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Lower esophageal sphincter pressure measurement during cardiac arrest in humans: Potential implications for ventilation of the unprotected airway
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Gabrielli A, Wenzel V, Layon AJ, et al. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure measurement during cardiac arrest in humans: potential implications for ventilation of the unprotected airway. Anesthesiology 2005; 103:897-899.
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Virkkunen I, Kujala S, Ryynanen S, et al. Bystander mouth-to-mouth ventilation and regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Intern Med 2006; 260:39-42.
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9
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The incidence and significance of emesis associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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The above study concludes that regurgitation occurs in about one-third of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. In two-thirds of these, regurgitation occurs before EMS arrival, implying that airway management will influence aspiration risk in only a minority of cases
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Simons RW, Rea TD, Becker LJ, Eisenberg MS. The incidence and significance of emesis associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2007; 74:427-431. The above study concludes that regurgitation occurs in about one-third of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. In two-thirds of these, regurgitation occurs before EMS arrival - implying that airway management will influence aspiration risk in only a minority of cases.
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10
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Incidence of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in survivors from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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An important study that describes the relationship between clinical regurgitation after cardiac arrest and radiological evidence of aspiration. About half of those who regurgitate subsequently have radiological evidence of pulmonary aspiration
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Virkkunen I, Ryynanen S, Kujala S, et al. Incidence of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in survivors from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:202-205. An important study that describes the relationship between clinical regurgitation after cardiac arrest and radiological evidence of aspiration. About half of those who regurgitate subsequently have radiological evidence of pulmonary aspiration.
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Virkkunen, I.1
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders does not increase adverse effects as assessed by chest radiography
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Oschatz E, Wunderbaldinger P, Sterz F, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders does not increase adverse effects as assessed by chest radiography. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:128-133.
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Bradley, J.S.1
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Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, et al. Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004; 8:15-22.
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Katz SH, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37:32-37.
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Katz, S.H.1
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34047155109
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Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes by ground prehospital providers
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Another study that adds to the growing body of data showing high rates of unrecognized oesophageal (9, and mainstem bronchial intubation 15
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Wirtz DD, Ortiz C, Newman DH, Zhitomirsky I. Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes by ground prehospital providers. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007; 11:213-218. Another study that adds to the growing body of data showing high rates of unrecognized oesophageal (9%) and mainstem bronchial intubation (15%).
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Wirtz, D.D.1
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Newman, D.H.3
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Timmermann A, Russo SG, Eich C, et al. The out-of-hospital esophageal and endobronchial intubations performed by emergency physicians. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:619-623. The above study shows that the problem of misplaced tracheal tubes is not confined to paramedics - of 149 out-of-hospital intubations by emergency physicians, 16 (10.7%) were in the right mainstem bronchus and 10 (6.7%) were in the oesophagus.
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Timmermann A, Russo SG, Eich C, et al. The out-of-hospital esophageal and endobronchial intubations performed by emergency physicians. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:619-623. The above study shows that the problem of misplaced tracheal tubes is not confined to paramedics - of 149 out-of-hospital intubations by emergency physicians, 16 (10.7%) were in the right mainstem bronchus and 10 (6.7%) were in the oesophagus.
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21
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Field airway management disasters
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The editorial that accompanies the previous study describes several more prehospital intubation disasters
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von Goedecke A, Herff H, Paal P, et al. Field airway management disasters. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:481-483. The editorial that accompanies the previous study describes several more prehospital intubation disasters.
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von Goedecke, A.1
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Cook TM, Hommers C. New airways for resuscitation? Resuscitation 2006; 69:371-387.
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Cook, T.M.1
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Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation
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Li J. Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med 2001; 20:223-229.
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Li, J.1
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The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system
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Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:497-503.
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25
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Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients
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Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K. Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesthesiology 2000; 93:1432-1436.
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Tanigawa, K.1
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Tanaka, K.4
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26
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33644857673
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2005; 67:157-341.
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2005; 67:157-341.
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27
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28444490018
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European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support
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Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005; 67 (Suppl 1):S39-S86.
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Nolan, J.P.1
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Soar, J.3
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28
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0035140535
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The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: A randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients
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Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K. The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:375-378.
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Tanigawa, K.1
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29
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34250351440
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Misplaced and dislodged endotracheal tubes may be detected by the defibrillator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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This technology may provide a means of reliably detecting misplaced tracheal tubes
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Pytte M, Olasveengen TM, Steen PA, Sunde K. Misplaced and dislodged endotracheal tubes may be detected by the defibrillator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:770-772. This technology may provide a means of reliably detecting misplaced tracheal tubes.
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Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
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Pytte, M.1
Olasveengen, T.M.2
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Sunde, K.4
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Thoracic impedance changes measured via defibrillator pads can monitor ventilation in critically ill patients and during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Losert H, Risdal M, Sterz F, et al. Thoracic impedance changes measured via defibrillator pads can monitor ventilation in critically ill patients and during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2399-2405.
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Sterz, F.3
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31
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36849015385
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Transthoracic impedance changes as a tool to detect malpositioned tracheal tubes
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Another study showing the potential for changes in thoracic impedance to be used to detect the location of tracheal tubes
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Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J, Olasveengen TM, et al. Transthoracic impedance changes as a tool to detect malpositioned tracheal tubes. Resuscitation 2008; 76:11-16. Another study showing the potential for changes in thoracic impedance to be used to detect the location of tracheal tubes.
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Kramer-Johansen, J.1
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Baskett PJ. The laryngeal mask in resuscitation. Resuscitation 1994; 28:93-95.
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Baskett, P.J.1
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The use of the laryngeal mask airway by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results of a multicentre trial
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Stone BJ, Leach AB, Alexander CA, et al. The use of the laryngeal mask airway by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results of a multicentre trial. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:3-7.
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Stone, B.J.1
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The PTL, Combitube, laryngeal mask, and oral airway: A randomized prehospital comparative study of ventilatory device effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in 470 cases of cardiorespiratory arrest
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Rumball CJ, MacDonald D. The PTL, Combitube, laryngeal mask, and oral airway: a randomized prehospital comparative study of ventilatory device effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in 470 cases of cardiorespiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997; 1:1-10.
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Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan
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Tanigawa K, Shigematsu A. Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 1998; 2:96-100.
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Tanigawa, K.1
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0036155120
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Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians
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Lefrancois DP, Dufour DG. Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. Resuscitation 2002; 52:77-83.
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Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians
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Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T, et al. Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation 2003; 57:27-32.
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Rabitsch, W.1
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38
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33947719191
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Complications associated with the esophageal-tracheal Combitube in the prehospital setting
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Complications associated with use of the Combitube described by a group with considerable experience in the prehospital use of this device
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Vezina MC, Trepanier CA, Nicole PC, Lessard MR. Complications associated with the esophageal-tracheal Combitube in the prehospital setting. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54:124-128. Complications associated with use of the Combitube described by a group with considerable experience in the prehospital use of this device.
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Can J Anaesth
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Vezina, M.C.1
Trepanier, C.A.2
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33746095464
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Success and complication rates with prehospital placement of an esophageal-tracheal combitube as a rescue airway
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Calkins TR, Miller K, Langdorf MI. Success and complication rates with prehospital placement of an esophageal-tracheal combitube as a rescue airway. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21:97-100.
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The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: Preliminary experience
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Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G, et al. The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation 2005; 66:21-25.
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Kette, F.1
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41
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0037383770
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Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by paramedical staff
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Asai T, Moriyama S, Nishita Y, Kawachi S. Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by paramedical staff. Anaesthesia 2003; 58:393-394.
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Asai, T.1
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0036176297
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Use of the laryngeal tube for out-of-hospital resuscitation
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Genzwuerker HV, Dhonau S, Ellinger K. Use of the laryngeal tube for out-of-hospital resuscitation. Resuscitation 2002; 52:221-224.
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Genzwuerker, H.V.1
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43
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34547887992
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Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: A prospective evaluation
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One of two studies documenting use of the ILMA to assist in prehospital intubation, including cardiac arrest cases
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Timmermann A, Russo SG, Rosenblatt WH, et al. Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:286-291. One of two studies documenting use of the ILMA to assist in prehospital intubation, including cardiac arrest cases.
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Br J Anaesth
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Timmermann, A.1
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Rosenblatt, W.H.3
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44
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-
39749142211
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Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in emergency prehospital difficult intubation
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The second study to describe use of the ILMA for intubation during prehospital cardiac arrest
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Tentillier E, Heydenreich C, Cros AM, et al. Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in emergency prehospital difficult intubation. Resuscitation 2008; 77:30-34. The second study to describe use of the ILMA for intubation during prehospital cardiac arrest.
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Tentillier, E.1
Heydenreich, C.2
Cros, A.M.3
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45
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39849086359
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Avoiding field airway management problems
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doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation. 2007.11.004
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Herff H, Wenzel V, Dorges V, et al. Avoiding field airway management problems. Resuscitation 2008; 77:4-5; doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation. 2007.11.004.
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Herff, H.1
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46
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34250020474
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The I-gel supraglottic airway and resuscitation - some initial thoughts
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The first description of the use of an I-gel for cardiac arrest, further studies are awaited with interest
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Soar J. The I-gel supraglottic airway and resuscitation - some initial thoughts. Resuscitation 2007; 74:197. The first description of the use of an I-gel for cardiac arrest - further studies are awaited with interest.
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Soar, J.1
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47
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40949105091
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Effect of chest compressions on the time taken to insert airway devices in a manikin
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Manikin study demonstrating that chest compressions can be continued while airway devices are inserted, the I-gel was the fastest to insert
-
Gatward JJ, Thomas MJ, Nolan JP, Cook TM. Effect of chest compressions on the time taken to insert airway devices in a manikin. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:351-356. Manikin study demonstrating that chest compressions can be continued while airway devices are inserted - the I-gel was the fastest to insert.
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Br J Anaesth
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Gatward, J.J.1
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48
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33947654834
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Evaluation of four airway training manikins as patient simulators for the insertion of eight types of supraglottic airway devices
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Another manikin study that shows the ease of insertion of the I-gel compared with other airway devices
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Jackson KM, Cook TM. Evaluation of four airway training manikins as patient simulators for the insertion of eight types of supraglottic airway devices. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:388-393. Another manikin study that shows the ease of insertion of the I-gel compared with other airway devices.
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Abella BS, Edelson DP, Kim S, et al. CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation 2007; 73:54-61. Quality of CPR can be improved by using defibrillators adapted with feedback technology.
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Abella, B.S.1
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Ewy GA. Cardiocerebral resuscitation: the new cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2005; 111:2134-2142.
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Ewy, G.A.1
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Improved neurological outcome with continuous chest compressions compared with 30:2 compressions-to-ventilations cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a realistic swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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More animal data supporting compression-only CPR
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Ewy GA, Zuercher M, Hilwig RW, et al. Improved neurological outcome with continuous chest compressions compared with 30:2 compressions-to-ventilations cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a realistic swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007; 116:2525-2530. More animal data supporting compression-only CPR.
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Ewy, G.A.1
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71
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Does active rescuer ventilation have a place during basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
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An important editorial providing a balanced discussion on the pros and cons of compression-only CPR
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Steen PA. Does active rescuer ventilation have a place during basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Circulation 2007; 116:2514-2516. An important editorial providing a balanced discussion on the pros and cons of compression-only CPR.
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Steen, P.A.1
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72
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SOS-KANTO study group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet 2007; 369:920-926. A key study that supports the concept of compression-only CPR by laypeople. On the basis of the unadjusted data, there was no difference in survival between the compression-only and conventional CPR groups. However, after multivariable logistic regression analysis a higher proportion of the compression-only group had a good neurological outcome at 30 days than the conventional CPR group (adjusted odds ratio 2.22; 95% CI 1.17-4.21). The study has generated extensive discussion within the resuscitation community.
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SOS-KANTO study group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet 2007; 369:920-926. A key study that supports the concept of compression-only CPR by laypeople. On the basis of the unadjusted data, there was no difference in survival between the compression-only and conventional CPR groups. However, after multivariable logistic regression analysis a higher proportion of the compression-only group had a good neurological outcome at 30 days than the conventional CPR group (adjusted odds ratio 2.22; 95% CI 1.17-4.21). The study has generated extensive discussion within the resuscitation community.
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73
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Oxygen delivery and return of spontaneous circulation with ventilation:compression ratio 2:30 versus chest compressions only CPR in pigs
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Dorph, E.1
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74
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Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest?
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The above study shows disappointingly low tidal generated by mechanical chest compressions during CPR in humans. If these data are typical of the cardiac arrest population, it is difficult to see how passive ventilation can be effective during human CPR
-
Deakin CD, O'Neill JF, Tabor T. Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 2007; 75:53-59. The above study shows disappointingly low tidal volumes generated by mechanical chest compressions during CPR in humans. If these data are typical of the cardiac arrest population, it is difficult to see how passive ventilation can be effective during human CPR.
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Resuscitation
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Deakin, C.D.1
O'Neill, J.F.2
Tabor, T.3
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75
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Continuous passive oxygen insufflation results in a similar outcome to positive pressure ventilation in a swine model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation
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These investigators introduced the concept of passive ventilation into their strategy of cardiocerebral resuscitation
-
Hayes MM, Ewy GA, Anavy ND, et al. Continuous passive oxygen insufflation results in a similar outcome to positive pressure ventilation in a swine model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2007; 74:357-365. These investigators introduced the concept of passive ventilation into their strategy of cardiocerebral resuscitation.
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Hayes, M.M.1
Ewy, G.A.2
Anavy, N.D.3
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76
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Attitudes toward the performance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Japan
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More data indicating that laypeople are unwilling to perform rescue breathing
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Taniguchi T, Omi W, Inaba H. Attitudes toward the performance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Japan. Resuscitation 2007; 75:82-87. More data indicating that laypeople are unwilling to perform rescue breathing.
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Taniguchi, T.1
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Uninterrupted chest compression CPR is easier to perform and remember than standard CPR
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Heidenreich JW, Sanders AB, Higdon TA, et al. Uninterrupted chest compression CPR is easier to perform and remember than standard CPR. Resuscitation 2004; 63:123-130.
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Heidenreich, J.W.1
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Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1546-1553.
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Hallstrom, A.1
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Copass, M.4
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82
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39849089592
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Cardiac arrest patients rarely receive chest compressions before ambulance arrival despite the availability of prearrival CPR instructions
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Of 168 calls eligible for dispatch instructions on conventional CPR, chest compressions were given before EMS arrival by only 15% of callers, doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.020
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Lerner EB, Sayre MR, Brice JH, et al. Cardiac arrest patients rarely receive chest compressions before ambulance arrival despite the availability of prearrival CPR instructions. Resuscitation 2008; 77:51-56; doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.020. Of 168 calls eligible for dispatch instructions on conventional CPR, chest compressions were given before EMS arrival by only 15% of callers.
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Lerner, E.B.1
Sayre, M.R.2
Brice, J.H.3
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83
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33847308740
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A prospective manikin-based observational study of telephone-directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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A well executed study that shows that existing instructions given during dispatch-assisted CPR are too complicated
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Cheung S, Deakin CD, Hsu R, et al. A prospective manikin-based observational study of telephone-directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2007; 72:425-435. A well executed study that shows that existing instructions given during dispatch-assisted CPR are too complicated.
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Cheung, S.1
Deakin, C.D.2
Hsu, R.3
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84
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33845413597
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Simplified dispatch-assisted CPR instructions outperform standard protocol
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The above study links nicely with the previous study and shows that simplifying the instructions will improve the delivery of chest compressions
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Dias JA, Brown TB, Saini D, et al. Simplified dispatch-assisted CPR instructions outperform standard protocol. Resuscitation 2007; 72:108-114. The above study links nicely with the previous study and shows that simplifying the instructions will improve the delivery of chest compressions.
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Dias, J.A.1
Brown, T.B.2
Saini, D.3
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Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARRESUST). Resuscitation 2001; 50:273-279.
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Waalewijn, R.A.1
Tijssen, J.G.2
Koster, R.W.3
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Quality and efficiency of bystander CPR. Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group
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Van Hoeyweghen RJ, Bossaert LL, Mullie A, et al. Quality and efficiency of bystander CPR. Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 1993; 26:47-52.
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Mullie, A.3
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87
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37349025808
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Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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The second study from Japan to show that compression-only CPR given by bystanders results in the same survival rates as those achieved with conventional bystander CPR
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Iwami T, Kawamura T, Hiraide A, et al. Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007; 116:2900-2907. The second study from Japan to show that compression-only CPR given by bystanders results in the same survival rates as those achieved with conventional bystander CPR.
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Circulation
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Iwami, T.1
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Hiraide, A.3
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88
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Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Similar survival rates with compression-only versus conventional CPR by bystanders, this time the data are from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry
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Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Herlitz J, et al. Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2007; 116:2908-2912. Similar survival rates with compression-only versus conventional CPR by bystanders - this time the data are from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry.
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Circulation
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Bohm, K.1
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Herlitz, J.3
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Ewy GA. Cardiac arrest - guideline changes urgently needed. Lancet 2007; 369:882-884.
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Ewy, G.A.1
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Another well argued plea for a change in the CPR guidelines for laypeople
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Ewy GA. Continuous-chest-compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007; 116:2894-2896. Another well argued plea for a change in the CPR guidelines for laypeople.
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Circulation
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Ewy, G.A.1
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91
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Cardiology patient page. New concepts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the lay public: Continuous-chest-compression CPR
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Compression-only CPR is described in an article for laypeople
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Ewy GA. Cardiology patient page. New concepts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the lay public: continuous-chest-compression CPR. Circulation 2007; 116:e566-e568. Compression-only CPR is described in an article for laypeople.
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Svensson L, Eisenberg M, Castren M. Chest-compression-only or full cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Lancet 2007; 369:1924-1925. (Author reply, 1925). Several groups wrote letters in response to the SOS-KANTO study from Japan. This one makes the cases for more evidence before changing the CPR guidelines for laypeople.
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Svensson L, Eisenberg M, Castren M. Chest-compression-only or full cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Lancet 2007; 369:1924-1925. (Author reply, 1925). Several groups wrote letters in response to the SOS-KANTO study from Japan. This one makes the cases for more evidence before changing the CPR guidelines for laypeople.
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Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, et al. Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 2005; 64:37-40.
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