Helping young children to delay gratification

Early Childhood Education Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 557-564

  Lee, Pai Lin ^a   Lan, William ^b   Wang, Chiao Li ^a   Chiu, Hsiu Yueh ^a  

^a CHIA NAN UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE   (Taiwan)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Delay of gratification; Early childhood development; Labeling; Story telling

Indexed keywords

EID: 44649175948     PISSN: 10823301     EISSN: 15731707     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10643-008-0240-9     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 2, pp. 89-195). New York: Academic Press.
2. Ayduk, O., Rodriguez, M. L., Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (2007). Verbal intelligence and self-regulatory competencies: Joint predictors of boy's aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(2), 374-388.
3. Baer, R. E., & Nietzel, M. T. (1991). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of impulsivity in children: A meta-analytic review of the outcome literature. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 2, 400-412.
4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
5. Bandura, A., Mischel, W. (1965). Modification of self-imposed delay of reward through exposure to live and symbolic models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 698-703.
6. Baumeister, R., & Exline, J. (2000). Self-control, morality, and human strength. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 29-42.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 6, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
9. Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent association between academic delay of gratification, future time perspective, and self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35-57.
10. Beran, M. J. (2002). Maintenance of self-imposed delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Journal of General Psychology, 129, 49-66.
11. Berthoz, A. (1996). The role of inhibition in the hierarchical gating of executed and imagined movements. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 101-113.
12. Bodrova, E., & Leong, D. (2005). Self-regulation: A foundation for early learning. Principal, 85(1), 30-35.
13. Brannigan, A., Gemmell, W., Pevalin, D. J., & Wade, T. J. (2002). Self-control and social control in childhood misconduct and aggression: The role of family structure, hyperactivity, and hostile parenting. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 119-142.
14. Bredfeldt, D. (2005). Aggression in the kindergarten classroom. Springfield, MO: The Mayor's commission for children.
15. Brownell, K. D., Marlatt, G. A., Lichtenstein, E., & Wilson, G. T. (1986). Understanding and preventing relapse. American Psychologist, 41, 765-782.
16. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742.
17. Bukatko, D., & Daehler, M. W. (2004). Child development-A thematic approach (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
18. Burnett, P. C. (1999). Children's self-talk and academic self-concepts: The impact of teachers' statements. Educational Psychology in Practice, 15, 195-200.
19. Burnett, P. C. (2003). Positive statements, positive students, positive classrooms. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 13, 1-14.
20. Casey, W. M., & Burton, R. V. (1982). Training children to be consistently honest through verbal self-instructions. Child Development, 53, 911-919.
21. Chelonis, J. J., King, G., Logue, A. W., & Tobin, H. (1994). The effect of variable delays on self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 33-43.
22. Cherek, D. R., Moeller, F. G., Dougherty, D. M., & Rhoades, H. (1997). Studies of violent and nonviolent male parolees: II. Laboratory and psychometric measures of impulsivity. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 523-529.
23. Chuang, Y. Z. (1996). The factors of criminal behavior. Proceedings of the National Science Council, 6(2), 235-257 (Taiwan).
24. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
25. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner's.
26. Demetriou, A. (2000). Organization and development of self-understanding and self-regulation. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-regulation (pp. 209-251). London: Academic Press.
27. Dixon, M. R., Hayes, L. J., Binder, L. M., Manthey, S., Sigman, C., & Zdanowski, D. M. (1998). Using a self-control training procedure to increase appropriate behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 203-210.
28. Driscoll, M. P. (1994). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
29. Eisenberg, N, & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion, regulation and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion and Social Behavior, 14, 119-150.
30. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2002). The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social competence, adjustment. In L. Pulkkinen & A. Caspi (Eds.), Paths to successful development: Personality in the life course (pp. 46-70). New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Farrington, D. P. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of adult antisocial personality and adult convictions. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 605-622.
32. Fiona, K., Toner, I. J. (1981, August). Direct labeling, tester expectancy and delay maintenance behavior in preschool children. Conference paper: Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development (Toronto, Canada).
33. Forzano, L. B., & Logue, A. W. (1994). Self-control in adult humans: Comparison of qualitatively different reinforcers. Learning and Motivation, 25, 65-82.
34. Forzano, L. B., & Logue, A. W. (1995). Self-control and impulsiveness in children and adults: Effects of food preferences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 33-46.
35. Fowler, S. A., & Baer, D. M. (1981). "Do I have to be good all day?" The timing of delayed reinforcement as a factor in generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 13-24.
36. Funder, D. C., & Block, J. (1989). The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1041-1050.
37. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
38. Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39. Harter, S. (1990). Issues in the assessment of the self-concept of children and adolescents. In A. M. LaGreca (Ed.), Through the eyes of the child: Obtaining self-reports from children and adolescents (pp. 292-325). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
40. Houck, G. M., & Lecuyer-Maus, E. A. (2003). Maternal limit setting during toddlerhood, delay of gratification, and behavior problems at age five. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(1), 28-46.
41. Hodgins, D. C., Guebaly, N., & Armstrong, S. (1995). Prospective and retrospective reports of mood states before relapse to substance use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 400-407.
42. Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K. R., Lee, W. S., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(20), 617-644.
43. Hyten, C., Madden, G. J., & Field, D. P. (1994). Exchange delays and impulsive choice in adult humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 225-233.
44. Jalongo, M. R. (2004). Stories that teach life lessons. Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 19(2), 37-43.
45. Johnson, C, D. (2003, Fall). The role of child development and social interaction in the selection of children's literature to promote literacy acquisition. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 5(2). http://ecrp.uiuc. edu/v5n2/johnson.html. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
46. Jones, L. B., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Development of executive attention in preschool children. Developmental Science, 6, 498-504.
47. Karreman, A., Tuijl, C., Aken, M. A. G., & Deković, M. (2006). Parenting and self- regulation in preschoolers: a meta-analysis. Infant and Child Development, 15(6), 561-579.
48. Kheramin, S., Brody, S., Ho, M. Y., Velazquez-Martinez, D. N., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E., (2003). Role of the orbitofrontal cortex in choice between delayed and uncertain reinforcers: A quantitative analysis. Behavioral Processes, 64, 239-250.
49. King, G. R., & Logue, A. W. (1990). Choice in a self-control paradigm: Effects of reinforcer quality. Behavioral Processes, 22, 89-99.
50. Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091-1111.
51. Knapp, A., & Clark, M. S. (1991). Some detrimental effects of negative mood on individuals' ability to solve resource dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 678-688.
52. Krawczyk, D. C. (2002). Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neural basis of human decision making. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 631-664.
53. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., White, J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: Is low self-control specific to externalizing problems? Journal of Personality, 64(1), 107-129.
54. Lake, V. E. (2001). Linking literacy and moral education in the primary classroom. The Reading Teacher, 55(2), 125-129.
55. Lee, P. L., Lan, W., Hamman, D., & Hendricks, B, (2007a). The effects of teaching notetaking strategies on elementary students' science learning. Instructional Science. doi:10.1007/s11251-007-9027-4.
56. Lee, P. L., Wang, C. L., Lin, Y. J., & Chang, S. M. (2007b). The prediction of parenting styles to young children's self-regulation behavior. Crisis Management, 4(2), 41-50.
57. Lepper, M. R., & Creene, D. (1975). Turning play into work: Effect of adult Surveillance and extrinsic rewards on children's intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 479-486.
58. Liang, P. Y. (2004). Children's problem behavior. Taipei: Psychological Publication.
59. Li-Grining C. P. (2007). Effortful control among low-income preschoolers in three cities: Stability, change, and individual differences Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 208-221.
60. Logue, A. W., & Pe-Correal, T. E. (1984). Responding during reinforcement delay in a self-control paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 41, 267-277.
61. Logue, A. W., Forzano, L. B., & Ackerman, K. T. (1996). Self-control in children: age, preference for reinforcer amount and delay, and language ability. Learning and Motivation, 27, 260-277.
62. Logue, A. W. (1995). Self-control: Waiting until tomorrow for what you want today. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
63. Logue, A. W., Pe-Correal, T. E., Rodriguez, M. L., & Kabela, E. (1986). Self-control in adult humans: Variation in positive reinforcer amount and delay. Journal of the Experimental analysis of Behavior, 46, 159-173.
64. Madden, G. J., Perry, N. M., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, WK (1997). Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 256-262.
65. Mauro, C. F., & Harris, Y. R. (2000). The influence of maternal child-rearing attitudes and teaching behaviors on preschoolers' delay of gratification. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 16, 292-306.
66. Mazur, J. E., & Logue, A. W. (1978). Choice in a self-control paradigm: Effects of a fading procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 30, 11-17.
67. Mclntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2006). The transition to school: Adaptation in young children with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(5), 349-361.
68. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in expeirimental social psychology (vol. 7, pp. 249-292). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
70. Mischel, W. (1986). Introduction to personality (4th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinchart, & Winston.
71. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.
72. Monterosso, J., Ehrman, R., Napier, K. L., O'Brien CP, & Childress, A. R. (2001). Three decision-making tasks in cocaine-dependent patients: Do they measure the same construct? Addiction, 96, 1825-1837.
73. Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control strength through repeated exercise. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4), 446-457.
74. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247-259.
75. Newman, D. L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Antecedents of adult interpersonal functioning: Effects of individual differences in age 3 temperaments. Developmental Psychology, 33, 206-217.
76. Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931-964.
77. Putnam, S. P., Spritz, B. L., & Stifter, C. A. (2002). Mother-child coregulation during delay of gratification at 30 months. Infancy, 3(2), 209-225.
78. Raffaelli, M., Crockett, L. J., & Shen, Y. L. (2005). Developmental stability and change in self-regulation from childhood to adolescence. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(1), 54-75.
79. Ritchie, F. K., & Toner, I. J. (1984). Direct labeling, tester expectancy and delay maintenance behavior in Scottish preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, 333-341.
80. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
81. Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297-312.
82. Schweitzer, J. B., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1988). Self-control: Teaching tolerance for delay in impulsive children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 173-186.
83. Shaffer, D. R. (1999). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescent (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Cole Publishing Company.
84. Shaffer, D. R. (2002). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescent (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Cole Publishing Company.
85. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 978-986.
86. Silverman, I. W. (2003). Gender differences in delay of gratification: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 49, 451-463.
87. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
88. Strayhorn, J. M. (1988). The competent child: An approach to psychotherapy and preventive mental health. New York: Guilford.
89. Strayhorn, J. M. (2002a). Self-control: Theory and research. Journal of American Academic of Child & Adolescentce of Psychiatry, 41(1), 7-16.
90. Strayhorn, J. M. (2002b). Self-Control: Toward systematic training programs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 17-27.
91. Taylor, H., Klei, N., & Hack, M. (2000). School-age consequences of birth weight less than 750 g: A review and update. Developmental Neuropsychology, 17, 289-321.
92. Toner, I. J., Moore, L. P., & Emmons B. A. (1980). The effect of being labeled on subsequent self-control in children. Child Development, 51, 618-621.
93. Vaughn, B. E., Kopp, C. B., Krakow, & J. B. (1984). The emergence and consolidation of self-control from eighteen to thirty months of age: Normative trends and individual differences. Child Development, 55, 990-1004.
94. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95. Wulfert, E., Safren, S., Brown, I., & Wan, C. (1999). Cognitive, behavioral, and personality correlates of HIV-positive persons' unsafe sexual behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 223-244.
96. Wulfert, E., Block, J., Santa-Ana, E., Rodriguez, M., Colsman, M. (2002). Delay of gratification: Impulsive choices and problem behaviors in early and late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 70, 53.