The Patient with Acute Kidney Injury

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 239-264

  Khalil, Patricia ^a   Murty, Preethi ^a   Palevsky, Paul M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ACICLOVIR; ALDOSTERONE; ALLOPURINOL; AMINOGLYCOSIDE DERIVATIVE; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANGIOTENSIN II; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CISPLATIN; CREATININE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DOPAMINE; FUROSEMIDE; GLUCOCORTICOID; IFOSFAMIDE; INDINAVIR; METHOTREXATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PHENYTOIN; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RASBURICASE; RIFAMPICIN; STEROID; SULFONAMIDE; VASOPRESSIN;

ACUTE DISEASE; ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULE NECROSIS; ARTERY DISSECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY VEIN THROMBOSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SEPSIS; STAGING; STEROID THERAPY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION; URINE VOLUME;

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY CORTEX NECROSIS; KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE; NEPHRITIS, INTERSTITIAL; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 43549112308     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.003     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Chertow G.M., Burdick E., Honour M., et al. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 3365-3370
2. Praught M.L., and Shlipak M.G. Are small changes in serum creatinine an important risk factor?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14 (2005) 265-270
3. Lassnigg A., Schmidlin D., Mouhieddine M., et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 1597-1605
4. Lameire N., Van Biesen W., and Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet 365 (2005) 417-430
5. Mehta R.L., Kellum J.A., Shah S.V., et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 11 (2007) R31
6. Bellomo R., Ronco C., Kellum J.A., et al. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the second international consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group. Crit Care 8 (2004) R204-R212
7. Uchino S., Bellomo R., Goldsmith D., et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 34 (2006) 1913-1917
8. Hoste E.A., Clermont G., Kersten A., et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 10 (2006) R73
9. Bell M., Liljestam E., Granath F., et al. Optimal follow-up time after continuous renal replacement therapy in actual renal failure patients stratified with the RIFLE criteria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 (2005) 354-360
10. Abosaif N.Y., Tolba Y.A., Heap M., et al. The outcome of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE: model application, sensitivity, and predictability. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005) 1038-1048
11. Kuitunen A., Vento A., Suojaranta-Ylinen R., et al. Acute renal failure after cardiac surgery: evaluation of the RIFLE classification. Ann Thorac Surg 81 (2006) 542-546
12. Lopes J.A., Jorge S., Silva S., et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure following myeloablative autologous and allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 38 (2006) 395
13. Cruz D.N., Bolgan I., Perazella M.A., et al. North East Italian Prospective Hospital Renal Outcome Survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROS-AKI): targeting the problem with the RIFLE criteria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 (2007) 418-425
14. Moran S.M., and Myers B.D. Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics. Kidney Int 27 (1985) 928-937
15. Perrone R.D., Madias N.E., and Levey A.S. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin Chem 38 (1992) 1933-1953
16. Lameire N., Vanholder R., and Van Biesen W. Loop diuretics for patients with acute renal failure: helpful or harmful?. JAMA 288 (2002) 2599-2601
17. Mehta R.L., Pascual M.T., Soroko S., et al. Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA 288 (2002) 2547-2553
18. Mishra J., Dent C., Tarabishi R., et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 365 (2005) 1231-1238
19. Mishra J., Ma Q., Prada A., et al. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) 2534-2543
20. Parikh C.R., Jani A., Mishra J., et al. Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 6 (2006) 1639-1645
21. Wagener G., Jan M., Kim M., et al. Association between increases in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute renal dysfunction after adult cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 105 (2006) 485-491
22. Han W.K., and Bonventre J.V. Biologic markers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 10 (2004) 476-482
23. Zhou Y., Vaidya V.S., Brown R.P., et al. Comparison of kidney injury molecule-1 and other nephrotoxicity biomarkers in urine and kidney following acute exposure to gentamicin, mercury, and chromium. Toxicol Sci 101 (2008) 159-170
24. Han W.K., Bailly V., Abichandani R., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 62 (2002) 237-244
25. Ichimura T., Hung C.C., Yang S.A., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286 (2004) F552-F563
26. Vaidya V.S., Ramirez V., Ichimura T., et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290 (2006) F517-F529
27. Parikh C.R., Abraham E., Ancukiewicz M., et al. Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 3046-3052
28. Parikh C.R., Mishra J., Thiessen-Philbrook H., et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 70 (2006) 199-203
29. Liangos O., Wald R., O'Bell J.W., et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 (2006) 43-51
30. Xue J.L., Daniels F., Star R.A., et al. Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006) 1135-1142
31. Waikar S.S., Curhan G.C., Wald R., et al. Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006) 1143-1150
32. Waikar S.S., Wald R., Chertow G.M., et al. Validity of international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification codes for acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006) 1688-1694
33. Hsu C.Y., McCulloch C.E., Fan D., et al. Community-based incidence of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 72 (2007) 208-212
34. Uchino S., Kellum J.A., Bellomo R., et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 294 (2005) 813-818
35. Blantz R.C. Pathophysiology of pre-renal azotemia. Kidney Int 53 (1998) 512-523
36. Webb J.A. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal obstruction. BMJ 301 (1990) 944-946
37. Webb J.A., Reznek R.H., White F.E., et al. Can ultrasound and computed tomography replace high-dose urography in patients with impaired renal function?. Q J Med 53 (1984) 411-425
38. Shokeir A.A., Shoma A.M., Mosbah A., et al. Noncontrast computed tomography in obstructive anuria: a prospective study. Urology 59 (2002) 861-864
39. Star R.A. Treatment of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 54 (1998) 1817-1831
40. Levy E.M., Viscoli C.M., and Horwitz R.I. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis. JAMA 275 (1996) 1489-1494
41. Metnitz P.G., Krenn C.G., Steltzer H., et al. Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 30 (2002) 2051-2058
42. Thadhani R., Pascual M., and Bonventre J.V. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1448-1460
43. Molitoris B.A., and Sutton T.A. Endothelial injury and dysfunction: role in the extension phase of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 66 (2004) 496-499
44. Friedewald J.J., and Rabb H. Inflammatory cells in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 66 (2004) 486-491
45. Rabb H. Immune modulation of acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006) 604-606
46. Rabb H., Daniels F., O'Donnell M., et al. Pathophysiological role of T lymphocytes in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279 (2000) F525-F531
47. Sutton T.A., Fisher C.J., and Molitoris B.A. Microvascular endothelial injury and dysfunction during ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 62 (2002) 1539-1549
48. Bonventre J.V., and Zuk A. Ischemic acute renal failure: an inflammatory disease?. Kidney Int 66 (2004) 480-485
49. Solez K., Morel-Maroger L., and Sraer J.D. The morphology of "acute tubular necrosis" in man: analysis of 57 renal biopsies and a comparison with the glycerol model. Medicine (Baltimore) 58 (1979) 362-376
50. Chawla L.S., Abell L., Mazhari R., et al. Identifying critically ill patients at high risk for developing acute renal failure: a pilot study. Kidney Int 68 (2005) 2274-2280
51. Gornick Jr. C.C., and Kjellstrand C.M. Acute renal failure complicating aortic aneurysm surgery. Nephron 35 (1983) 145-157
52. Cahill C.J., Pain J.A., and Bailey M.E. Bile salts, endotoxin and renal function in obstructive jaundice. Surg Gynecol Obstet 165 (1987) 519-522
53. Thakar C.V., Arrigain S., Worley S., et al. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 162-168
54. Rosner M.H., and Okusa M.D. Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 (2006) 19-32
55. Abuelo J.G. Normotensive ischemic acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 797-805
56. Schrier R.W., and Wang W. Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 159-169
57. Linas S.L., Whittenburg D., Parsons P.E., et al. Mild renal ischemia activates primed neutrophils to cause acute renal failure. Kidney Int 42 (1992) 610-616
58. Langenberg C., Bellomo R., May C.N., et al. Renal vascular resistance in sepsis. Nephron Physiol 104 (2006) 1-11
59. Langenberg C., Wan L., Egi M., et al. Renal blood flow in experimental septic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 69 (2006) 1996-2002
60. Baker R.J., and Pusey C.D. The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19 (2004) 8-11
61. Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 60 (2001) 804
62. Clive D.M., and Stoff J.S. Renal syndromes associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 310 (1984) 563-572
63. Scolari F., Tardanico R., Zani R., et al. Cholesterol crystal embolism: a recognizable cause of renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 36 (2000) 1089-1109
64. Modi K.S., and Rao V.K. Atheroembolic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001) 1781-1787
65. Greenberg A., Bastacky S.I., Iqbal A., et al. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with nephrotic syndrome in cholesterol atheroembolism: clinicopathological correlations. Am J Kidney Dis 29 (1997) 334-344
66. Kelton J., Kelley W.N., and Holmes E.W. A rapid method for the diagnosis of acute uric acid nephropathy. Arch Intern Med 138 (1978) 612-615
67. Davidson M.B., Thakkar S., Hix J.K., et al. Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. Am J Med 116 (2004) 546-554
68. Kaplan A.A., and Kohn O.F. Fractional excretion of urea as a guide to renal dysfunction. Am J Nephrol 12 (1992) 49-54
69. Carvounis C.P., Nisar S., and Guro-Razuman S. Significance of the fractional excretion of urea in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 62 (2002) 2223-2229
70. Uchino S., Doig G.S., Bellomo R., et al. Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 32 (2004) 1669-1677
71. Bellomo R., Chapman M., Finfer S., et al. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 356 (2000) 2139-2143
72. Friedrich J.O., Adhikari N., Herridge M.S., et al. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med 142 (2005) 510-524
73. Druml W. Nutritional management of acute renal failure. J Ren Nutr 15 (2005) 63-70
74. Druml W. Nutritional management of acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001) S89-S94
75. Palevsky P.M. Renal replacement therapy I: indications and timing. Crit Care Clin 21 (2005) 347-356
76. Rondon-Berrios H., and Palevsky P.M. Treatment of acute kidney injury: an update on the management of renal replacement therapy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16 (2007) 64-70
77. Schiffl H., Lang S.M., and Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 305-310
78. Ronco C., Bellomo R., Homel P., et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 26-30
79. Saudan P., Niederberger M., De Seigneux S., et al. Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 70 (2006) 1312-1317
80. Palevsky P.M., O'Connor T., Zhang J.H., et al. Design of the VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) study: intensive versus conventional renal support in acute renal failure. Clin Trials 2 (2005) 423-435
81. Ronco C. Continuous dialysis is superior to intermittent dialysis in acute kidney injury of the critically ill patient. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3 (2007) 118-119
82. Himmelfarb J. Continuous dialysis is not superior to intermittent dialysis in acute kidney injury of the critically ill patient. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3 (2007) 120-121
83. Mehta R.L., McDonald B., Gabbai F.B., et al. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 60 (2001) 1154-1163
84. Augustine J.J., Sandy D., Seifert T.H., et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 44 (2004) 1000-1007
85. Uehlinger D.E., Jakob S.M., Ferrari P., et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 (2005) 1630-1637
86. Vinsonneau C., Camus C., Combes A., et al. Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368 (2006) 379-385
87. Weisbord S.D., and Palevsky P.M. Radiocontrast-induced acute renal failure. J Intensive Care Med 20 (2005) 63-75
88. Mueller C., Buerkle G., Buettner H.J., et al. Prevention of contrast media-associated nephropathy: randomized comparison of 2 hydration regimens in 1620 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 329-336
89. Merten G.J., Burgess W.P., Gray L.V., et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 2328-2334
90. Mueller C. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with volume supplementation. Kidney Int 69 (2006) S16-S19
91. McCullough P.A., Bertrand M.E., Brinker J.A., et al. A meta-analysis of the renal safety of isosmolar iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 692-699
92. McCullough P.A., Stacul F., Becker C.R., et al. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) Consensus Working Panel: executive summary. Rev Cardiovasc Med 7 (2006) 177-197
93. Solomon R. The role of osmolality in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review of angiographic contrast media in high risk patients. Kidney Int 68 (2005) 2256-2263
94. Solomon R., and Deray G. How to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and manage risk patients: practical recommendations. Kidney Int 69 (2006) S51-S53
95. Briguori C., Airoldi F., D'Andrea D., et al. Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies. Circulation 115 (2007) 1211-1217
96. Solomon R., Werner C., Mann D., et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 1416-1420
97. Kurnik B.R., Allgren R.L., Genter F.C., et al. Prospective study of atrial natriuretic peptide for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 31 (1998) 674-680
98. Stone G.W., McCullough P.A., Tumlin J.A., et al. Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 2284-2291
99. Abizaid A.S., Clark C.E., Mintz G.S., et al. Effects of dopamine and aminophylline on contrast-induced acute renal failure after coronary angioplasty in patients with preexisting renal insufficiency. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999) 260-263
100. Shyu K.G., Cheng J.J., and Kuan P. Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 1383-1388
101. Kay J., Chow W.H., Chan T.M., et al. Acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 553-558
102. Briguori C., Colombo A., Airoldi F., et al. N-acetylcysteine versus fenoldopam mesylate to prevent contrast agent-associated nephrotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 762-765
103. Tepel M., van der Giet M., Schwarzfeld C., et al. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 180-184
104. Nallamothu B.K., Shojania K.G., Saint S., et al. Is acetylcysteine effective in preventing contrast-related nephropathy? A meta-analysis. Am J Med 117 (2004) 938
105. Marenzi G., Assanelli E., Marana I., et al. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2773-2782
106. Bagshaw S.M., McAlister F.A., Manns B.J., et al. Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a case study of the pitfalls in the evolution of evidence. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 161-166