메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 697-705

Epidemiology of stroke and high blood pressure in Africa

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

EID: 44449177684     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2007.127753     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (116)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0001320529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative visions of the future: Projecting mortality and disability
    • Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative visions of the future: projecting mortality and disability, 1990-2020. In: Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The global burden of disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996:325-97.
    • (1996) The global burden of disease , vol.1990-2020 , pp. 325-397
    • Murray, C.J.L.1    Lopez, A.D.2
  • 2
    • 33846245504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing stroke: Saving lives around the world
    • Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:182-7.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 182-187
    • Strong, K.1    Mathers, C.2    Bonita, R.3
  • 3
    • 33846206411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard method for developing stroke registers in low-income and middle-income countries: Experiences from a feasibility study of a stepwise approach to stroke surveillance (STEPS Stroke)
    • Truelsen T, Heuschmann P, Bonita R, et al. Standard method for developing stroke registers in low-income and middle-income countries: experiences from a feasibility study of a stepwise approach to stroke surveillance (STEPS Stroke). Lancet Neurol 2007;6:134-9.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 134-139
    • Truelsen, T.1    Heuschmann, P.2    Bonita, R.3
  • 5
    • 0036067864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global burden of hypertension: Good news and bad news
    • Mensah GA. The global burden of hypertension: good news and bad news. Cardiol Clin 2002;20:181-5.
    • (2002) Cardiol Clin , vol.20 , pp. 181-185
    • Mensah, G.A.1
  • 6
    • 0023866516 scopus 로고
    • The World Health Organization MONICA Project (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): A major international collaboration
    • WHO MONICA Project Investigators
    • WHO MONICA Project Investigators. The World Health Organization MONICA Project (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): a major international collaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 1988:105-14.
    • (1988) J Clin Epidemiol , pp. 105-114
  • 7
    • 0344718782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension
    • Whitworth JA. World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1983-92.
    • (2003) J Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 1983-1992
    • Whitworth, J.A.1
  • 9
    • 33646775756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative quantification of mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors
    • Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al, eds, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank
    • Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, et al. Comparative quantification of mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors. In: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al, eds. Global burden of disease and risk factors. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006:241-68.
    • (2006) Global burden of disease and risk factors , pp. 241-268
    • Ezzati, M.1    Vander Hoorn, S.2    Lopez, A.D.3
  • 10
    • 0034643678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke mortality in urban and rural Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project
    • Walker RW, McLarty DG, Kitange HM, et al. Stroke mortality in urban and rural Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project. Lancet 2000;355:1684-7.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1684-1687
    • Walker, R.W.1    McLarty, D.G.2    Kitange, H.M.3
  • 11
    • 33846249067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of stroke in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Connor MD, Walker R, Modi G, et al. Burden of stroke in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:269-78.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 269-278
    • Connor, M.D.1    Walker, R.2    Modi, G.3
  • 12
    • 0034098829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age specific prevalence of impairment and disability relating to hemiplegic stroke in the Hai District of northern Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project
    • Walker RW, McLarty DG, Masuki G, et al. Age specific prevalence of impairment and disability relating to hemiplegic stroke in the Hai District of northern Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:744-9.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 744-749
    • Walker, R.W.1    McLarty, D.G.2    Masuki, G.3
  • 13
    • 1442274815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of stroke survivors in rural South Africa: Results from the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) Agincourt field site
    • Connor MD, Thorogood M, Casserly B, et al. Prevalence of stroke survivors in rural South Africa: results from the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) Agincourt field site. Stroke 2004;35:627-32.
    • (2004) Stroke , vol.35 , pp. 627-632
    • Connor, M.D.1    Thorogood, M.2    Casserly, B.3
  • 14
    • 0022647149 scopus 로고
    • Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: Results of computed tomography and associated risk factors
    • Mating J, Kitai I, Levy L. Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: results of computed tomography and associated risk factors. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:1649-51.
    • (1986) BMJ (Clin Res Ed) , vol.292 , pp. 1649-1651
    • Mating, J.1    Kitai, I.2    Levy, L.3
  • 15
    • 0026337682 scopus 로고
    • The MEDUNSA Stroke Data Bank. An analysis of 304 patients seen between 1986 and 1987
    • Joubert J. The MEDUNSA Stroke Data Bank. An analysis of 304 patients seen between 1986 and 1987. S Afr Med J 1991;80:567-70.
    • (1991) S Afr Med J , vol.80 , pp. 567-570
    • Joubert, J.1
  • 16
    • 0022446104 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of stroke in an urban black population
    • Rosman KD. The epidemiology of stroke in an urban black population. Stroke 1986;17:667-9.
    • (1986) Stroke , vol.17 , pp. 667-669
    • Rosman, K.D.1
  • 17
    • 1442314953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review (abstract)
    • Connor M, Warlow C. Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (abstract). Stroke 2000;31:2793.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 2793
    • Connor, M.1    Warlow, C.2
  • 18
    • 0036321160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke: A review with an African perspective
    • Imam I. Stroke: a review with an African perspective. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002;96:435-45.
    • (2002) Ann Trop Med Parasitol , vol.96 , pp. 435-445
    • Imam, I.1
  • 19
    • 0026575181 scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of stroke
    • Marmot MG, Poulter NR. Primary prevention of stroke. Lancet 1992;339:344-7.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 344-347
    • Marmot, M.G.1    Poulter, N.R.2
  • 20
    • 0014942803 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke. The Framingham study
    • Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke. The Framingham study. JAMA 1970;214:301-10.
    • (1970) JAMA , vol.214 , pp. 301-310
    • Kannel, W.B.1    Wolf, P.A.2    Verter, J.3
  • 21
    • 33646799069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: Systematic analysis of population health data
    • Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747-57.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.367 , pp. 1747-1757
    • Lopez, A.D.1    Mathers, C.D.2    Ezzati, M.3
  • 22
    • 0025663402 scopus 로고
    • Preventing stroke by the modification of risk factors
    • 12 Suppl:iv36-9
    • Dunbabin DW, Sandercock P. Preventing stroke by the modification of risk factors. Stroke 1990;21(12 Suppl):iv36-9.
    • (1990) Stroke , vol.21
    • Dunbabin, D.W.1    Sandercock, P.2
  • 24
    • 0027483979 scopus 로고
    • The effects of blood pressure reduction in older patients: An overview of five randomized controlled trials in elderly hypertensives
    • McMahon S, Rodgers A. The effects of blood pressure reduction in older patients: an overview of five randomized controlled trials in elderly hypertensives. Clin Exp Hypertens 1993;15:967-78.
    • (1993) Clin Exp Hypertens , vol.15 , pp. 967-978
    • McMahon, S.1    Rodgers, A.2
  • 25
    • 0025234906 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias
    • McMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990;335:765-74.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 765-774
    • McMahon, S.1    Peto, R.2    Cutler, J.3
  • 26
    • 0025347391 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: Overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context
    • Collins R, Peto R, McMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990;335:827-38.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 827-838
    • Collins, R.1    Peto, R.2    McMahon, S.3
  • 27
    • 0030997240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin
    • Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S, et al. The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin. Am J Public Health 1997;87:160-8.
    • (1997) Am J Public Health , vol.87 , pp. 160-168
    • Cooper, R.1    Rotimi, C.2    Ataman, S.3
  • 28
    • 9244236637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP): Preliminary results
    • Ibrahim MM. The Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP): preliminary results. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10(Suppl 1):S39-41.
    • (1996) J Hum Hypertens , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Ibrahim, M.M.1
  • 29
    • 4244194767 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in Africa: A overview of prevalence rates and causal risk factors
    • Kaufman J, Barkey N. Hypertension in Africa: a overview of prevalence rates and causal risk factors. Ethn Dis 1993;3(Suppl): S83-101.
    • (1993) Ethn Dis , vol.3 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Kaufman, J.1    Barkey, N.2
  • 30
    • 0030011887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nigerian hypertension programme
    • Akinkugbe OO. The Nigerian hypertension programme. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10(Suppl 1):S43-6.
    • (1996) J Hum Hypertens , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Akinkugbe, O.O.1
  • 31
    • 0030941604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of an electronic blood pressure device for epidemiological studies
    • Cooper R, Puras A, Tracy J, et al. Evaluation of an electronic blood pressure device for epidemiological studies. Blood Press Monit 1997;2:35-40.
    • (1997) Blood Press Monit , vol.2 , pp. 35-40
    • Cooper, R.1    Puras, A.2    Tracy, J.3
  • 32
    • 0034000122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension prevalence and care in an urban and rural area of Tanzania
    • Edwards R, Unwin N, Mugusi F, et al. Hypertension prevalence and care in an urban and rural area of Tanzania. J Hypertens 2000;18:145-52.
    • (2000) J Hypertens , vol.18 , pp. 145-152
    • Edwards, R.1    Unwin, N.2    Mugusi, F.3
  • 33
    • 36048962823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing patterns of hypertension in Ghana: A study of four rural communities in the Ga District
    • Addo J, Amoah AG, Koram KA. The changing patterns of hypertension in Ghana: a study of four rural communities in the Ga District. Ethn Dis 2006;16:894-9.
    • (2006) Ethn Dis , vol.16 , pp. 894-899
    • Addo, J.1    Amoah, A.G.2    Koram, K.A.3
  • 34
    • 33744972821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure survey in two communities in the Volta region, Ghana, West Africa
    • Burket BA. Blood pressure survey in two communities in the Volta region, Ghana, West Africa. Ethn Dis 2006;16:292-4.
    • (2006) Ethn Dis , vol.16 , pp. 292-294
    • Burket, B.A.1
  • 35
    • 2342557400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, detection, management, and control of hypertension in Ashanti, West Africa
    • Cappuccio FP, Micah FB, Emmett L, et al. Prevalence, detection, management, and control of hypertension in Ashanti, West Africa. Hypertension 2004;43:1017-22.
    • (2004) Hypertension , vol.43 , pp. 1017-1022
    • Cappuccio, F.P.1    Micah, F.B.2    Emmett, L.3
  • 36
    • 33846993055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension control indicators among rural population in Egypt
    • Mohamed MR, Shafek M, El DS, et al. Hypertension control indicators among rural population in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2000;75:391-401.
    • (2000) J Egypt Public Health Assoc , vol.75 , pp. 391-401
    • Mohamed, M.R.1    Shafek, M.2    El, D.S.3
  • 37
    • 23944492882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa
    • Alberts M, Urdal P, Steyn K, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005;12:347-54.
    • (2005) Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil , vol.12 , pp. 347-354
    • Alberts, M.1    Urdal, P.2    Steyn, K.3
  • 38
    • 33744904997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa
    • Agyemang C. Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa. Public Health 2006;120:525-33.
    • (2006) Public Health , vol.120 , pp. 525-533
    • Agyemang, C.1
  • 39
    • 33644953445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in Ghana, West Africa
    • Agyemang C, Bruijnzeels MA, Owusu-Dabo E. Factors associated with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in Ghana, West Africa. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:67-71.
    • (2006) J Hum Hypertens , vol.20 , pp. 67-71
    • Agyemang, C.1    Bruijnzeels, M.A.2    Owusu-Dabo, E.3
  • 40
    • 0033180302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure change in Africa: Case study from Nigeria
    • Kaufman JS, Owoaje EE, Rotimi CN, et al. Blood pressure change in Africa: case study from Nigeria. Hum Biol 1999;71:641- 57.
    • (1999) Hum Biol , vol.71 , pp. 641-657
    • Kaufman, J.S.1    Owoaje, E.E.2    Rotimi, C.N.3
  • 41
    • 13844256429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An international comparative study of blood pressure in populations of European vs African descent
    • Cooper RS, Wolf-Maier K, Luke A, et al. An international comparative study of blood pressure in populations of European vs African descent. BMC Med 2005;3:2.
    • (2005) BMC Med , vol.3 , pp. 2
    • Cooper, R.S.1    Wolf-Maier, K.2    Luke, A.3
  • 42
    • 33645644070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining risk factors and demographic surveillance: Potentials of WHO STEPS and INDEPTH methodologies for assessing epidemiological transition
    • Ng N, Van MH, Tesfaye F, et al. Combining risk factors and demographic surveillance: potentials of WHO STEPS and INDEPTH methodologies for assessing epidemiological transition. Scand J Public Health 2006;34:199-208.
    • (2006) Scand J Public Health , vol.34 , pp. 199-208
    • Ng, N.1    Van, M.H.2    Tesfaye, F.3
  • 43
    • 0036268307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of demographic surveillance systems (DSS) in assessing the health of communities: An example from rural Ethiopia
    • Byass P, Berhane Y, Emmelin A, et al. The role of demographic surveillance systems (DSS) in assessing the health of communities: an example from rural Ethiopia. Public Health 2002;116:145-50.
    • (2002) Public Health , vol.116 , pp. 145-150
    • Byass, P.1    Berhane, Y.2    Emmelin, A.3
  • 44
    • 34247570852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in people with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: Revealing the hidden face of the iceberg
    • Choukem SP, Kengne AP, Dehayem YM, et al. Hypertension in people with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: revealing the hidden face of the iceberg. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;77:293-9.
    • (2007) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.77 , pp. 293-299
    • Choukem, S.P.1    Kengne, A.P.2    Dehayem, Y.M.3
  • 45
    • 0033848440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban gambian communities
    • Van der Sande MA, Milligan PJ, Nyan OA, et al. Blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban gambian communities. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:489-96.
    • (2000) J Hum Hypertens , vol.14 , pp. 489-496
    • Van der Sande, M.A.1    Milligan, P.J.2    Nyan, O.A.3
  • 46
    • 0029083238 scopus 로고
    • Physicians' approach to the management of hypertension in a developing community
    • Olubodun JO. Physicians' approach to the management of hypertension in a developing community. Int J Cardiol 1995;51:193-7.
    • (1995) Int J Cardiol , vol.51 , pp. 193-197
    • Olubodun, J.O.1
  • 47
    • 0038460302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report
    • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2560-2572
    • Chobanian, A.V.1    Bakris, G.L.2    Black, H.R.3
  • 48
    • 0027197636 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines on guidelines
    • Swales JD. Guidelines on guidelines. J Hypertens 1993;11:899-903.
    • (1993) J Hypertens , vol.11 , pp. 899-903
    • Swales, J.D.1
  • 49
    • 10744229022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Lemogoum D, Seedat YK, Mabadeje AF, et al. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hypertens 2003;21:1993-2000.
    • (2003) J Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 1993-2000
    • Lemogoum, D.1    Seedat, Y.K.2    Mabadeje, A.F.3
  • 50
    • 0032765648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO-ISH Guidelines for the management of hypertension: Implementation in Africa - the Nigerian experience
    • Mabadeje AF. WHO-ISH Guidelines for the management of hypertension: implementation in Africa - the Nigerian experience. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21:671-81.
    • (1999) Clin Exp Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 671-681
    • Mabadeje, A.F.1
  • 51
    • 33644875612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa: Absolute risk versus blood pressure level
    • Gaziano TA, Steyn K, Cohen DJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa: absolute risk versus blood pressure level. Circulation 2005;112:3569-76.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 3569-3576
    • Gaziano, T.A.1    Steyn, K.2    Cohen, D.J.3
  • 52
    • 33751369700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The South African Hypertension Guideline 2006 is evidence-based but not cost-effective
    • Gaziano TA. The South African Hypertension Guideline 2006 is evidence-based but not cost-effective. S Afr Med J 2006;96:1170-3.
    • (2006) S Afr Med J , vol.96 , pp. 1170-1173
    • Gaziano, T.A.1
  • 53
    • 28444431550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban children in the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa
    • Agyemang C, Redekop WK, Owusu-Dabo E, et al. Blood pressure patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban children in the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa. BMC Public Health 2005;5:114.
    • (2005) BMC Public Health , vol.5 , pp. 114
    • Agyemang, C.1    Redekop, W.K.2    Owusu-Dabo, E.3
  • 54
    • 33644877289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations
    • Opie LH, Seedat YK. Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations. Circulation 2005;112:3562-8.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 3562-3568
    • Opie, L.H.1    Seedat, Y.K.2
  • 55
    • 0025212515 scopus 로고
    • The Kenyan Luo migration study: Observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure
    • Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, et al. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 1990;300:967-72.
    • (1990) BMJ , vol.300 , pp. 967-972
    • Poulter, N.R.1    Khaw, K.T.2    Hopwood, B.E.3
  • 56
    • 33747725288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in blood pressure and lipids associated with rural to urban migration in Tanzania
    • Unwin N, McLarty D, Machibya H, et al. Changes in blood pressure and lipids associated with rural to urban migration in Tanzania. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:704-6.
    • (2006) J Hum Hypertens , vol.20 , pp. 704-706
    • Unwin, N.1    McLarty, D.2    Machibya, H.3
  • 57
    • 4644240646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon
    • Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Unwin NC et al. Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:769-76.
    • (2004) Int J Epidemiol , vol.33 , pp. 769-776
    • Sobngwi, E.1    Mbanya, J.C.2    Unwin, N.C.3
  • 58
    • 0037832631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health promotion in Africa: Strategies, players, challenges and prospects
    • Nyamwaya D. Health promotion in Africa: strategies, players, challenges and prospects. Health Promot Int 2003;18:85-7.
    • (2003) Health Promot Int , vol.18 , pp. 85-87
    • Nyamwaya, D.1
  • 59
    • 1542709419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the World Heart Federation in cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention in developing countries with a special emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa
    • Wilson EE. The role of the World Heart Federation in cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention in developing countries with a special emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. Ethn Dis 2003;13(2 Suppl 2):S164-6.
    • (2003) Ethn Dis , vol.13 , Issue.2 SUPPL. 2
    • Wilson, E.E.1
  • 60
    • 44449109177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advisory Board of the 2nd International Heart Health Conference. The Catalonia Declaration: investing in heart health. April 2007. http://www.heart-health.org/resources/catalonia/index.html
    • Advisory Board of the 2nd International Heart Health Conference. The Catalonia Declaration: investing in heart health. April 2007. http://www.heart-health.org/resources/catalonia/index.html
  • 61
    • 44449097204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy and environmental change: New directions for public health
    • Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education, CDC
    • Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education, CDC. Policy and environmental change: new directions for public health: final report. 2001. http://wwwastdhppheorg/ healthpolicyfinalreportpdf.
    • (2001) final report
  • 63
    • 0003795238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs - August 1999. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1999.
    • (1999) Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs - August 1999
  • 64
    • 34147181682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of global risk: A foundation for a new, better definition of hypertension
    • Giles TD. Assessment of global risk: a foundation for a new, better definition of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006;8(8 Suppl 2):5-14.
    • (2006) J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) , vol.8 , Issue.8 SUPPL. 2 , pp. 5-14
    • Giles, T.D.1
  • 65
    • 34250824791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2. Therapy
    • Khan NA, Hemmelgarn B, Padwal R, et al. The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2. Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2007;23:539-50.
    • (2007) Can J Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 539-550
    • Khan, N.A.1    Hemmelgarn, B.2    Padwal, R.3
  • 66
    • 34250841843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1. Blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk
    • Padwal RS, Hemmelgarn BR, McAlister FA et al. The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1. Blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol 2007;23:529-38.
    • (2007) Can J Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 529-538
    • Padwal, R.S.1    Hemmelgarn, B.R.2    McAlister, F.A.3
  • 68
    • 84858320123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed 21 April 2007
    • WHO. WHO Global InfoBase. http://www.who.int/infobase (accessed 21 April 2007).
    • Global InfoBase
  • 69
    • 0032488346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure, cholesterol and stroke in eastern Asia
    • Eastern Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease Collaborative Group
    • Eastern Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease Collaborative Group. Blood pressure, cholesterol and stroke in eastern Asia. Lancet 1998;352:1801-7.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1801-1807


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.