Task-dependent force sharing between muscle synergists during locomotion in turkeys

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 211, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1211-1220

  Nelson, Frank E ^a,b   Roberts, Thomas J ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bird; Force sharing; Running

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; HINDLIMB; JOINT; LOCOMOTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TURKEY (BIRD); WEIGHT BEARING;

ANIMALS; JOINTS; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; TARSUS, ANIMAL; TURKEYS; WEIGHT-BEARING;

AVES; MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO;

EID: 44349149845     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.013227     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Akima, H., Foley, J. M., Prior, B. M., Dudley, G. A. and Meyer, R. A. (2002). Vastus lateralis fatigue alters recruitment of musculus quadriceps femoris in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 679-684.
2. Alexander, R. McN. (1974). The mechanics of jumping by a dog (Canis familiaris). J. Zool. Lond. 173, 549-573.
3. Aleshinsky, S. Y. (1986). An energy 'sources' and fractions' approach to the mechanical energy expenditure problem. V. The mechanical energy expenditure reduction during motion of the multi-link system. J. Biomech. 19, 311-315.
4. Baumel, J. J. (1993). Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium (Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. 23). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Nuttall Ornithological.
5. Bhambhani, Y., Burnham, R., Singh, M. and Gomes, P. (1989). Ankle and wrist weights: their effect on physiologic responses during treadmill running. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 70, 291-296.
6. Biewener, A. and Baudinette, R. (1995). In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1829-1841.
7. Biewener, A. A. and Corning, W. R. (2001). Dynamics of mallard (Anas platyrynchos) gastrocnemius function during swimming versus terrestrial locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 1745-1756.
8. Biewener, A. A., Alexander, R. M. and Heglund, N. C. (1981). Elastic energy storage in the hopping of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis). J. Zool. Lond. 195, 369-383.
9. Bohanak, A. and van der Linde, K. (2004). RMA: software for reduced major axis regression, Java version. http://kimvdlinde.com/professional/ rma.html.
10. Bresler, B. and Frankel, J. P. (1950). The forces and moments in the leg during level walking. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. 72, 27-36.
11. Cavagna, G. A. and Kaneko, M. (1977). Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J. Physiol. 268, 467-481.
12. Crowninshield, R. D. (1978). Use of optimization techniques to predict muscle forces. J. Biomech. Eng. Trans. ASME 100, 88-92.
13. Crowninshield, R. D. and Brand, R. A. (1981). The prediction of forces in joint structures: distribution of intersegmental resultants. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 9, 159-181.
14. Dul, J., Johnson, G. E., Shiavi, R. and Townsend, M. A. (1984). Muscular synergism. 2. A minimum-fatigue criterion for load sharing between synergistic muscles. J. Biomech. 17, 675-684.
15. Ellerby, D. J. and Marsh, R. L. (2006). The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris. II. Muscle energy use as indicated by blood flow. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2064-2075.
16. Ellerby, D. J., Henry, H. T., Carr, J. A., Buchanan, C. I. and Marsh, R. L. (2005). Blood flow in guinea fowl Numida meleagris as an indicator of energy expenditure by individual muscles during walking and running. J. Physiol. 564, 631-648.
17. Fagg, A. H., Shah, A. and Barto, A. G. (2002). A computational model of muscle recruitment for wrist movements. J. Neurophysiol. 88, 3348-3358.
18. Fedak, M. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and boby as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 23-40.
19. Gabaldon, A. M., Nelson, F. E. and Roberts, T. J. (2004). Mechanical function of two ankle extensors in wild turkeys: shifts from energy production to energy absorption during incline versus decline running. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 2277-2288.
20. Gangl, D., Weissengruber, G. E., Egerbacher, M. and Forstenpointner, G. (2004). Anatomical description of the muscles of the pelvic limb in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anat. Histol. Embryol. J. Vet. Med. Ser. C 33, 100-114.
21. Gans, C. (1982). Fiber architecture and muscle function. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 10, 160-207.
22. Gatesy, S. M. (1999). Guineafowl hind limb function. II. Electromyographic analysis and motor pattern evolution. J. Morphol. 240, 127-142.
23. George, J. C. and Berger, A. J. (1966). Avian Myology. New York: Academic Press.
24. Herzog, W. (1996). Force-sharing among synergistic muscles: theoretical considerations and experimental approaches. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 24, 173-202.
25. Herzog, W. and Leonard, T. R. (1991). Validation of optimization models that estimate the forces exerted by synergistic muscles. J. Biomech. 24, 31-39.
26. Herzog, W., Leonard, T. R. and Guimaraes, A. C. S. (1993). Forces in gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscle of the freely moving cat. J. Biomech. 26, 945-953.
27. Herzog, W., Zatsiorsky, V., Prilutsky, B. I. and Leonard, T. R. (1994). Variations in force-time histories of cat gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles for consecutive walking steps. J. Exp. Biol. 191, 19-36.
28. Higginson, J. S., Zajac, F. E., Neptune, R. R., Kautz, S. A. and Delp, S. L. (2006). Muscle contributions to support during gait in an individual with post-stroke hemiparesis. J. Biomech. 39, 1769-1777.
29. Hodgson, J. A. (1983). The relationship between soleus and gastrocnemius muscle activity in conscious cats - a model for motor unit recruitment? J. Physiol. 337, 553-562.
30. Hudson, G., Lanzillotti, P. and Edwards, G. (1959). Muscles of the pelvic limb in galliform birds. Am. Midl. Nat. 61, 1-67.
31. Kaya, M., Leonard, T. and Herzog, W. (2003). Coordination of medial gastrocnemius and soleus forces during cat locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 3645-3655.
32. Loeb, G. E. (1985). Motoneurone task groups: coping with kinematic heterogeneity. J. Exp. Biol. 115, 137-146.
33. Lutz, G. J. and Rome, L. C. (1996). Muscle function during jumping in frogs. I. Sarcomere length change, EMG pattern and jumping performance. Am. J. Physiol. 40, C563-C570.
34. Marsh, R. L., Ellerby, D. J., Henry, H. T. and Rubenson, J. (2006). The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris. I. Organismal metabolism and biomechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2050-2063.
35. Martin, P. E. (1985). Mechanical and physiological responses to lower extremity loading during running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 17, 427-433.
36. Martin, P. E. and Cavanagh, P. R. (1990). Segment interactions within the swing leg during unloaded and loaded running. J. Biomech. 23, 529-536.
37. Patak, A. E. and Baldwin, J. (1993). Structural and metabolic characterization of the muscles used to power running in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a giant flightless bird. J. Exp. Biol. 175, 233-249.
38. Pedotti, A., Krishnan, V. V. and Stark, L. (1978). Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion. Math. Biosci. 38, 57-76.
39. Powell, P. L., Roy, R. R., Kanim, P., Bello, M. A. and Edgerton, V. R. (1984). Predictability of skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in guinea pig hindlimbs. J. Appl. Physiol. 57, 1715-1721.
40. Prilutsky, B. I. (2000). Coordination of two- and one-joint muscles: functional consequences and implications for motor control. Motor Control 4, 1-44.
41. Prilutsky, B. I., Herzog, W. and Allinger, T. L. (1994). Force-sharing between cat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles during walking: explanations based on electrical activity, properties, and kinematics. J. Biomech. 27, 1223-1235.
42. Prilutsky, B. I., Herzog, W. and Allinger, T. L. (1996). Mechanical power and work of cat soleus, gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles during locomotion: possible functional significance of muscle design and force patterns. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 801-814.
43. Prilutsky, B. I., Herzog, W. and Allinger, T. L. (1997). Forces of individual cat ankle extensor muscles during locomotion predicted using static optimization. J. Biomech. 30, 1025-1033.
44. Raikova, R. (1992). A general approach for modeling and mathematical investigation of the human upper limb. J. Biomech. 25, 857-867.
45. Roberts, T. J., Chen, M. S. and Taylor, R. C. (1998a). Energetics of bipedal running. II. Limb design and running mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 2753-2762.
46. Roberts, T. J., Kram, R., Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, R. C. (1998b). Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic costs of generating force. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 2745-2751.
47. Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyland, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1997). Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275, 1113-1115.
48. Robertson, D. G. and Winter, D. A. (1980). Mechanical energy generation, absorption and transfer amongst segments during walking. J. Biomech. 13, 845-854.
49. Ropret, R., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., Matavulj, D. and Jaric, S. (1998). Effects of arm and leg loading on sprint performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occupational Physiol. 77, 547-550.
50. Royer, T. D. and Martin, P. E. (2005). Manipulations of leg mass and moment of inertia: effects on energy cost of walking. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37, 649-656.
51. Smith, N. C., Payne, R. C., Jespers, K. J., Wilson, A. M. (2007). Muscle moment arms of pelvic limb muscles of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). J. Anat. 211, 313-314.
52. Soule, R. G. and Goldman, R. F. (1969). Energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands, or feet. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 687-690.
53. Steudel, K. (1990a). The work and energetic cost of locomotion. I. The effects of limb mass distribution in quadrupeds. J. Exp. Biol. 154, 273-285.
54. Steudel, K. (1990b). The work and energetic cost of locomotion. II. Partitioning the cost of internal and external work within a species. J. Exp. Biol. 154, 287-303.
55. Stokes, I. A. F. and Gardner-Morse, M. (2001). Lumbar spinal muscle activation synergies predicted by multi-criteria cost function. J. Biomech. 34, 733-740.
56. Thorpe, S. K. S., Li, Y., Crompton, R. H. and Alexander, R. M. (1998). Stresses in human leg muscles in running and jumping determined by force plate analysis and from published magnetic resonance images. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 63-70.
57. Walmsley, B., Hodgson, J. A. and Burke, R. E. (1978). Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. J. Neurophys. 41, 1203-1216.
58. Whiting, W. C., Gregor, R. J., Roy, R. R. and Edgerton, V. R. (1984). A technique for estimating mechanical work of individual muscles in the cat during treadmill locomotion. J. Biomech. 17, 685-694.
59. Wickler, S. J., Hoyt, D. F., Clayton, H. M., Mullineaux, D. R., Cogger, E. A., Sandoval, E., McGuire, R. and Lopez, C. (2004). Energetic and kinematic consequences of weighting the distal limb. Equine Vet. J. 36, 772-777.
60. Zajac, F. E. and Gordon, M. E. (1989). Determining muscle's force and action in multi-articular movement. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 17, 187-230.
61. Zar, J. H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.