메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 581-588

How much do blood exposures contribute to HIV prevalence in female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand and India?

(1)  Gisselquist, David a  

a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Female sex workers; HIV; Iatrogenic; India; Nosocomial; Thailand

Indexed keywords

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ARTICLE; ASIA; BLOOD; CHLAMYDIASIS; CONDOM; DRUG USE; GONORRHEA; HEALTH SERVICE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INDIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTITUTION; SYPHILIS; THAILAND;

EID: 44349154680     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/095646207781568655     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 18844412661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IJMR special issue on HIV/AIDS: Editorial overview
    • Bollinger RC. IJMR special issue on HIV/AIDS: editorial overview. Indian J Med Res 2005;121:209-10
    • (2005) Indian J Med Res , vol.121 , pp. 209-210
    • Bollinger, R.C.1
  • 2
    • 11144356824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra, Ghana
    • Cote A-M, Sobela F, Dzokoto A, et al. Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra, Ghana. AIDS 2004;18:917-25
    • (2004) AIDS , vol.18 , pp. 917-925
    • Cote, A.-M.1    Sobela, F.2    Dzokoto, A.3
  • 3
    • 0023184942 scopus 로고
    • Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations
    • Piot P, Plummer FA, Rey M-A, et al. Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations. J Infect Dis 1987;155:1108-12
    • (1987) J Infect Dis , vol.155 , pp. 1108-1112
    • Piot, P.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Rey, M.-A.3
  • 4
    • 0000766199 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologie actuelle du syndrome d'immunodeficit acquis en dehors des groupes a risqué.
    • Vachon F, Couland JP, Katlama C. Epidemiologie actuelle du syndrome d'immunodeficit acquis en dehors des groupes a risqué. Presse Med 1985;14:1949-50
    • (1985) Presse Med , vol.14 , pp. 1949-1950
    • Vachon, F.1    Couland, J.P.2    Katlama, C.3
  • 5
    • 0001545669 scopus 로고
    • Iatrogenic AIDS: Unsafe medical practices and the HIV epidemic
    • Minkin SF. Iatrogenic AIDS: unsafe medical practices and the HIV epidemic. Soc Sci Med 1991;33:786-90
    • (1991) Soc Sci Med , vol.33 , pp. 786-790
    • Minkin, S.F.1
  • 6
    • 0024244036 scopus 로고
    • Prostitute women and AIDS: Anthropology
    • Day S. Prostitute women and AIDS: anthropology. AIDS 1988;2:421-8
    • (1988) AIDS , vol.2 , pp. 421-428
    • Day, S.1
  • 7
    • 0024239459 scopus 로고
    • Prostitute women and AIDS: Epidemiology
    • Padian NS. Prostitute women and AIDS: epidemiology. AIDS 1988;2:413-19
    • (1988) AIDS , vol.2 , pp. 413-419
    • Padian, N.S.1
  • 8
    • 0028074999 scopus 로고
    • Prostitution and HIV: What do we know and where might research be targeted in the future?
    • McKeganey NP. Prostitution and HIV: what do we know and where might research be targeted in the future? AIDS 1994;8:1215-26
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 1215-1226
    • McKeganey, N.P.1
  • 9
    • 0032726232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: A review
    • Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, et al. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:789-800
    • (1999) Bull World Health Organ , vol.77 , pp. 789-800
    • Simonsen, L.1    Kane, A.2    Lloyd, J.3
  • 10
    • 0347302936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings
    • Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, Hutin YJF. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:7-16
    • (2004) Int J STD AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 7-16
    • Hauri, A.M.1    Armstrong, G.L.2    Hutin, Y.J.F.3
  • 11
    • 44349089256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An InCLEN Program Evaluation Network Study IPEN, New Delhi: IPEN, Available at, Accessed 7 January 2007
    • Arora NK, Mathew T, Devi SR, et al. Assessment of Injection Practices in India (2002-03): An InCLEN Program Evaluation Network Study (IPEN). New Delhi: IPEN, 2006. Available at [www.ipen.org.in/index.php?option= content&task=view&id=225&Itemid=275]. (Accessed 7 January 2007)
    • (2006) Assessment of Injection Practices in India
    • Arora, N.K.1    Mathew, T.2    Devi, S.R.3
  • 13
    • 0028235004 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers, Chiang Mai, Thailand: A multi cross-sectional study
    • Sawanpanyalert P, Ungchusak K, Thanprasertsuk S, et al. HIV-1 seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers, Chiang Mai, Thailand: a multi cross-sectional study. AIDS 1994;8:825-9
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 825-829
    • Sawanpanyalert, P.1    Ungchusak, K.2    Thanprasertsuk, S.3
  • 14
    • 1642392028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel and overlapping bloodborne epidemics in Africa
    • Gisselquist D, Perrin L, Minkin SF. Parallel and overlapping bloodborne epidemics in Africa. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:145-52
    • (2004) Int J STD AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 145-152
    • Gisselquist, D.1    Perrin, L.2    Minkin, S.F.3
  • 15
    • 0036234761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Madhava V, Burgess C, Drucker E. Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:293-302
    • (2002) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 293-302
    • Madhava, V.1    Burgess, C.2    Drucker, E.3
  • 16
    • 0023694904 scopus 로고
    • Impact of health education on prostitutes' awareness and attitudes to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
    • Chikwem JO, Ola TO, Gashau W, et al. Impact of health education on prostitutes' awareness and attitudes to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Public Health 1988;102:439-45
    • (1988) Public Health , vol.102 , pp. 439-445
    • Chikwem, J.O.1    Ola, T.O.2    Gashau, W.3
  • 17
    • 0036051758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: A vulnerable hidden population
    • Hawken MP, Melis RDJ, Ngombo DT, et al. Part time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: a vulnerable hidden population. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:271-3
    • (2002) Sex Transm Infect , vol.78 , pp. 271-273
    • Hawken, M.P.1    Melis, R.D.J.2    Ngombo, D.T.3
  • 18
    • 0029669906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community participation in HIV prevention: Problems and prospects for community-based strategies among female sex workers in Madras
    • Asthana S, Oostvogels R. Community participation in HIV prevention: problems and prospects for community-based strategies among female sex workers in Madras. Soc Sci Med 1996;43:133-48
    • (1996) Soc Sci Med , vol.43 , pp. 133-148
    • Asthana, S.1    Oostvogels, R.2
  • 19
    • 44349182196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey in Tamil Nadu, Wave VII
    • AIDS Prevention and Control Project APAC, Available at, Accessed 3 July 2005
    • AIDS Prevention and Control Project (APAC). HIV Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey in Tamil Nadu, Wave VII. Chennai: APAC, No date: 28. Available at [www.apacvhs.org]. (Accessed 3 July 2005)
    • Chennai: APAC, No date , vol.28
  • 20
    • 0022617887 scopus 로고
    • AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes
    • Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, et al. AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes. N Engl J Med 1986;314:414-8
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 414-418
    • Kreiss, J.K.1    Koech, D.2    Plummer, F.A.3
  • 21
    • 0025793946 scopus 로고
    • HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among female prostitutes in Kinshasa
    • Nzila N, Laga M, Thiam MA, et al. HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among female prostitutes in Kinshasa. AIDS 1991;5:715-21
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 715-721
    • Nzila, N.1    Laga, M.2    Thiam, M.A.3
  • 22
    • 0031441904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India
    • Gangakhedkar RR, Bentley ME, Divekar AD, et al. Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India. JAMA 1997;278: 2090-2
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 2090-2092
    • Gangakhedkar, R.R.1    Bentley, M.E.2    Divekar, A.D.3
  • 24
    • 0026099461 scopus 로고
    • Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, et al. Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1991;163:233-9
    • (1991) J Infect Dis , vol.163 , pp. 233-239
    • Plummer, F.A.1    Simonsen, J.N.2    Cameron, D.W.3
  • 25
    • 0038583555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India
    • Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME, et al. Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India. J Infect Dis 2003;187:1513-21
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.187 , pp. 1513-1521
    • Reynolds, S.J.1    Risbud, A.R.2    Shepherd, M.E.3
  • 26
    • 0347599226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incident HIV infection among men attending STD clinics in Pune, India: Pathways to disparity and interventions to enhance equity
    • Shepherd ME, Gangakhedkar RR, Sahay S, et al. Incident HIV infection among men attending STD clinics in Pune, India: pathways to disparity and interventions to enhance equity. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:251-63
    • (2003) J Health Popul Nutr , vol.21 , pp. 251-263
    • Shepherd, M.E.1    Gangakhedkar, R.R.2    Sahay, S.3
  • 27
    • 0023742521 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection and associated risk factors in female prostitutes in Kinshasa, Zaire
    • Mann JM, Nzilambi N, Piot P, et al. HIV infection and associated risk factors in female prostitutes in Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1988;2:249-54
    • (1988) AIDS , vol.2 , pp. 249-254
    • Mann, J.M.1    Nzilambi, N.2    Piot, P.3
  • 28
    • 0025969896 scopus 로고
    • HIV-2 infection among prostitutes working in The Gambia: Association with serological evidence of genital ulcer diseases and with generalized lymphadenopathy
    • Pepin JP, Dunn D, Gaye I, et al. HIV-2 infection among prostitutes working in The Gambia: association with serological evidence of genital ulcer diseases and with generalized lymphadenopathy. AIDS 1991;5:69-75
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 69-75
    • Pepin, J.P.1    Dunn, D.2    Gaye, I.3
  • 29
    • 0026540152 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in West African female prostitutes
    • Kanki P, M'Boup S, Marlink R, et al. Prevalence and risk determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in West African female prostitutes. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:895-907
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.136 , pp. 895-907
    • Kanki, P.1    M'Boup, S.2    Marlink, R.3
  • 30
    • 2942677351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: Results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study
    • Vandelli C, Renzo F, Romano L, et al. Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:855-9
    • (2004) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.99 , pp. 855-859
    • Vandelli, C.1    Renzo, F.2    Romano, L.3
  • 31
    • 0027754176 scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infection in different populations in Cameroon
    • Ndumbe P, Skalsky J. Hepatitis C virus infection in different populations in Cameroon. Scand J Infect Dis 1993;25:689-92
    • (1993) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 689-692
    • Ndumbe, P.1    Skalsky, J.2
  • 32
    • 0034846162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis C virus among commercial sex workers and pregnant women in Kinshasha, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • Laurent C, Henzel D, Mulanga-Kabeya C, Maertens G, Larouze B, Delaporte E. Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis C virus among commercial sex workers and pregnant women in Kinshasha, Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:872-7
    • (2001) Int J Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 872-877
    • Laurent, C.1    Henzel, D.2    Mulanga-Kabeya, C.3    Maertens, G.4    Larouze, B.5    Delaporte, E.6
  • 33
    • 0344588909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, in four high risk groups in Eritrea
    • Ghebrekidan H, Cox S, Wahren B, Grandien M. Prevalence of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, in four high risk groups in Eritrea. Clin Diagn Virol 1998;9:29-35
    • (1998) Clin Diagn Virol , vol.9 , pp. 29-35
    • Ghebrekidan, H.1    Cox, S.2    Wahren, B.3    Grandien, M.4
  • 34
    • 0036021182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher prevalence of anti-HVC antibodies among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative inhabitants of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • Ayele W, Nokes DJ, Abebe A, et al. Higher prevalence of anti-HVC antibodies among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative inhabitants of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Med Virol 2002;68:12-17
    • (2002) J Med Virol , vol.68 , pp. 12-17
    • Ayele, W.1    Nokes, D.J.2    Abebe, A.3
  • 35
    • 0026706491 scopus 로고
    • Low rate of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors and pregnant women from Niger
    • Develoux M, Meynard D, Delaporte E. Low rate of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors and pregnant women from Niger. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene 1992;86:553
    • (1992) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene , vol.86 , pp. 553
    • Develoux, M.1    Meynard, D.2    Delaporte, E.3
  • 38
    • 0347906106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence for sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in patients attending STD clinics in Pune, India
    • Risbud A, Pereira M, Mehendale S, et al. Lack of evidence for sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in patients attending STD clinics in Pune, India. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:425
    • (2003) Sex Transm Infect , vol.79 , pp. 425
    • Risbud, A.1    Pereira, M.2    Mehendale, S.3
  • 39
    • 0031219587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C antibody prevalence and risk factors of some female sex workers in Thailand
    • Luksamijarulkul P, Deangbubpha A. Hepatitis C antibody prevalence and risk factors of some female sex workers in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997;28:507-12
    • (1997) Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health , vol.28 , pp. 507-512
    • Luksamijarulkul, P.1    Deangbubpha, A.2
  • 40
    • 0034564643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics, Regional 2, Thailand
    • Luksamijarulkul P, Khemnak P, Pacheun O. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics, Regional 2, Thailand. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12:41-5
    • (2000) Asia Pac J Public Health , vol.12 , pp. 41-45
    • Luksamijarulkul, P.1    Khemnak, P.2    Pacheun, O.3
  • 41
    • 0141717254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential seroprevalences of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Taketa K, Ikeda S, Suganuma N, et al. Differential seroprevalences of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Hepatol Res 2003;27:6-12
    • (2003) Hepatol Res , vol.27 , pp. 6-12
    • Taketa, K.1    Ikeda, S.2    Suganuma, N.3
  • 42
    • 0037190597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of COL-1492, a non-oxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomized controlled trial
    • van Damme L, Ramjee G, Alary M, et al. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a non-oxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:971-7
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 971-977
    • van Damme, L.1    Ramjee, G.2    Alary, M.3
  • 43
    • 22344451523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is sexually transmitted infection management among sex workers still able to mitigate the spread of HIV infection in West Africa?
    • Nagot N, Ouedraoga A, Ouangre A, et al. Is sexually transmitted infection management among sex workers still able to mitigate the spread of HIV infection in West Africa? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:454-8
    • (2005) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.39 , pp. 454-458
    • Nagot, N.1    Ouedraoga, A.2    Ouangre, A.3
  • 44
    • 0027312868 scopus 로고
    • Barrier contraceptive use and HIV infection among high-risk women in Cameroon
    • Zekeng L, Feldblum PJ, Oliver RM, et al. Barrier contraceptive use and HIV infection among high-risk women in Cameroon. AIDS 1993;7:725-31
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 725-731
    • Zekeng, L.1    Feldblum, P.J.2    Oliver, R.M.3
  • 45
    • 0032552228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases
    • Roddy RE, Zekeng L, Ryan KA, Tamoufe U, Weir SS, Wong EL. A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 1998;339:504-10
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 504-510
    • Roddy, R.E.1    Zekeng, L.2    Ryan, K.A.3    Tamoufe, U.4    Weir, S.S.5    Wong, E.L.6
  • 46
    • 0027447473 scopus 로고
    • Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: Results from a cohort study
    • Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993;7:95-102
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 95-102
    • Laga, M.1    Manoka, A.2    Kivuvu, M.3
  • 48
    • 0028847332 scopus 로고
    • Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India
    • Bhave G, Lindan CP, Hudes ES, et al. Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India. AIDS 1995;9(Suppl. 1):S21-30
    • (1995) AIDS , vol.9 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bhave, G.1    Lindan, C.P.2    Hudes, E.S.3
  • 49
    • 0026684234 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes
    • Kreiss J, Ngugi E, Holmes K, et al. Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. JAMA 1992;268:477-82
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 477-482
    • Kreiss, J.1    Ngugi, E.2    Holmes, K.3
  • 50
    • 0027998192 scopus 로고
    • Preparation for AIDS vaccine evaluation in Mombasa, Kenya: Establishment of seronegative cohorts of commercial sex workers and trucking company employees
    • Martin Jr HL, Jackson DJ, Mandaliya K, et al. Preparation for AIDS vaccine evaluation in Mombasa, Kenya: establishment of seronegative cohorts of commercial sex workers and trucking company employees. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(Suppl. 2):S235-7
    • (1994) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Martin Jr, H.L.1    Jackson, D.J.2    Mandaliya, K.3
  • 51
    • 17344365344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Martin HL, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al. Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1053-9
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , pp. 1053-1059
    • Martin, H.L.1    Nyange, P.M.2    Richardson, B.A.3
  • 52
    • 0034974386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: A randomized clinical trial
    • Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Martin Jr HL, et al. Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:394-400
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 394-400
    • Richardson, B.A.1    Lavreys, L.2    Martin Jr, H.L.3
  • 53
    • 2542489200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers
    • Kaul R, Kimani J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers. JAMA 2004;291:2555-62
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2555-2562
    • Kaul, R.1    Kimani, J.2    Nagelkerke, N.J.3
  • 54
    • 0029071719 scopus 로고
    • Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2
    • Travers K, Mboup S, Marlink R, et al. Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2. Science 1995;268:1612-15
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1612-1615
    • Travers, K.1    Mboup, S.2    Marlink, R.3
  • 55
    • 0031016554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in rural Thailand
    • Gray JA, Dore GJ, Li Y, et al. HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in rural Thailand. AIDS 1997;11:89-94
    • (1997) AIDS , vol.11 , pp. 89-94
    • Gray, J.A.1    Dore, G.J.2    Li, Y.3
  • 56
    • 7344226715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand: Continued high incidence among brothel-based women
    • Kilmarx PH, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TD, et al. HIV-1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand: continued high incidence among brothel-based women. AIDS 1998;12:1889-98
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 1889-1898
    • Kilmarx, P.H.1    Limpakarnjanarat, K.2    Mastro, T.D.3
  • 57
    • 0035808507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with HIV-1 infection among sex workers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • Aklilu M, Messele T, Tsegaye A, et al. Factors associated with HIV-1 infection among sex workers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIDS 2001;15:87-96
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 87-96
    • Aklilu, M.1    Messele, T.2    Tsegaye, A.3
  • 58
    • 0033178424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HIV among female sex workers in Bangkok: Evidence of ongoing infection risk after the '100% condom program' was implemented
    • Kilmarx PH, Palanuvej T, Limpakarnjanarat K, et al. Seroprevalence of HIV among female sex workers in Bangkok: evidence of ongoing infection risk after the '100% condom program' was implemented. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;21:313-16
    • (1999) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.21 , pp. 313-316
    • Kilmarx, P.H.1    Palanuvej, T.2    Limpakarnjanarat, K.3
  • 60
    • 0028711730 scopus 로고
    • Condom use and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in Thailand
    • Limanonda B, van Griensven GJP, Chongvatana N, et al. Condom use and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in Thailand. Am J Pub Health 1994;84:2026-7
    • (1994) Am J Pub Health , vol.84 , pp. 2026-2027
    • Limanonda, B.1    van Griensven, G.J.P.2    Chongvatana, N.3
  • 61
    • 0034495561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: The epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988-99
    • Kilmarx PH, Supawitkul S, Wankrairoj M, et al. Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: the epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988-99. AIDS 2000;14:2731-40
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2731-2740
    • Kilmarx, P.H.1    Supawitkul, S.2    Wankrairoj, M.3
  • 62
    • 0035958770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted diseases on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers
    • Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegné-Traoré V, et al. Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted diseases on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers. AIDS 2001;15:1421-31
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 1421-1431
    • Ghys, P.D.1    Diallo, M.O.2    Ettiegné-Traoré, V.3
  • 63
    • 0034625771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains
    • Korber B, Muldoon M, Theiler J, et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 2000;288:1789-96
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1789-1796
    • Korber, B.1    Muldoon, M.2    Theiler, J.3
  • 64
    • 0025890277 scopus 로고
    • HIV and chlamydia infections among prostitutes in Yaoundé, Cameroon
    • Kaptue I, Zekeng L, Djoumessi S, et al. HIV and chlamydia infections among prostitutes in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Genitourin Med 1991;67:143-5
    • (1991) Genitourin Med , vol.67 , pp. 143-145
    • Kaptue, I.1    Zekeng, L.2    Djoumessi, S.3
  • 68
    • 0030590749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya
    • Fowke KR, Nagelkerke NJD, Kimani J, et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 1996;348:1347-51
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 1347-1351
    • Fowke, K.R.1    Nagelkerke, N.J.D.2    Kimani, J.3
  • 69
    • 0025851893 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for HIV among prostitutes in Chiangmai, Thailand
    • Siraprapasiri T, Thanprasertsuk S, Rodklay A, et al. Risk factors for HIV among prostitutes in Chiangmai, Thailand. AIDS 1991;5:579-82
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 579-582
    • Siraprapasiri, T.1    Thanprasertsuk, S.2    Rodklay, A.3
  • 70
    • 0028809477 scopus 로고
    • Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
    • Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiègne-Traoré V, et al. Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1371-4
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.172 , pp. 1371-1374
    • Ghys, P.D.1    Diallo, M.O.2    Ettiègne-Traoré, V.3
  • 71
    • 0035576404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection among sex workers in Accra: Need to target new recruits entering the trade
    • Asamoah-Adu C, Knonde N, Avorkliah M, et al. HIV infection among sex workers in Accra: need to target new recruits entering the trade. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001;28:358-66
    • (2001) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.28 , pp. 358-366
    • Asamoah-Adu, C.1    Knonde, N.2    Avorkliah, M.3
  • 72
    • 0025265701 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection among lower socioeconomic strata prostitutes in Nairobi
    • Simonsen JN, Plummer FA, Ngugi EN, et al. HIV infection among lower socioeconomic strata prostitutes in Nairobi. AIDS 1990;4:139-44
    • (1990) AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 139-144
    • Simonsen, J.N.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Ngugi, E.N.3
  • 73
    • 0034526067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 in Kenyan sex workers: Study design and baseline findings
    • Fonck K, Kaul R, Kimani J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 in Kenyan sex workers: study design and baseline findings. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:804-11
    • (2000) Int J STD AIDS , vol.11 , pp. 804-811
    • Fonck, K.1    Kaul, R.2    Kimani, J.3
  • 74
    • 0028345802 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 infection among lower class commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Celetano DD, Akarasewi P, Sussman L, et al. HIV-1 infection among lower class commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. AIDS 1994;8:533-7
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 533-537
    • Celetano, D.D.1    Akarasewi, P.2    Sussman, L.3
  • 75
    • 0028305859 scopus 로고
    • Experience from HIV incidence cohorts in Thailand: Implications for HIV vaccine efficiency trials
    • Weniger BG. Experience from HIV incidence cohorts in Thailand: implications for HIV vaccine efficiency trials. AIDS 1994;8:1007- 10
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 1007-1010
    • Weniger, B.G.1
  • 76
    • 0028072399 scopus 로고
    • Preparatory studies for possible HIV vaccine trials in northern Thailand
    • Nelson KE, Beyrer C, Natpratan C, et al. Preparatory studies for possible HIV vaccine trials in northern Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(Suppl. 2):S243-6
    • (1994) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Nelson, K.E.1    Beyrer, C.2    Natpratan, C.3
  • 77
    • 0028343982 scopus 로고
    • Was the 1988 HIV epidemic among Bangkok's injecting drug users a common source outbreak?
    • Wright NH, Vanichseni S, Akarasewi P, et al. Was the 1988 HIV epidemic among Bangkok's injecting drug users a common source outbreak? AIDS 1994;8:529-32
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 529-532
    • Wright, N.H.1    Vanichseni, S.2    Akarasewi, P.3
  • 78
    • 0036180797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating HIV-1 transmission efficiency through unsafe medical injections
    • Gisselquist D. Estimating HIV-1 transmission efficiency through unsafe medical injections. Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:152-9
    • (2002) Int J STD AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 152-159
    • Gisselquist, D.1
  • 79
    • 44349163011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correa M, Gisselquist D. Blood Exposures as Risks for HIV in India - an Exploratory Study. Colombo: Norwegian Church Aid, 2005, Available at [www.indiabusinessonline.com/ncasa/hivindiareport.pdf]. (Accessed 24 February 2006)
    • Correa M, Gisselquist D. Blood Exposures as Risks for HIV in India - an Exploratory Study. Colombo: Norwegian Church Aid, 2005, Available at [www.indiabusinessonline.com/ncasa/hivindiareport.pdf]. (Accessed 24 February 2006)
  • 80
    • 0029668711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: Consequences of social context for HIV transmission
    • Wawer MJ, Podhisita C, Kanungukkasem U, et al. Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: consequences of social context for HIV transmission. Soc Sci Med 1996;42:453-62
    • (1996) Soc Sci Med , vol.42 , pp. 453-462
    • Wawer, M.J.1    Podhisita, C.2    Kanungukkasem, U.3
  • 81
    • 0032510178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiological analysis of HIV in sexual networks in Uganda
    • Yirrell DL, Pickering H, Palmarini G, et al. Molecular epidemiological analysis of HIV in sexual networks in Uganda. AIDS 1998;12:285-90
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 285-290
    • Yirrell, D.L.1    Pickering, H.2    Palmarini, G.3
  • 82
    • 0242491896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants is associated with faster disease progression
    • Sagar ML, Lavreys L, Baeten JM, et al. Infection with multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants is associated with faster disease progression. J Virol 2003;77:12921-6
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 12921-12926
    • Sagar, M.L.1    Lavreys, L.2    Baeten, J.M.3
  • 83
    • 0028783755 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in virus populations from genital secretions and peripheral blood from women recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Poss M, Martin HL, Kreiss JK, et al. Diversity in virus populations from genital secretions and peripheral blood from women recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1995;69:8118-22
    • (1995) J Virol , vol.69 , pp. 8118-8122
    • Poss, M.1    Martin, H.L.2    Kreiss, J.K.3
  • 84
    • 0033978489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in HIV-1 diversity at time of infection
    • Long EM, Martin HL, Kreiss JK, et al. Gender differences in HIV-1 diversity at time of infection. Nat Med 2000;6:71-5
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 71-75
    • Long, E.M.1    Martin, H.L.2    Kreiss, J.K.3
  • 85
    • 1642369382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of modifiable factors that affect the genetic diversity of the transmitted HIV-1 population
    • Sagar M, Lavreys L, Baeten JM, et al. Identification of modifiable factors that affect the genetic diversity of the transmitted HIV-1 population. AIDS 2004;18:615-19
    • (2004) AIDS , vol.18 , pp. 615-619
    • Sagar, M.1    Lavreys, L.2    Baeten, J.M.3
  • 86
    • 2942665473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity at time of infection is not restricted to certain risk groups or specific HIV-1 subtypes
    • Sagar M, Kirkegaard E, Long EM, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity at time of infection is not restricted to certain risk groups or specific HIV-1 subtypes. J Virol 2004;78:7279-83
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , pp. 7279-7283
    • Sagar, M.1    Kirkegaard, E.2    Long, E.M.3
  • 87
    • 0036140440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential selection of specific human immunodeficiency virus type 1/JC499 variants after mucosal and parenteral inoculation of chimpanzees
    • Wei Q, Fultz PN. Differential selection of specific human immunodeficiency virus type 1/JC499 variants after mucosal and parenteral inoculation of chimpanzees. J Virol 2002;76:851-64
    • (2002) J Virol , vol.76 , pp. 851-864
    • Wei, Q.1    Fultz, P.N.2
  • 88
    • 0035078787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Route of simian immunodeficiency virus inoculation variant determines the complexity but not the identity of viral variant populations that infect rhesus macaques
    • Greenier J, Miller CJ, Lu D, et al. Route of simian immunodeficiency virus inoculation variant determines the complexity but not the identity of viral variant populations that infect rhesus macaques. J Virol 2001;75:3753-65
    • (2001) J Virol , vol.75 , pp. 3753-3765
    • Greenier, J.1    Miller, C.J.2    Lu, D.3
  • 89
    • 0032579845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective quasispecies transmission after systemic or mucosal exposures of macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus
    • Nieldez O, Le Grand R, Caufour P, et al. Selective quasispecies transmission after systemic or mucosal exposures of macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology 1998;243:12-20
    • (1998) Virology , vol.243 , pp. 12-20
    • Nieldez, O.1    Le Grand, R.2    Caufour, P.3
  • 90
    • 0031594394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic and viral load analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus during the acute phase in macaques inoculated by the vaginal route
    • Sodora DL, Lee F, Dailey PJ, et al. A genetic and viral load analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus during the acute phase in macaques inoculated by the vaginal route. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14:171-81
    • (1998) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.14 , pp. 171-181
    • Sodora, D.L.1    Lee, F.2    Dailey, P.J.3
  • 91
    • 0031064367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SIV/DeltaB670 transmission across oral, colonic, and vaginal mucosae in the macaque
    • Trichel AM, Roberts ED, Wilson LA, et al. SIV/DeltaB670 transmission across oral, colonic, and vaginal mucosae in the macaque. J Med Primatol 1997;26:3-10
    • (1997) J Med Primatol , vol.26 , pp. 3-10
    • Trichel, A.M.1    Roberts, E.D.2    Wilson, L.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.