Mechanical power and work of cat soleus, gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles during locomotion: Possible functional significance of muscle design and force patterns

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 199, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 801-814

  Prilutsky, B I ^a   Herzog, W ^a   Allinger, T L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cat; Muscle power; Muscle redundancy; Trotting; Walking; Work output

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CAT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXERCISE; HISTOLOGY; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; CATS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXERTION; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EID: 0242430323     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. ABRAHAM, L. D. AND LOEB, G. E. (1985). The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat (patterns of normal use). Expl Brain Res. 58, 580-593.
2. ALEXANDER, R. McN. AND KER, R. F. (1990). The architecture of the muscles. In Multiple Muscle Systems, Biomechanics and Movement Organization (ed. J. M. Winters and S. L.-Y. Woo), pp. 568-577. New York: Springer-Verlag.
3. ALLINGER, T. AND HERZOG, W. (1992). Calculated fiber lengths in cat gastrocnemius muscle during walking. In Proceedings of NACOB II. The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, pp. 81-82. Chicago.
4. BALDWIN, K. M., ROY, R. R., SACKS, R. D., BLANKO, C. AND EDGERTON, V. R. (1984). Relative independence of metabolic enzymes and neuromuscular activity. J. appl. Physiol. 56, 1602-1607.
5. BARCLAY, C. J. (1994). Efficiency of fast- and slow-twitch muscles of the mouse performing cycle contractions. J. exp. Biol. 194, 65-78.
6. BIEWENER, A. A., DIAL, K. P. AND GOSLOW, G. E., JR (1992). Pectoralis muscle force and power output during flight in the starling. J. exp. Biol. 164, 1-18.
7. BOBBERT, M. F., HUIJING, P. A. AND VAN INGEN-SCHENAU, G. J. (1986). An estimation of power output and work done by human triceps surae muscle-tendon complex in jumping. J. Biomech. 18, 899-906.
8. BURKE, R. E., LEVINE, D. N., SALCMAN, M. AND TSAIRIS, P. (1974). Motor units in cat soleus muscle: Physiological, histochemical and morphological characteristics. J. Phvsiol., Land. 238, 503-514.
9. BURKE, R. E., LEVINE, D. N., TSAIRIS, P. AND ZAJAC, F. E. (1973). Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius, J. Physiol., Land. 234, 723-748.
10. CAVAGNA, G. A. (1970). The series elastic component of frog gastrocnemius. J. Physiol., Lond. 206. 257-262.
11. CURTIN, N. A AND DAVIES, R. E. (1975). Very high tension with very little ATP break-down by active skeletal muscle. J. Mechanochem. Cell Motility 3, 147-154.
12. DAVIES, R. E. (1965). Bioenergetics of muscular contraction. In Control of Energy Metabolism (ed. B. Chance. R. W. Estabrook and J. R. Williamson), pp. 383-392. New York: Academic Press.
13. FOWLER, E. G., GREGOR, R. J., HODGSON, J. A. AND ROY, R. R. (1993). Relationship between ankle muscle and joint kinetics during the stance phase of locomotion in the cat. J. Biomech. 26, 465-483.
14. GAMBARYAN, P. P. (1972). Run of Mammals. Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).
15. GIBBS, C. L. AND GIBSON, W. R. (1972). Energy production of rat soleus muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 223, 864-871.
16. GOSLOW, G. E., REINKING, R. M. AND STUART, D. G. (1973). The cal step cycle: hind limb joint angles and muscle lengths during unrestrained locomotion. J. Morph. 141, 1-42.
17. GOSLOW, G. E., STAUFFER, E. K., NEMETH, W. C. AND STUART, D. G. (1972). Digit flexor muscles in the cat: their action and motor units. J. Morph. 137. 335-352.
18. GREGOR, R. J., ROY, R. R., WHITING. R. G., LOVELY, J. A., HODGSON, J. A. AND EDGERTON, V. R. (1988). Mechanical output of the cat soleus during treadmill locomotion: in vivo vs in situ. J. Biomech. 21, 721-732.
19. GRIFFITHS, R. I. (1991). Shortening of muscle fibers during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle: the role of tendon compliance. J. Physiol., Lond. 436, 219-236.
20. HEGLUND, N. C., FEDAK, M. A., TAYLOR, C. R. AND CAVAGNA, G. A. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. exp. Biol. 97, 57-66.
21. HERZOG, W. AND LEONARD, T. R. (1991). Validation of optimization models that estimate the forces exerted by synergistic muscles. J. Biomech. 24 (Suppl. 1), 31-39.
22. HERZOG, W. AND LEONARD, T. R. (1995). Soleus forces and soleus force potential during unrestrained cat locomotion. In Proceedings of the XVth Congress of International Society of Biomechanics. pp. 382-383. Jyvaskyla.
23. HERZOG, W., LEONARD, T. R. AND GUIMARAES, A. C. S. (1993a). Forces in gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris tendons of the freely moving cat. J. Biomech. 26. 945-953.
24. HERZOG, W., LEONARD, T. R., RENAUD, J. M., WALLACE, J., CHAKI, G. AND BORNEMISZA, S. (1992). Force-length properties and functional demands of cat gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles. J. Biomech. 25, 1329-1335.
25. HERZOG, W., STANO, A. AND LEONARD, T. R. (1993b). Telemetry system to record force and EMG from cat ankle extensor and tibialis anterior muscles. J. Biomech. 26, 1463-1471.
26. HOFFER, J. A., CAPUTI, A. A., POSE, I. E. AND GRIFFITHS, R. I. (1989). Roles of muscle activity and load in the relationship between muscle spindle length and whole muscle length in the freely walking cat. In Progress in Brain Research, vol. 80 (ed. J. H. J. Allum and M. Hulliger), pp. 75-85. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
27. JAMES, R. S., ALTRINGHAM, J. D. AND GOLDSPINK. D. F. (1995). The mechanical properties of fast and slow skeletal muscles of the mouse in relation to their locomotory function. J. exp. Biol. 198, 491-502.
28. JEWELL. B. R. AND WILKIE, D. R. (1958). An analysis of the mechanical components of frog's striated muscle. J. Physiol., Lond. 143, 515-540.
29. JOSEPHSON, R. K. (1985). Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction. J. exp. Biol. 114. 491-512.
30. JOSEPHSON, R. K. (1993). Contraction dynamics and power output of skeletal muscle. A. Rev. Physiol. 55, 527-546.
31. LAWRENCE, J. H., NICHOLS, T. R. AND ENGLISH, A. W. (1993). Cat hindlimb muscles exert substantial torques outside the sagittal plane. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 282-285.
32. MARSH, R. L., OLSON, J. M. AND GUZIK, S. K. (1992). Mechanical performance of scallop adductor muscle during swimming. Nature 357, 411-413.
33. MENDEZ, J. AND KEYS, A. (1960). Density and composition of mammalian muscle. Metabolism 9, 184-188.
34. POLLOCK. C. M. (1991). The relationship between body mass and the capacity for storage of elastic strain energy in mammalian limb tendons. MSc thesis, The University of Calgary, Calgary.
35. PRILUTSKY, B. L, HERZOG, W. AND ALLINGER, T. L. (1994a). Forcesharing between cat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles during walking: explanations based on electrical activity, properties and kinematics. J. Biomech. 27. 1223-1235.
36. PRILUTSKY, B. I., HERZOG, W. AND LEONARD, T. R. (1994b). Transfer of mechanical energy between ankle and knee joints by cat gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles during walking and trotting. In Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Biomechanics, vol. 2. p. 126. Amsterdam.
37. PRILUTSKY, B. I., HERZOG, W., LEONARD, T. R. AND ALLINGER, T. L. (1994c). Role of the muscle belly and tendon of cat soleus, gastrocnemius and plantaris in mechanical energy absorption and generation during locomotion. In Proceedings of the VIIIth Biennial Conference of Canadian Society for Biomechanics. pp. 252-253. Calgary.
38. PRILUTSKY, B. I. AND ZATSIORSKY, V. M. (1994). Tendon action of two-joint muscles: transfer of mechanical energy between joints during jumping, landing and running. J. Biomech. 27, 25-34.
39. RACK, P. M. H. AND WESTBURY, D. R. (1969). The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J. Physiol., Lond. 204, 515-540.
40. SACKS, R. D. AND ROY, R. R. (1982). Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: functional significance. J. Morph. 173, 185-195.
41. SPECTOR, S. A., GARDINER, P. F., ZERNICKE, R. F., ROY, R. R. AND EDGERTON. V. R. (1980). Muscle architecture and force-velocity characteristics of cat soleus and medial gastrocnemius: implications for motor control. J. Neurophysiol. 44, 951-960.
42. VAN INGEN SCHENAU, G. J., BOBBERT, M. F. AND VAN SOEST. A. J. (1990). The unique action of bi-articular muscles in leg extensions. In Multiple Muscle Systems, Biomechanics and Movement Organization (ed. J. M. Winters and S. L.-Y. Woo), pp. 639-652. New York: Springer-Verlag.
43. WALMSLEY, B., HODGSON, J. A. AND BURKE, R. E. (1978). Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1203-1216.
44. WALMSLEY, B. AND PROSKE, U. (1981) Comparison of stiffness of soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles in cats. J. Neurophysiol. 46, 250-259.
45. WENDT. I. R. AND GIBBS, C. L. (1973). Energy production of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 224, 1081-1086.
46. WEST, S. P., ROY, R. R. AND EDGERTON, V. R. (1986). Fiber type and fiber size of cat ankle, knee and hip extensors and flexors following low thoracic spinal cord transaction at an early age. Exp. Neurol. 91, 174-182.
47. WHITING, W. C., GREGOR, R. J., ROY, R. R. AND EDGERTON, V. R. (1984). A technique for estimating mechanical work of individual muscles in the cat during treadmill locomotion. J. Biomech. 17, 685-694.
48. WINTER. D. A. (1979). Biomechanics of Human Movements. New York. John Wiley and Sons.
49. ZAJAC, F. E. (1989). Muscle and tendon: Properties, models, scaling and application to biomechanics and motor control. In CAC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (ed. J. R. Boume), pp. 359-411. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.