A pathogenetic model of autism involving Purkinje cell loss through anti-GAD antibodies

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 218-221

  Rout, Ujjwal K ^a   Dhossche, Dirk M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE ANTIBODY;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CELL LOSS; DISEASE SEVERITY; FAMILY HISTORY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURKINJE CELL; SIBLING;

ANIMALS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MOTHERS; PREGNANCY; PURKINJE CELLS;

EPICOCCUM;

EID: 45649084333     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Geschwind D.H., and Levitt P. Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17 1 (2007) 103-111
2. Dhossche D.M., and Rout U. Are autistic and catatonic regression related? A few working hypotheses involving gaba, Purkinje cell survival, neurogenesis, and ECT. Int Rev Neurobiol 72 (2006) 55-79
3. Baird G., et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet 368 9531 (2006) 210-215
4. Mandell D.S., Novak M.M., and Zubritsky C.D. Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 116 6 (2005) 1480-1486
5. Rogers S.J., and DiLalla D.L. Age of symptom onset in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 29 6 (1990) 863-872
6. Szatmari P., et al. Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nat Genet 39 3 (2007) 319-328
7. Arndt T.L., Stodgell C.J., and Rodier P.M. The teratology of autism. Int J Dev Neurosci 23 2-3 (2005) 189-199
8. Courchesne E. Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7 2 (1997) 269-278
9. Cabeza R., and Nyberg L. Imaging cognition II: an empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci 12 1 (2000) 1-47
10. Yeung-Courchesne R., and Courchesne E. From impasse to insight in autism research: from behavioral symptoms to biological explanations. Dev Psychopathol 9 2 (1997) 389-419
11. Bauman M., and Kemper T.L. Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology 35 6 (1985) 866-874
12. Bailey A., et al. A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain 121 Pt 5 (1998) 889-905
13. Kern J.K. Purkinje cell vulnerability and autism: a possible etiological connection. Brain Dev 25 6 (2003) 377-382
14. Cohly H.H., and Panja A. Immunological findings in autism. Int Rev Neurobiol 71 (2005) 317-341
15. Vargas D.L., et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 57 1 (2005) 67-81
16. Dalton P., et al. Maternal neuronal antibodies associated with autism and a language disorder. Ann Neurol 53 4 (2003) 533-537
17. Esclapez M., et al. Comparative localization of two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase and their mRNAs in rat brain supports the concept of functional differences between the forms. J Neurosci 14 3 Pt 2 (1994) 1834-1855
18. Solimena M., et al. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318 16 (1988) 1012-1020
19. Vulliemoz S., et al. Epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 78 2 (2007) 187-189
20. Antonini G., et al. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in downbeat nystagmus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 74 7 (2003) 998-999
21. Kim J., et al. Higher autoantibody levels and recognition of a linear NH2-terminal epitope in the autoantigen GAD65, distinguish stiff-man syndrome from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 180 2 (1994) 595-606
22. Vianello M., et al. Antigenic differences between neurological and diabetic patients with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Eur J Neurol 12 4 (2005) 294-299
23. Fatemi S.H., et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are increased in brains of neonatal BALB/c mice following viral infection in utero. Schizophr Res 69 1 (2004) 121-123
24. Dhossche D., et al. Elevated plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in autistic youngsters: stimulus for a GABA hypothesis of autism. Med Sci Monit 8 8 (2002) PR1-PR6
25. Upender M.B., and Naegele J.R. Activation of microglia during developmentally regulated cell death in the cerebral cortex. Dev Neurosci 21 6 (1999) 491-505
26. Dochniak M.J. Autism spectrum disorders - Exogenous protein insult. Med Hypotheses 69 3 (2007) 545-549
27. Blatt G.J. GABAergic cerebellar system in autism: a neuropathological and developmental perspective. Int Rev Neurobiol 71 (2005) 167-178
28. DeLorey T.M. GABRB3 gene deficient mice: a potential model of autism spectrum disorder. Int Rev Neurobiol 71 (2005) 359-382
29. Ben-Hur H., et al. Transport of maternal immunoglobulins through the human placental barrier in normal pregnancy and during inflammation. Int J Mol Med 16 3 (2005) 401-407
30. Weiner J.A., and Chun J. Maternally derived immunoglobulin light chain is present in the fetal mammalian CNS. J Neurosci 17 9 (1997) 3148-3156
31. Yoshida Y., et al. Endothelial fenestrae in the rat fetal cerebrum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 44 2 (1988) 211-219