Natural toxins from cyanobacteria

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 9-20

  Mankiewicz, Joanna ^a,b   Tarczyńska, Małgorzata ^a   Walter, Zofia ^a   Zalewski, Maciej ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^b POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Blue green algae; Cyanobacteria; Cyanotoxins; Effect on health

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; ANIMALIA; CHLOROPHYTA; CYANOBACTERIA; PROKARYOTA; UNCULTURED CYANOBACTERIUM;

EID: 4444353686     PISSN: 00015296     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. ADAMS DG. 2000. Heterocyst formation in cyanobacteria. Current Opinion in Microbiology 3: 618-624.
2. ADELMAN WJ, FOHLMEISTER JF, SASNER JJ, and IKAWA M. 1982. Sodium channels blocked by aphantoxin obtained from the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Toxicon 20: 513-516.
3. BELL SG, and CODD GA. 1994. Cyanobacterial toxins and human health. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 5: 256-264.
4. BELL SG, and COOD GA. 1996. Detection, analysis and risk assessment of cyanobacterial toxins. In: Hester RE, Harrison RM [eds.], Agricultural chemicals and the environment, 5, 109-122. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
5. nd ed. Brown, Company Dubuque, IA.
6. BOE R, GJERSTEN BT, VINTERMYR OK, HOUGE G, LANOTTE M, and DOSKELAND SO. 1991. The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid induces morphological changes typical of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Experimental Cell Research 195: 237-246.
7. BOTES DP, KRUGER H, and VILJOEN CC. 1982. Isolation and characterization of four toxins from the blue-green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicon 20: 945-954.
8. BYTH S. 1980. Palm Island mystery disease. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 40-42.
9. CARDELLINA JH, MARNER FJ, and MOORE RE. 1979. Seaweed dermatitis structure of lyngbyatoxin A. Science 204: 193-195.
10. CARMICHAEL WW. 1992. Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites-the cyanotoxins. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 72: 460-466.
11. CARMICHAEL WW. 1994. The toxins of cyanobacteria. Scientific American 270: 64-70.
12. CARMICHAEL WW. 1997. The cyanotoxins. In: Callow JA [ed.], Advances in botanical research, 211-256. Academic Press, London, UK.
13. CARMICHAEL WW. 2001. Health effect of toxin-producing Cyanobacteria: "The CyanoHABs". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7: 1393-1407.
14. CARMICHAEL WW, and FALCONER IR. 1993. Disease related to freshwater algal blooms. In: Callow JA [ed.], Advances in botanical research, 187-210. Academic Press, London, UK.
15. CARMICHAEL WW, BEASLEY V, and BUNNER DL. 1988. Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 26: 971-973.
16. CARMICHAEL WW, MAHMOOD NA, and HYDE EG. 1990. Marine toxins: origins, structure and molecular pharmacology. In: Hall S, Strichartz G [eds.], Natural toxins from cyanobacteria (blue-green) algae, 87-106. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
17. CARMICHAEL WW, DRAPEAU C, and ANDERSON DM. 2000. Harvesting of Aphanizomenonflos-aquae Ralfs ex Born. & Flah. var. flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) from Klamath Lake for human dietary use. Journal of Applied Phycology 12: 585-595.
18. CARPENTER EJ, CAPONE DG, and REUTER JG [eds.]. 1992. Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other Diazotrophs. NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
19. CASANOVA MT, BURCH MD, BROCK MA, and BOND PM. 1999. Does toxic Microcystis aeruginosa affect aquatic plant establishment. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 14: 97-109.
20. CHORUS I, and BARTRAM J [eds.]. 1999. Toxic cyanobacteria in water. A Guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. E&FN Spon, London.
21. CHORUS I, FALCONER IR, SALAS HJ, and BARTRAM J. 2000. Health caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational water. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 3: 323-347.
22. CODD GA. 1994. Biological aspect of cyanobacterial toxin. In: Steffensen DA, Nicholson BC, Adelaide SA [eds.], Toxic cyanobacterial current, status research and management. Proceedings of the International Workshop, 22-26 March. Australian Center for Water Treatment and Water Quality Research, Salisbury S.A.
23. CODD GA. 1995. Cyanobacterial toxins: occurrence, properties and biological significance. Water Science and Technology 32:149-156.
24. CODD GA. 2000. Cyanobacterial toxin, the perception of water quality, and the prioritisation if eutrophication control. Ecological Engineering 16: 51-60.
25. CODD GA, BELL SG and BROOKS WP. 1989. Cyanobacterial toxins in water. Water Science and Technology 21: 1-13.
26. DAVIDSON FF. 1959. Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by a toxic waterbloom of Nostoc rivulare Kuetz. Journal of American Water Works Association 51: 1277-1287.
27. DILLENBERG HO, and DEHNEL MK. 1959. Toxic water bloom in Saskatchewan. Canadian Medical Association Journal 83: 1151-1154.
28. Dow CS, and SWOBODA UK. 2000. Cyanotoxins. In: Wihtton BA, Potts M [eds.], The ecology of Cyanobacteria, 614-632. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
29. DUY TN, LAM PKS, SHAW GR, and CONNELL DW. 2000. Toxicology and risk assessment of freshwater cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) toxins in water. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 163: 113-186.
30. ERIKSSON JE. 1990. Toxic peptides from Cyanobacteria - characterization and cellular mode of action. Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Finland.
31. ERIKSSON JE, HAGERSTRAND H, and ISOMAA B. 1987. Cell selective cytotoxicity of peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta 930: 304-310.
32. ERIKSSON JE, MERILUOTO JAO, and LINDHOLM T. 1989a. Accumulation of peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii in the freshwater mussel Anadonta cygnea. Hydrobiologia 183: 211-216.
33. ERIKSSON JE, PAATERO GIL, MERILUOTO JAO, and CODD GA. 1989b. Rapid microfilament reorganization induced in isolated rat hepatocytes by microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin. Experimental Cell Research 185: 86-100.
34. ERIKSSON JE, BRAUTIGAN DL, VALLEE R, OLMSTED J, FUJOKI H, and GOLDMAN RD. 1992. Cytoskeletal integrity in interphase cells require protein phosphatase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 89: 11093-11097.
35. FALCONER IR. 1994a. Mechanism of toxicity of cyclic peptide toxins from blue-green algae. In: Falconer I [ed.], Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water, 177-187. Academic Press, Cambridge.
36. FALCONER IR. 1994b. Detection methods for cyanobacterial toxins. The Royal Society for Chemistry, Cambridge.
37. FALCONER IR. 1999. An overview of problems caused by toxic Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in drinking and recreational water. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 14: 5-12.
38. FALCONER IR. 2001. Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in Australian waters: risks and impacts on human health. Phycologia 40: 228-233.
39. FALCONER IR, SMITH JV, JACKSON AR, JONES A, and RUNNEGAR MT. 1988. Oral toxicity of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa administered to mice over periods up to 1 year. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 24: 291-305.
40. FLADMARK KE, SERRES MH, LARSEN NL, YASUMOTO T, AUNE T, and DOSKELAND SO. 1998. Sensitive detection of apoptogenic toxins in suspension cultures of rat and salmon hepatocytes. Toxicon 36: 1101-1114.
41. FLADMARK KE, BRUSTUGUN OT, HOVALD R, BOE R, GJERTSEN BT, ZHIVOTOVSKY B, and DOSKELAND SO. 1999. Ultrarapid scapase-3 dependent apoptosis induction by serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors. Cell Death and Differentiation 6: 1099-1108.
42. FRANCIS G. 1878. Poisonous Australian lakes. Nature 18: 11-12.
43. FUJIKI H, and SUGANUMA M. 1993. Tumor promotion by inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A: The okadaic acid class of compounds. Advances in Cancer Research 61: 143-196.
44. FUJIKI H, SUGANUMA M, SUGURI H, YOSHIZAWA S, TAKAGI K, NAKAYASU M, OJIKA M, YAMADA K, YASUMOTO T, MOORE RE, and SUGIMURA T. 1990. New tumor promoters from marine naturel products. In: Hall S, Strichartz G [eds.], Marine toxins, origin, structure and molecular pharmacology, 234-240. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
45. GOLDBERG J, HUANG H-B, KWON Y-G, GREENGARD P, NARIN AC, and KURIYAN J. 1995. Three-dimensional structure of the catalytic subunit of protein serine/threonine phosphatase-1. Nature 376: 745-753.
46. GORHAM PR, and CARMICHAEL WW. 1988. Hazards of freshwater blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). In: Lembi CA, Waaland JR [eds.], Algae and human affairs 403-431. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47. GUNN GJ, REFFERTY AG, REFFERTY GC, COCKBURN N, EDWARDS C, BEATTIE KA, and CODD GA. 1992. Fatal canine neurotoxicosis attributed to blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Veterinary Record 4: 301-302.
48. HARADA KI. 1994. Strategy for trace analysis of microcystins in complicated matrix. Proceeding of the Symposium: Toxic Cyanobacteria - A Global Perspective, 49-51. Adelaide, South Australia: Australian Centre for Water Quality Research.
49. HART J, FAWELL JK, and CROLL B. 1997. The fate of both intra and extracellular toxins during drinking water treatment. Special subject No. 18, SS18-1-6, IWSA World Congress, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
50. HAWKINS PR, RUNNEGARD MTC, JACKSON ARB, and FALCONER IR. 1985. Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir. Journal of Applied Environmental Microbiology 50: 1292-1295.
51. HAWKINS PR, CHANDRASENA NR, JONES GJ, HUMPAGE AR, and FALCONER IR. 1997. Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake. Toxicon 35: 341-346.
52. HRUDEY S, BURCH M, DRIKAS M, and GREGORY R. 1999. Remedial measures. In: Chorus I and Bartram J. [eds.], Toxic cyanobacteria in water. A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, 275-312. E&FN SPON, London.
53. HUBER CS. 1972. The crystal structure and absolute configuration of 2,9-diacetyl-9-azabicyclo[4,2,1] non-2,3-ene. Acta Crystollogica 238: 2577-2582.
54. HUMPAGE AR, and FALCONER IR. 1999. Microcystin-LR and liver tumor promotion: Effects on cytokinesis, ploidy, and apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 14: 61-75.
55. JOCHIMSEN EM, CARMICHAEL WW, AN JS, CARDO DM, COOKSON ST, and HOLMES CEM. 1998. Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine 338: 873-878.
56. KEIJOLA AM, HIMBERG K, ESALA AL, SIVONEN K, and HIISVIRTA L. 1988. Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water treatment processes: laboratory and pilot-scale experiment. Toxicity Assessment 27: 433-440.
57. LAHTI K. 1997. Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and drinking water supplies-aspect of monitoring and potential health risks. In: Monographs of boreal environment research, no. 4. Finnish Environment Institute, Finland.
58. MACKINTOSH C, BEATTIE KA, KLUMPP S, COHEN P, and CODD GA. 1990. Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants. FEBS Letter 264: 187-192.
59. MAHMOOD NA, and CARMICHAEL WW. 1986. Paralytic selfish poisons produced by the fresh-water cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aque NH-5. Toxicon 24: 175-186.
60. MANKIEWICZ J, WALTER Z, TARCZYNSKA M, ZALEWSKI M, FLADMARK KE, and DOSKELAND SO. 2000. Apoptotic effect of cyanobacterial blooms collected from water reservoirs. Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 13: 335-344.
61. MANKIEWICZ J, WALTER Z, TARCZYNSKA M, FLADMARK KE, DOSKELAND SO, and ZALEWSKI M. 2001. Apoptotic effect of cyanobacterial extract on rat hepatocytes and human lymphocytes. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 3: 225-233.
62. MATSUNAGA S, MOORE RE, NIEMCZURA WP, and CARMICHAEL WW. 1989. Anatoxin-a(s), a potent anticholinesterase from Anabaena flos-aquae. Journal of American Chemical Society 111: 8021-8023.
63. MCDERMOTT CM, NHO CW, HOWARD W, and HOLTON B. 1998. The cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR, can induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Toxicon 36: 1981-1996.
64. MCELHINEY J, LAWTON LA, and LEIFERT C. 2001. Investigations into the inhibitory effects of microcystins on plant growth, and the toxicity of plant tissues following exposure. Toxicon 39: 1411-1420.
65. MILLS JC, STONE NL, ERHARDT J, and PITTMAN RN. 1998. Apoptotic membrane blebbing is regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation. Journal of Cell Biology 160: 627-636.
66. MUR L, SKULBERG O, and UTKILEN H. 1999. Cyanobacteria in the environment. In: Chorus I, Bartram J [eds.], Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to public health significance, consequences, monitoring and management, 15-40. E&FN SPON, London.
67. MYNDERSE JS, MOORE RE, KASHIWAGI M and NORTON TR. 1977. Antileukemic activity in the Oscillatoriaceae, isolation of debromoaplysiatoxin from Lyngbya. Science 196: 538-540.
68. NICHOLSON BC, ROSITANO J, and BURCH MD. 1994. Destruction of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins by chlorine and chloramine. Water Research 28: 1297-1303.
69. OHTA T, SUEOKA E, IIDA N, KOMORI A, SUGANUMA M, NISHIWAKI R, TATEMATSU M, KIM SJ, CARMICHAEL WW, and FUJIKI H. 1994. Nodularin a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, is a new environmental carcinogen in male F344 rat liver. Cancer Research 54: 6402-6406.
70. OHTANI I, and MOORE RE. 1992. Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green algae Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Journal of American Chemical Society 114: 7941-7942.
71. PFLUGMACHER S, WIEGAND C, BEATTIE KA, CODD GA, and STEINBERG CEW. 1998. Uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Applied Botany 72: 228-232.
72. PILOTTO LS, BURCH MD, DOUGLAS RM, CAMERON S, ROACH GJ, COWIE CT, BEERS M, ROBINSON P, KIRK M, HARDIMAN S, MOORE C, and ATTEWELL RG. 1997. Health effect of recreational exposure to cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) during recreational water activities. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 21: 562-566.
73. PREMAZZI G and VOLTERRA L. 1993. Microphyte toxins. A manual for toxin detection, environmental monitoring and therapies to counteract intoxications. JRC CEC, Luxembourg.
74. PREPAS EE, KOTAK BG, CAMPBELL LM, EVANS JC, HRUDNEY S.A., and HOLMES CFB. 1997. Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the freshwater clam Anodonta grandis simpsoniana. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 54: 41-46.
75. RABERGH CML, BYLUND G, and ERIKSSON JE. 1991. Histopathological effects of microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Microcystis aeruginosa, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquatic Toxicology 20: 131-146.
76. REPAVICH WM, SONZOGNI WC, STANDRIDGE JH, WEDEPOHL RE, and MEISNER LF. 1990. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Wisconsin water acute and chronic toxicity. Water Research 24: 225-231.
77. RESSOM R, SAN SOONG F, FITZGERALD J, TURCZYNOWICZ L, EL SAADI O, RODER D, MAYNARD T, and FALCONER I. 1994. Health effects of toxic Cyanobacteria (Blue - Green Algae) 27-69. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
78. REYNOLDS CS. 1987. Cyanobacterial waterblooms. In: Callow P [ed.], Advances in botanical research, 17-143. Academic Press, London.
79. RINEHART KL, HARADA KI, NAMIKOSHI M, CHEN C, HARVIS CA, MUNRO MHG, BLUNT JW, MULLIGAN PE, BEASLEY VR, DAHLEM AM, and CARMICHAEL WW. 1988. Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda. Journal of American Chemical Society 110: 8557-8558.
80. ROSITANO J, NICHOLSON BC, and PIERONNE P. 1996. Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone. Proceedings of the First Australasian Conference of the International Ozone Association, Sydney, Australia.
81. RUNNEGAR MT, KONG S, and BERNDT N. 1993. Protein phosphatase inhibition and in vivo hepatotoxicity of microcystins. American Journal of Physiology 265: G224-G230.
82. SINGH DP, TYAGI MB, and KUMAR A. 1999. Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Fatma T [ed.], Cyanobacterial and algal metabolism and environmental biotechnology, 61-72. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
83. SIPIA VO, KANKAANPAA HT, FLINKMAN J, LAHTI K, and MERILUOTO JA. 2001. Time-dependent accumulation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northern Baltic Sea. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 16: 330-336.
84. SIVONEN K. 1996. Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production. Phycologia 35: 12-24.
85. SIVONEN K, and JONES J. 1999. Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Chorus I, Bartram J [eds.], Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to public health significance, consequences, monitoring and management, 41-111. E&FN SPON, London.
86. SIVONEN K, HIMBERG K, LUUKKAINEN R, NIEMELA SI, POON GK, and GOOD GA. 1989. Preliminary characterization of neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms and strains from Finland. Toxicity Assessment 4: 339-352.
87. SKULBERG OM, CARMICHAEL WW, ANDERSON RA, MATSUNAGA S, MOORE RE, and SKULBERG R. 1992. Investigations of a neurotoxic oscillatorialean strain (Cyanophyceae) and its toxin. Isolation and characterization of homoanatoxin-a. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11: 321-329.
88. SPIVAK CE, WITKOP B, and ALBUQUERQUE EX. 1980. Anatoxin-a: a novel, potent agonist at the nicotinic receptor. Molecular Pharmacology 18: 384-394.
89. STOTTS RR, NAMIKOSHI M, HASCHEK WM, RiNEHART KL, CARMICHAEL WW, DAHLEM AM, and BEASLEY V. 1993. Structural modifications imparting reduced toxicity in microcystins from Microcystis spp. Toxicon 31: 783-789.
90. TARCZYŃSKA M, OSIECKA R, KONTEK R, BLASZCZYK A, and ZALEWSKI M. 1997. Przyczyny i konsekwencje toksycznych zakwitów sinicowych w zbiorniku. Zeszyty Naukowe Komitetu "Człowiek i Ś rodowisko" 18: 59-74.
91. TARCZYŃSKA M, ROMANOWSKA-DUDA Z, JURCZAK T, and ZALEWSKI M. 2001. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a drinking water reservoirs - causes, consequences and management strategy. Water Science and Technology 1: 237-246.
92. TISDALE ES. 1931. Epidemic of intestinal disorders in Charleston, W. Va., occurring simultaneously with unprecedented water supply conditions. American Journal of Public Health 21: 198-200.
93. TOIVOLA DM, and ERIKSSON JE 1999. Toxins affecting cell signall-ing and alteration of cytoskeletal structure. Toxicology in Vitro 13: 521-530.
94. TOIVOLA DM, ERIKSSON JE, and BRAUTIGAN DL. 1994. Identification of protein phosphatase 2A as the primary target for microcistin-LR in rat liver homogenates. FEBS Letter 344: 175-180.
95. TOIVOLA DM, GOLDMAN RD, GARROD DR, and ERIKSSON JE. 1997. Protein phosphatases maintain the organization and structural interaction of hepatic keratin intermediate filaments. Journal of Cell Science 110: 23-33.
96. TURNER PC, GAMMIE AJ, HOLLINRAKE A, and GOOD GA. 1990. Pneumonia associated with cyanobacteria. British Medical Journal 300: 1440-1441.
97. VASCONCELOS VM. 1995. Uptake and depuration of the heptapeptide toxin microcystin-LR in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquatic Toxicology 32: 227-237.
98. WHO. 1997. Report of the Working Group Meeting on Chemical Substances in Drinking Water. WHO, Geneva.
99. YU SZ. 1995. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 10: 674-682.