Placozoa are not derived cnidarians: Evidence from molecular morphology

Molecular Biology and Evolution

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 130-134

  Ender, Andrea ^a   Schierwater, Bernd ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

16S rDNA; Cnidaria; Molecular morphology; Molecular systematics; mtDNA genome structure; Placozoa; Trichoplax adhaerens

Indexed keywords

DNA 16S; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; RNA 16S;

ARTICLE; COELENTERATE; CUBOZOA; DNA SEQUENCE; DNA STRUCTURE; HYDROZOA; LIFE CYCLE; METAZOON; MITOCHONDRIAL GENETICS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PLACOZOA; PLESIOMORPHY; RNA STRUCTURE; SCYPHOZOA; TAXONOMY; TRICHOPLAX ADHAERENS;

ANIMALS; CELL SIZE; CNIDARIA; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; INVERTEBRATES; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; RNA, RIBOSOMAL;

CNIDARIA; COELENTERATA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA; INVERTEBRATA; METAZOA; PLACOZOA; PROTOZOA; SCYPHOZOA; TRICHOPLAX; TRICHOPLAX ADHAERENS;

EID: 0037229216     PISSN: 07374038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msg018     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aleshin, V. V., N. S. Vladychenskaya, O. S. Kedrova, I. A. Milyutina, and N. B. Petrov. 1995. Phylogeny of invertebrates deduced from 18S rRNA comparisons. Mol. Biol. 29:843-855.
2. Ax, P. 1996. Multicellular animals: a new approach to the phylogenetic order in nature, Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
3. Bridge, D., C. W. Cunningham, R. DeSalle, and L. W. Buss. 1995. Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: molecular and morphological evidence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:679-689.
4. Bridge, D., C. W. Cunningham, B. Schierwater, R. DeSalle, and L. W. Buss. 1992. Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: evidence from mitochondrial genome structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8750-8753.
5. Cavalier-Smith, T., M. T. Allsopp, E. E. Chao, N. Boury-Esnault, and J. Vacelet. 1996. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Can. J. Zool. 74:2031-2045.
6. Christen, R., A. Ratto, A. Baroin, R. Perasso, K. G. Grell, and A. Adoutte. 1991. An analysis of the origin of metazoans, using comparisons of partial sequences of the 28S RNA, reveals an early emergence of triploblasts. EMBO J. 10:499-503.
7. Collins, A. G. 1998. Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15458-15463.
8. Cunningham, C. W., and L. W. Buss. 1993. Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21:57-69.
9. Ender, A., K. Schwenk, T. Städler, B. Streit, and B. Schierwater. 1996. RAPD identification of microsatellites in Daphnia. Mol. Ecol. 5:437-441.
10. Grell, K. G. 1971. Trichoplax adhaerens F. E. Schulze und die Entstehung der Metazoen. Naturw. Rundschau 24:160-161.
11. Grell, K. G., and A. Ruthmann. 1991. Placozoa. Pp. 13-27 in F. W. Harrison and J. A. Westfall, eds. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Wiley-Liss, New York.
12. Gutell, R. R. 1996. Comparative sequence analysis and the structure of 16S and 23S rRNA. Pp. 111-128 in A. Dahlberg and B. Zimmermann, eds. Ribosomal RNA: structure, evolution, processing, and function in protein biosynthesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
13. Ivanov, A. V. 1973. Trichoplax adhaerens, a Phagocytella-like animal. Zool. Zhum. 52:1117-1131.
14. Kim, J., W. Kim, and C. W. Cunningham. 1999. A new perspective on lower metazoan relationships from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:423-427.
15. Lafay, B., N. Boury-Esnault, J. Vacelet, and R. Christen. 1992. An analysis of partial 28S ribosomal RNA sequences suggests early radiations of sponges. Biosystems 28:139-151.
16. Nosek, J., L. Tomäska, H. Fukuhara, Y. Suyama, and L. Koväc. 1998. Linear mitochondrial genomes: 30 years down the line. Trends Genet. 14:184-188.
17. Odorico, D. M., and D. J. Miller. 1997. Internal and external relationships of the Cnidaria: implications of primary and predicted secondary structure of the 5′-end of the 23-like rDNA. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 264:77-82.
18. Pawlowski, J., J.-I. Montoya-Burgos, J. F. Fahmi, J. Wüest, and L. Zaninetti. 1996. Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:1128-1132.
19. Peterson, K. J., and D. J. Eernisse. 2001. Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol. Dev. 3:170-205.
20. Podar, M., S. H. D. Haddock, M. L. Sogin, and G. R. Harbison. 2001. A molecular phylogenetic framework for the phylum Ctenophora using 18S rRNA genes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 21:218-230.
21. Schierwater, B. 1989. Allometric changes during growth and reproduction in Eleutheria dichotoma (Hydrozoa, Athecata) and the problem of estimating body size in a microscopic animal. J. Morphol. 200:255-267.
22. Schierwater, B., S. Dellaporta, and R. Desalle. 2002. Is the evolution of Cnox-2 Hox/ParaHox genes multicolored and polygenealogical? Mol. Phyl. Evol. 25:374-378.
23. Schierwater, B., and R. DeSalle. 2001. Current problems with the invention of the zootype. J. Exp. Zool. Mol. Dev. Evol. 291:169-174.
24. Schierwater, B., and A. Ender 2000. Sarsia marii spec. nov. (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) and the use of 16S rDNA sequences for unpuzzling systematic relationships in Hydrozoa. Sci. Marina 64:117-122.
25. Schierwater, B., and K. Kuhn. 1998. Homology of Hox genes and the zootype concept in early metazoan evolution. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9:375-381.
26. Sidall, M. E., D. S. Martin, D. Bridge, S. S. Desser, and D. K. Cone. 1995. The demise of a phylum of protists: phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. J. Parasitol. 8:961-967.
27. Smothers, J. F., C. D. von Dohlen, L. H. Smith Jr., and R. D. Spall. 1994. Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans. Science 265:1719-1721.
28. Swofford, D. L. 2001. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
29. Syed, T., and B. Schierwater. 2002a. The evolution of the Placozoa: a new morphological model. Senckenbergiana lethaea 82:259-270.
30. -. 2002b. Trichoplax adhaerens F. E. Schulze 1883: discovered as a missing link, forgotten as a hydrozoan, rediscovered as a key to metazoan evolution. Vie Milieu (in press).
31. Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins, and T. J. Gibson. 1994. Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680.
32. Vladychenskaya, N. S., O. S. Kedrova, I. A. Milyutina, I. L. Okshtein, V. V. Aleshin, and N. B. Petrov. 1995. Phylogenetic position of Placozoa in the systematics of multicellular organisms: comparison of the 18S rRNA genes. Doklady Biol. Sci. 344:501-503.
33. Wainright, P. O., G. Hinkle, M. L. Sogin, and S. K. Stickel. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa: an evolutionary link with Fungi. Science 260:340-342.
34. Warrior, R., and J. Gall. 1985. The mitochondrial DNA of Hydra attenuata and Hydra littoralis consists of two linear molecules. Arch. Sci. (Geneva) 38:439-445.