Disproportionation of light paraffins

Energy and Fuels

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 1812-1823

  Schmidt, Roland ^a   Welch, M Bruce ^a   Anderson, Richard L ^a   Sardashti, Maziar ^a   Randolph, Bruce B ^a  

^a Bartlesville Technology Center ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACIDS; BLENDING; CATALYSIS; CATALYST REGENERATION; CATALYST SELECTIVITY; CATALYSTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; ENERGY CONSERVATION; GASOLINE; HYDROCARBON REFINING; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; IONIC LIQUIDS; IONIZATION OF LIQUIDS; LIQUID FUELS; MODERNIZATION; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PARAFFINS; PETROLEUM PRODUCTS; PETROLEUM REFINING; REFINING; RIVERS; SILICATE MINERALS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; VAPOR PRESSURE; ZEOLITES;

ACIDIC CATALYSTS; ACIDIC IONIC LIQUIDS; CATALYST SYSTEMS; CONTACT TIMES; CONVERSION RATES; CRITICAL PARAMETERS; DISPROPORTIONATION; ENERGY-CONSERVING; ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FUELS; ISOPENTANE; LIGHT HYDROCARBONS; OPPORTUNITY COSTS; PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS; REID VAPOR PRESSURES; RENEWABLE FUELS; SATURATED HYDROCARBONS; SPACE VELOCITIES; TRADE OFFS; UPGRADING;

HYDROCARBONS;

EID: 45449116213     PISSN: 08870624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ef7006326     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Meyer, E. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998; p 458.
2. Gary, J. E.; Handwerk, G. E. In Petroleum Refining, 4th ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2001.
3. Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products Reid Method); Designation D 323-99a; American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, June 1999.
4. Indiana Air Facts; Office of Air Management Fact Sheet FCTMO5; Indiana Department of Environmental Management: Indianapolis, IN, Sept. 1998.
5. Simpson, D. J. Atmosph. Chem. 1995, 20, 163-177, No. 2.
6. Dunker, A. M.; Morris, R. E.; Pollack, A. K.; Schleyer, C. H.; Yarwood, G. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (3), 787-801.
7. Guide on Federal and State Summer RVP Standards for Conventional Gasoline Only; report EPA420-B-03-002; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, D.C., March 2003.
8. Sommer, J.; Jost, R. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 2309-2318, No. 12.
9. Rossini, S. Catal. Today 2003, 77 (4), 467-484.
10. Maxwell, I. E.; Stork, W. H. J. Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice, 2nd ed.; Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2001; Vol. 137, pp 747819.
11. Bercik, P. G.; Metzger, K. J.; Swift, H. E. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1978, 17 (3), 214-19.
12. Sie, S. T. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31 (8), 1881-1889.
13. Meyers, R. A. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, 2nd ed.; Mc Graw Hill: Columbus, OH, 1996.
14. Wojciechowski, B. W. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 1998, 40 (3), 209-328.
15. Cumming, K. A.; Wojciechowski, B. W. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 1996, 38 (1), 101-157.
16. Steinberg, K. H.; Hermann, K.; Becker, K.; Bremer, H.; Franke, W.; Klotzsche, H.; Krueger, W. Chem. Tech. 1977, 29 (5), 269-272.
17. Anunziata, O. A.; Pierella, L. B. Catal. Lett. 1993, 19 (2-3), 143-151.
18. Randolph, B. B. U.S. Patent 6573416 B1, 2003.
19. Cheung, T.-K. Gates, B. C. Book of Abstracts, 214th ACS National Meeting, Las Vegas, Sept 7-11, 1997. American Chemical Socity: Washington, D.C., 1997; PETR-089.
20. Basset, J. M.; Copéret, C.; Lefort, L.; Maunders, B. M.; Maury, O.; Le Roux, E.; Saggio, G.; Soignier, S.; Soulivong, D.; Sunley, G. J.; Taoufik, M.; Thivolle-Cazat, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8604-8605.
21. Taoufika, M.; Le Rouxa, E.; Thivolle-Cazat, J.; Copéret, C.; Basset, J.-M.; Maunders, B.; Sunley, G. J. Top. Catal. 2006, 40 Nos. 1-4.
22. Copéret, C. O.; Maury, J.; Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M.; Basset, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, No. 12.
23. Levebvre, F.; Basset, J.-M. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 1999, 146, 3-12.
24. Vidal, V.; Théolier, A.; Thivolile-Cazat, J.; Basset, J.-M. Science 1997, 276, 4.
25. Chen, C.-Y. U.S. Patent 6 566 568 B1, 2003.
26. Maury, O.; Lefort, L.; Vidal, V.; Thivolle-Cazat, J.; Basset, J.-M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, No. 13/14.
27. Kuznetzov, P. N.; Anufriev, D. N.; Ione, K. G. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1985, 28, 35-40, No. 1.
28. Corma, A. Mater. Sci. 1997, 2, 63-75, No. 1.
29. Arata, K. Adv. Catal. 1990, 17, 165-211.
30. Minachev, K. M.; Usacheva, O. N. Neftekimiya 1994, 17-28.
31. Virta, R. L. Minerals Information; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 199714.
32. Barrer, R. M. Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites; Academic Press: New York, 1982.
33. Whyte, T. E., Jr.; Dalla Betta, R. A. Catal. Rev.- Sci. Eng. 1982, 4 (4), 567-598.
34. Rabo, J. A.; Gajda, G. J. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 1989-1990, 31 (4), 385-430.
35. Babitz, S. M.; Williams, B. A.; Miller, J. T.; Snurr, R. Q.; Haag, W. O.; Kung, H. H. Appl. Catal., A 1999, 179, 71-86.
36. Jacobs, P. A. Catal. Rev.- Sci. Eng. 1982, 24 (3), 415-440.
37. Davis, R. J. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2000, 26, 21-27, No. 1.
38. Brueva, T. R.; Mishin, I. V.; Kapustin, G. I. Thermochim. Acta 2001, 379, 15-23.
39. Hong, Y.; Gruver, V.; Fripiat, J. J. J. Catal. 1996, 161, 766-775.
40. Hong, Y.; Gruver, V.; Fripiat, J. J. Book of Abstracts - 210th ACS National Meeting, Chicago, Aug 20-25; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1995; pp 590594.
41. Nicholas, J. B.; Haw, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11804-11805.
42. Anunziata, O. A.; Pierella, L. B. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1995, 55, 365-372, No. 2.
43. http://www.iza-sc.ethz.ch/IZA-SC/Atlas/AtlasHome.html.
44. Chen, N. Y. Hill, C. Lucki, S. J. U.S. Patent 3 812 199, 1974.
45. Lucki, S. J. Chen, N. Y. Bowes, E. U.S. Patent 3 914 331, 1975.
46. Chloupek, F. J. Sanford, R. A. Pollak, L. Kmecak, R. A. US Patent 3 953 537, 1976.
47. Morrison, R. A. US Patent 4,686,316 (1987).
48. Guisnet, M.; Gnep, N. S. Appl. Catal., 1996, 146, 33-64.
49. Bhatia, S.; Beltramini, J.; Do, D. D. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 1989-1990, 31 (4), 431-480.
50. World Fuels Today Hart: Houston, TX, Nov 19. 2001; 1; http:// www.hartenergynetwork.com/worldfuels.
51. Takei, Y.; Kinugasa, Y.; Okada, M.; Tanaka, T.; Fujimoto, Y. Automot. Eng. Int. 2001, 109, 117-120, No. 7.
52. Forsyth, S. A.; Pringle, J. M.; MacFarlane, D. R. Aust. J. Chem. 2004, 57, 113-119.
53. Levelt Sengers, J. M. H.; Given, J. A. Mol. Phys. 1983, 80, 899-913, No. 4.
54. Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications to Green Chemistry; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; C.H.I.P.S.: Weimar, TX, 2002.
55. Ionic Liquids in Synthesis, Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
56. http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/2004/bristol_vickery/ ionic_liquids.htmaccessed Sept 19, 2007.
57. Chauvin, Y.; Mussmann, L.; Olivier, H. Angew. Chem. 1995. 107 (23/24), 2941-2943;
58. Chauvin, Y.; Mussmann, L.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1995, 34 (23/24), 2698-2700.
59. Wilkes, J. S.; Levisky, J. A.; Wilson, R. A.; Hussey, C. L. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 21, 1263-1264.
60. Chauvin, Y.; Hirschauer, A.; Olivier, H. J. Mol. Catal. 1994, 92, 155-165.
61. Valkenberg, M. H.; Sauvage, E.; DeCastro-Moreira, C. P.; Hoelderich, W. F. World Patent WO 01/32308 A1, 2001.
62. Park, S. G.; Trulove, P. C.; Carlin, R. T.; Osteryoung, R. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 3334-3340.
63. Trulove, P. C.; Osteryoung, R. A. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 3980-3985.
64. Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083.
65. Wilkes, J. S.; Frye, J. S.; Reynolds, G. F. Inorg. Chem. 1983, 22, 3870-3872.
66. Gray, J. L.; Maciel, G. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7147-7151.
67. Zhang, J.; Huang, C.; Chen, B.; Ren, P.; Pu, M. J. Catal. 2007, 249, 261-268.
68. Benn, R.; Janssen, E.; Lehmkuhl, H.; Rufinska, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 333, 155-168.
69. Mueller, A. J. Prakt. Chem. 1938, 151, 249-250.
70. Sonnessa, A. J.; Cullen, W.; Ander, P. Macromolecules 1980, 13, 196-198.
71. Sun, X.; Yang, Y.-K.; Lu, F. Macromolecules 31, 1998, 4291-4296.
72. Zarras, P.; Vogl, O. J. Macromol. Soc, Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, A37 (10), 1103-1120.
73. Zelikin, A. N.; Akritskaya, N. I.; Izumrudov, V. A. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2001, 202, 3018-3026.
74. Nemtoi, G.; Onu, A.; Aelenei, N.; Dragan, S.; Beldie, C. Eur. Polym. J. 2000, 36, 2679-2684.
75. Hepp, H. J.; Harold, J.; Drehman, L. E. U.S. Patent 3 425 955, 1969.
76. Hepp, H. J.; Weinrich, W. W. U.S. Patent 2 526 564, 1950.
77. Hepp, H. J.; Drennan, L. E. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Prepr. 1959, 4, A81-A88, No. 2.
78. Hepp, H. J.; Box Jr., E. O.; Uhrick, D. A. Preprints - Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Prepr. 1967, 12 (1), 129-38.
79. Randolph, B. B.; Hoover, K. C.; Pfile, M. E. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP1167327A1 20020102, 2002.
80. Ipatieff, V. N.; Grosse, A. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 28, 461-464, No. 4.
81. Fuentes-Zurita, G. A. PhD Dissertation. University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 1980.
82. Drago, R. S.; Petrosius, S.C.; Kaufman, P. B. New J. Chem. 1994, 18, 937-939.
83. Kwak, H.-J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2001070906 A1, 2001.
84. Cai, T. X.; He, M.; Shi, X. Z.; Wang, X. P. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2001, 12, 647-650, No. 7.
85. Drehman, L. E. U.S. Patent 2 782 244, 1957.
86. Hepp, H. J. Drehman, L. E. U.S. Patent 2 968 684, 1961.
87. Myers, J. W. U.S. Patent 3 449 264, 1969.
88. Axe, W. N. U.S. Patent 2 370 118, 1945.
89. Husni, H. R. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1968, 7 (1), 7-11.
90. Kuliev, R. S.; Sadykhova, B. A.; Rudnitskaya, N. S.; Gasanova, R. Z. Inst. Petrochem. Process., Chem. Tech. 1971, 23 (1), 37.
91. Henry, R. W. U.S. Patent 2 366 028, 1944.
92. Leonard, A. B. U.S. Patent 2 366 117, 1944.
93. Patterson, R. J. U.S. Patent 2 416 019, 1947.
94. Ray, S. S. Satin, R. Tuli, D. K. Rai, M. M. Ghosh, S. Bhatnagar, A. K. Sivaram, S. Mohandas, T. P. Gholap, D. H. Yanjarappa, M. J. G. U.S. Patent 6 096 678, 2000.
95. Tamami, B.; Borujeny, K. P. Synth. Commun. 2003, 33, 4253-4258, No. 24.
96. Gonzalez, R. D.; Miura, H. Catal. Rev.- Sci. Eng. 1994, 36 (1), 145-177.
97. Randolph, B. B. Johnson, M. M. Sughrue, E. L. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.2004116764 A1, 2004.
98. Zhao, X. S.; Lu, G. Q. Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Technologies; Hong Kong, Dec 3-6, 2000; World Scientific: Hackensack, NJ, 2001; pp 351-356, 69 AZSS
99. Elomari, S. World Patent WO 2007/112238 A2, 2007.
100. Phillips, J. E. U.S. Patent 3 236 912, 1966.
101. Albright, L. F. Oil Gas J. 1990, 88 (48), 70, 72-77.
102. Johnson, M. M. A Look at the Past? A Glimpse at the Future: A History of the Phillips Petroleum Laboratory, Abstracts of Papers, 222nd ACS National Meeting, Chicago, Aug 26-30, 2001; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 2001.
103. Sohn, J. R.; Seo, D. H. Catal. Today 2003, 187 (1-4), 219226.
104. Garin, F.; Andriamasinoro, D.; Abdulsamad, A.; Sommer, J. J. Catal. 1991, 131, 199-200.
105. Scurrell, M. S. Appl. Catal. 1987, 34, 109-117.
106. Mastikhin, V. M.; Nosov, A. V.; Filimonova, S. V.; Terskikh, V. V.; Kotsarenko, N. S.; Shmachkova, V. P.; Kim, V. I. J. Mol. Catal., A 1995, 101, 81-90.
107. Vera, C. R.; Pieck, C. L.; Shimizu, K; Yori, J. C.; Parera, J. M. Appl. Catal., A 2002, 232, 169-180.
108. Fraenkel, D. 2004, personal communication.
109. Moles, P. J. Catal. Today 1994, 20, No. 2.
110. http://www.zrchem.com/literature/literature/PDF%27s/CAT4A.pdf;accessed June 10, 2006.
111. HSC Chemistry for Windows; Chemical Reaction and Equilibrium Software with Extensive Thermochemical Database, version 5.1; Outokumpu: Espoo, Finland, 2002.
112. World Fuels Today; Hart: Houston, TX, Nov. 19, 2001; p 1.
113. Kinugasa, Y.; Okada, M.; Tanaka, T.; Fujimoto, Y.; Takei, Y. Automot. Eng. Int. 2001, 109 (7), 117-120.
114. Pilarski, B. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1983, 1078, 1080.
115. Sundberg, R. J.; Mente, D.C.; Yilmaz, I.; Gupta, G. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1977, 14, 1279-1281.