (2002) Contr. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 67-91
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 28
    • 0042703586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unleashing the force of cladistics? Metazoan phylogenetics and hypothesis testing
    • Jenner, R. A. 2003. Unleashing the force of cladistics? Metazoan phylogenetics and hypothesis testing. Integ. Comp. Biol. 43: 207-218.
    • (2003) Integ. Comp. Biol. , vol.43 , pp. 207-218
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 29
    • 0742323072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: Evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters
    • Jenner, R. A. 2004a. Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters. Contr. Zool. 73: 3-163.
    • (2004) Contr. Zool. , vol.73 , pp. 3-163
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 30
    • 2442492960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accepting partnership by submission? Morphological phylogenetics in a molecular millennium
    • Jenner, R. A. 2004b. Accepting partnership by submission? Morphological phylogenetics in a molecular millennium. Syst. Biol. 53: 333-342.
    • (2004) Syst. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 333-342
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 31
    • 3242705252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific status of metazoan cladistics: Why current research practice must change
    • Jenner, R. A. 2004c. The scientific status of metazoan cladistics: why current research practice must change. Zool. Scr. 33: 333-342.
    • (2004) Zool. Scr. , vol.33 , pp. 333-342
    • Jenner, R.A.1
  • 32
    • 0031936411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A kingdom's progress: Archezoa and the origin of eukaryotes
    • Keeling, P. J. 1998. A kingdom's progress: Archezoa and the origin of eukaryotes. BioEssays 20: 87-95.
    • (1998) BioEssays , vol.20 , pp. 87-95
    • Keeling, P.J.1
  • 33
    • 0033064715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new perspective on lower metazoan relationships from 18S rDNA sequences
    • Kim, J., Kim, W., and Cunningham, C. W. 1999. A new perspective on lower metazoan relationships from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 423-427.
    • (1999) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 423-427
    • Kim, J.1    Kim, W.2    Cunningham, C.W.3
  • 34
    • 1442283747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan) crustacean relationships
    • Lavrov, D. V., Brown, W. M., and Boore, J. L. 2004. Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan) crustacean relationships. Proc. R. Soc. Land. B 271: 537-544.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Land. B , vol.271 , pp. 537-544
    • Lavrov, D.V.1    Brown, W.M.2    Boore, J.L.3
  • 35
    • 0030726416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between evolutionary theory and phylogenetic analysis
    • Lee, M. S. Y., and Doughty, P. 1997. The relationship between evolutionary theory and phylogenetic analysis. Biol. Rev. 72: 471-495.
    • (1997) Biol. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 471-495
    • Lee, M.S.Y.1    Doughty, P.2
  • 37
    • 0043208925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new soft-bodied fauna: The Pioche formation of Nevada
    • Lieberman, B. S. 2003. A new soft-bodied fauna: the Pioche formation of Nevada. J. Paleont. 77: 674-690.
    • (2003) J. Paleont. , vol.77 , pp. 674-690
    • Lieberman, B.S.1
  • 38
    • 0345515980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic position of Brachiopoda - A comparison of morphological and molecular data
    • Lüter, C., and Bartolomaeus, T. 1997. The phylogenetic position of Brachiopoda - a comparison of morphological and molecular data. Zool. Scr. 26: 245-253.
    • (1997) Zool. Scr. , vol.26 , pp. 245-253
    • Lüter, C.1    Bartolomaeus, T.2
  • 40
    • 6544229060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships of phylum Rotifera with emphasis on the families of Bdelloidea
    • Melone, G., Ricci, C., Segers, H., and Wallance, R. L. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of phylum Rotifera with emphasis on the families of Bdelloidea. Hydrobiologia 387: 101-107.
    • (1998) Hydrobiologia , vol.387 , pp. 101-107
    • Melone, G.1    Ricci, C.2    Segers, H.3    Wallance, R.L.4
  • 41
    • 0031059425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergent evolution in invertebrates
    • Moore, J., and Willmer, P. 1997. Convergent evolution in invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 72: 1-60.
    • (1997) Biol. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 1-60
    • Moore, J.1    Willmer, P.2
  • 42
    • 0036625870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acantocephalan phylogeny and the evolution of parasitism
    • Near, T. J. 2002. Acantocephalan phylogeny and the evolution of parasitism. Integ. Comp. Biol. 42: 668-677.
    • (2002) Integ. Comp. Biol. , vol.42 , pp. 668-677
    • Near, T.J.1
  • 43
    • 0031949426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and evolution of animal life cycles
    • Nielsen, C. 1998. Origin and evolution of animal life cycles. Syst. Biol. 73: 125-155.
    • (1998) Syst. Biol. , vol.73 , pp. 125-155
    • Nielsen, C.1
  • 45
    • 0041813070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining phyla: Morphological and molecular clues to metazoan evolution
    • Nielsen, C. 2003a. Defining phyla: morphological and molecular clues to metazoan evolution. Evol. Dev. 5: 386-393.
    • (2003) Evol. Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 386-393
    • Nielsen, C.1
  • 46
    • 0043265599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposing a solution to the Articulata-Ecdysozoa controversy
    • Nielsen, C. 2003b. Proposing a solution to the Articulata-Ecdysozoa controversy. Zool. Scr. 32: 475-482.
    • (2003) Zool. Scr. , vol.32 , pp. 475-482
    • Nielsen, C.1
  • 48
    • 0030727017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining two standard assumptions of ancestral reconstructions: Repeated loss of dichromatism in dabbling ducks (Anatini)
    • Omland, K. E. 1997. Examining two standard assumptions of ancestral reconstructions: repeated loss of dichromatism in dabbling ducks (Anatini). Evolution 51: 1636-1646.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 1636-1646
    • Omland, K.E.1
  • 49
    • 0033448470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assumptions and challenges of ancestral state reconstructions
    • Omland, K. E. 1999. The assumptions and challenges of ancestral state reconstructions. Syst. Biol. 48: 604-611.
    • (1999) Syst. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 604-611
    • Omland, K.E.1
  • 50
    • 0034945410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences
    • Peterson, K. J., and Eernisse, D. J. 2001. Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol. Dev. 3: 170-205.
    • (2001) Evol. Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 170-205
    • Peterson, K.J.1    Eernisse, D.J.2
  • 51
    • 0033158181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial polychaetes - Models for the evolution of the Clitellata (Annelida)?
    • Purschke, G. 1999. Terrestrial polychaetes - models for the evolution of the Clitellata (Annelida)? Hydrobiologia 406: 87-99.
    • (1999) Hydrobiologia , vol.406 , pp. 87-99
    • Purschke, G.1
  • 52
    • 0036034660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the ground pattern of Annelida
    • Purschke, G. 2002. On the ground pattern of Annelida. Org. Divers. Evol. 2: 181-196.
    • (2002) Org. Divers. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 181-196
    • Purschke, G.1
  • 53
    • 0033782104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic position of the Clitellata and the Echiura - On the problematic assessment of absent characters
    • Purschke, G., Hessling, R., and Westheide, W. 2000. The phylogenetic position of the Clitellata and the Echiura - on the problematic assessment of absent characters. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 38: 165-173.
    • (2000) J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. , vol.38 , pp. 165-173
    • Purschke, G.1    Hessling, R.2    Westheide, W.3
  • 55
    • 0033868001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias? What bias? The evolution of downstream larval-feeding in animals
    • Rouse, G. W. 2000. Bias? What bias? The evolution of downstream larval-feeding in animals. Zool. Scr. 29: 213-236.
    • (2000) Zool. Scr. , vol.29 , pp. 213-236
    • Rouse, G.W.1
  • 56
    • 0031284707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladistics and polychaetes
    • Rouse, G. W., and Fauchald, K. 1997. Cladistics and polychaetes. Zool. Scr. 26: 139-204.
    • (1997) Zool. Scr. , vol.26 , pp. 139-204
    • Rouse, G.W.1    Fauchald, K.2
  • 57
    • 0242690091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of developmental mechanisms
    • Rudel, D., and Sommer, R. J. 2003. The evolution of developmental mechanisms. Dev. Biol. 264: 15-37.
    • (2003) Dev. Biol. , vol.264 , pp. 15-37
    • Rudel, D.1    Sommer, R.J.2
  • 59
    • 0036030351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Articulata hypothesis - Or what is a segment?
    • Scholtz, G. 2002. The Articulata hypothesis - or what is a segment? Org. Divers. Evol. 2: 197-215.
    • (2002) Org. Divers. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 197-215
    • Scholtz, G.1
  • 60
    • 0041568323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny reconstruction: The role of morphology
    • Scotland, R. W., Olmstead, R. G., and Bennett, J. R. 2003. Phylogeny reconstruction: the role of morphology. Syst. Biol. 52: 539-548.
    • (2003) Syst. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 539-548
    • Scotland, R.W.1    Olmstead, R.G.2    Bennett, J.R.3
  • 61
    • 0034477163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in the light of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa
    • Sørensen, M. V., Funch, P., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A. J., and Olesen, J. 2000. On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in the light of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zool. Anz. 239: 297-318.
    • (2000) Zool. Anz. , vol.239 , pp. 297-318
    • Sørensen, M.V.1    Funch, P.2    Willerslev, E.3    Hansen, A.J.4    Olesen, J.5
  • 62
    • 0001095073 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates
    • Strathmann, R. R. 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32: 894-906.
    • (1978) Evolution , vol.32 , pp. 894-906
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 63
    • 77957207879 scopus 로고
    • What molecular phylogenies tell us about the evolution of larval forms
    • Strathmann, R. R., and Eernisse, D. J. 1994. What molecular phylogenies tell us about the evolution of larval forms. Am. Zool. 34: 502-512.
    • (1994) Am. Zool. , vol.34 , pp. 502-512
    • Strathmann, R.R.1    Eernisse, D.J.2
  • 64
    • 0036559767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of tongueworms (Pentostomida): A peculiar problem in context of the modern phylogenetics
    • Tchesunov, A. V. 2002. A case of tongueworms (Pentostomida): a peculiar problem in context of the modern phylogenetics. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 63: 209-226.
    • (2002) Zh. Obshch. Biol. , vol.63 , pp. 209-226
    • Tchesunov, A.V.1
  • 65
    • 0000965075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambrian "Orsten"-type arthropods and the phylogeny of Crustacea
    • R. A. Fortey and R. H. Thomas (eds.). Chapman and Hall, London
    • Walossek, D., and Müller, K. J. 1997. Cambrian "Orsten"- type arthropods and the phylogeny of Crustacea. In R. A. Fortey and R. H. Thomas (eds.). Arthropod Relationships, Systematics Association Special Volume ser. 55. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 139-153.
    • (1997) Arthropod Relationships, Systematics Association Special Volume Ser. 55 , pp. 139-153
    • Walossek, D.1    Müller, K.J.2
  • 66
    • 0041743270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "Orsten" window - A three-dimensionally preserved Upper Cambrian meiofauna and its contribution to our understanding of the evolution of Arthropoda
    • Waloszek, D. 2003. The "Orsten" window - a three-dimensionally preserved Upper Cambrian meiofauna and its contribution to our understanding of the evolution of Arthropoda. Paleont. Res. 7: 71-88.
    • (2003) Paleont. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 71-88
    • Waloszek, D.1
  • 67
    • 0034405353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence from a protein-coding gene that acanthocephalans are rotifers
    • Welch, D. B. M. 2000. Evidence from a protein-coding gene that acanthocephalans are rotifers. Invert. Biol. 119: 17-26.
    • (2000) Invert. Biol. , vol.119 , pp. 17-26
    • Welch, D.B.M.1
  • 68
    • 0033562077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematization of the Annelida: Different approaches
    • Westheide, W., McHugh, D., Urschke, G., and Rouse, G. 1999. Systematization of the Annelida: different approaches. Hydrobiologia 402: 291-307.
    • (1999) Hydrobiologia , vol.402 , pp. 291-307
    • Westheide, W.1    McHugh, D.2    Urschke, G.3    Rouse, G.4
  • 69
    • 0037226077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny
    • Zrzavý, J. 2003. Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny. Zool. Scr. 32: 61-81.
    • (2003) Zool. Scr. , vol.32 , pp. 61-81
    • Zrzavý, J.1
  • 70
    • 0034948242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myzostomida are not annelids. Molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella
    • Zrzavý, J., Hypsa, V., and Tietz, D. F. 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids. Molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170-198.
    • (2001) Cladistics , vol.17 , pp. 170-198
    • Zrzavý, J.1    Hypsa, V.2    Tietz, D.F.3
  • 71
    • 0001284561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence
    • Zrzavý, J., Mihulka, S., Kepka, P., Bezdek, A., and Tietz, D. 1998. Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics 14: 249-285.
    • (1998) Cladistics , vol.14 , pp. 249-285
    • Zrzavý, J.1    Mihulka, S.2    Kepka, P.3    Bezdek, A.4    Tietz, D.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.