Primary nonmedically indicated cesarean section ("section on request"): Evidence based or modern vogue?

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 409-430

  Grisaru, Sorina ^a   Samueloff, Arnon ^a,b  

^a SHAARE ZEDEK MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; MORPHINE; NARCOTIC AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE;

ANALGESIA; CESAREAN SECTION; CHILDBIRTH; DYSPAREUNIA; EMERGENCY SURGERY; ENDOMETRITIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FECES INCONTINENCE; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; LABOR; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MORBIDITY; NAUSEA; NEWBORN MORBIDITY; NEWBORN MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URINE INCONTINENCE; VAGINAL DELIVERY; VOMITING;

CESAREAN SECTION; ETHICS, MEDICAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MATERNAL MORTALITY; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, ELECTIVE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 4344663859     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2004.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Sachs B.P., Castro M.A. The risks of lowering the cesarean delivery rate. N Engl J Med. 340(1):1999;54-57
2. Minkoff H., Chervenak F.A. Elective primary cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 348(10):2003;946-950
3. Sachs B.P. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a health policy perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 44(3):2001;553-570
4. Cunningham F.G., Gant N.F., Leveno K.J., Gilstrap L.C., Hauth J.C., Wenstrom K.D. Obstetrics in broad perspective. Williams Obstetrics. 21st edition:2001;3-14 McGraw-Hill
5. Morrison J., MacKenzie I.Z. Cesarean section on demand. Semin Perinatol. 27(1):2003;20-33
6. Johanson R., Newburn M., Macfarlane A. Has the medicalization of childbirth gone too far? Br J Med. 324:2002;892-895
7. Bewley S., Cockburn J.I. The unethics of "request" cesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 109:2002;593-596
8. Hogberg U., Innala E., Sandstrom A. Maternal mortality in Sweden, 1980-1988. Obstet Gynecol. 84(2):1994;240-244
9. Atrash H.K., Alexander S., Berg C.J. Maternal mortality in developed countries: not just a concern of the past. Obstet Gynecol. 86(Part 2):1995;700-705
10. deSwiet M. Maternal mortality: confidential inquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182:2000;760-766
11. The magnitude of maternal morbidity during labor and delivery, United States, 1993-1997. CDC Fact Sheet. Atlanta, March 27, 2003.
12. Douglas K.A., Redman C.W.G. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 309:1994;1395-1399
13. Harper M.A., Byington R.P., Espeland M.A., Naughton M., Meyer R., Lane K. Pregnancy related death and health care services. Obstet Gynecol. 102(2):2003;273-278
14. Bewley S., Cockburn J. II The unfacts "request" cesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 109:2002;597-605
15. Yoles L., Meschiah S. Increased maternal mortality in cesarean section as compared to vaginal delivery? Time for reevaluation [abstract]. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 178(Part 2):1998;S78
16. Schuitemaker N., van Roosmalen J., Dekker G., van Dongen P., van Geijn H., Bennebroek Gravenhorst J. Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths in The Netherlands 1983-1992. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 79(1):1998;57-62
17. Srp B., Velebil P. Proportion of caesarean sections and main causes of maternal mortality during 1978-1997 in the Czech Republic [English abstract]. Ceska Gynekol. 64(4):1999;219-223
18. Dorfman S.F. Maternal mortality in New York City, 1981-1983. Obstet Gynecol. 76(3 Pt):1990;317-323
19. Lilford R.J., Van Coeverden de Groot H.A., Moore P.J., Bingham P. The relative risks of cesarean section (intrapartum and elective) and vaginal delivery: a detailed analysis to exclude the effects of medical disorders and other acute preexisting physiological disturbances. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 97(10):1990;883-892
20. Broe S., Khoo S.K. How safe is caesarean section in the current practice? A survey of mortality and serious morbidity. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 29(2):1989;93-98
21. Moldin P., Hockegard K.H., Nielsen T.F. Cesarean section and maternal mortality in Sweden 1973-1979. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 63(1):1984;7-11
22. Sachs B.P., Yeh J., Acker D., Driscoll S., Brown D.A.J., Jewett J.F. Cesarean section related maternal mortality in Massachusetts, 1954-1985. Obstet Gynecol. 71(3 Pt 1):1988;385-388
23. Zhu L., Zhou B., Qin M. Analysis on maternal deaths of cesarean section in Shanghai [English abstract]. Zhoughoua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 35(3):2000;153-156
24. Kampikaho A., Irwig L.M. Risk factors for maternal mortality in five Kampala hospitals, 1980-1986. Int J Epidemiol. 19(4):1990;1116-1118
25. Ojo V.A., Adetoro O.O., Okwerekwu F.E. Characteristics of maternal deaths following cesarean section in developing countries. Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 27(2):1988;171-176
26. Mola G., Aitken I. Maternal mortality in Papua New Guinea, 1976-1983 [abstract]. P N G Med J. 27(2):1984;65-71
27. Lucas D.N., Yentis S.M., Kinsella S.M., Holdcroft A., May A.E., We M., et al. Urgency of caesarean section: a new classification. J R Soc Med. 93(7):2000;346-350
28. Grisaru-Granovsky S., Shaya M., Hersh M., Samueloff A. Mortality risk assessment of maternal birth complications. Int J Obstet Gynecol. 84(2):2004;166-168
29. Hofmeyer G.J., Hannah M.E. Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery. Cochrane library, issue 4. 2001;Update Software, Oxford
30. Petitti D.B. Maternal mortality and morbidity in cesarean section. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 28(4):1985;763-769
31. Brumfield C.G., Hauth J.C., Andrews W.W. Puerperal infection after cesarean delivery: evaluation of a standardized protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182(5):2000;1147-1151
32. Sweet R.L., Ledger W.J. Puerperal infectious morbidity: a two year review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 117:1973;766-774
33. Cunningham F.G., Gant N.F., Leveno K.J., Gilstrap L.C., Hauth J.C., Wenstrom K.D. Puerperal infection. Williams Obstetrics. 21st edition:2001;671-688 McGraw-Hill
34. Shearer E.L. Cesarean section: medical benefits and costs. Soc Sci Med. 37(10):1993;1223-1231
35. Leeman L., Fontaine P., King V., Klein M.C., Ratcliffe S. Nature and management of labor pain. Part I. Nonpharmacologic pain relief. Am Fam Physician. 68:2003;1109-1112
36. Eltzschig H.K., Lieberman E.S., Camann W.R. Regional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med. 348(4):2003;319-332
37. Simkin P.P., O'Hara M. Nonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: a systematic review of five methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 186(Suppl 5):2002;131-159
38. Resnick N.M. Urinary incontinence. Lancet. 346:1995;94-99
39. Fultz N.H., Burgio K., Diokno A.C., Kinchen K.S., Oberchain R., Bump R.C. Burden of stress incontinence for community dwelling women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189:2003;1275-1282
40. Wilson L., Brown J.S., Shin G.P., Luc K.O., Subak L.L. Annual direct cost of urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 98:2001;398-406
41. Baragi R.V., DeLancey J.O.L., Caspari R., Howard D.H., Asthon-Miller J.A. Differences in pelvic floor area between African American and European American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187:2002;111-115
42. Grodstein F., Fretts R., Lifford K., Resnik N., Curhan G. Association of age, race, and obstetric history with urinary symptoms among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189(2):2003;428-434
43. Viktrup I., Lose G., Rolff M., Barfoed K. The symptoms of stress incontinence caused by pregnancy or delivery in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 79:1992;945-949
44. Keane D.P., Sims T.J., Abrams P., Bailey A.J. Analysis of collagen status in premenopausal nulliparous women with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 104:1997;994-998
45. Anderson R.S. A neurogenic element to urinary genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 91:1984;41-45
46. Gunnarsson M., Mattiasson A. Female stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence are associated with a chronic and progressive pelvic floor/vaginal neuromuscular disorder: an investigation of 317 healthy and incontinent women using vaginal surface electromyography. Neurourol Urodyn. 17:1998;197-205
47. Norton P.A. Pelvic floor disorders: the role of fascia and ligaments. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 36:1993;926-938
48. Goldberg R.P., Kwon C., Gandhi S., Atkuru L.V., Sorensen M., Sand P.K. Urinary incontinence among mother of multiples: the protective effect of cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 188(6):2003;1447-1453
49. Hojber K.E., Salvig J.D., Winslow N.A., Lose G., Secher N.J. Urinary incontinence: prevalence and risk factors at 16 weeks gestation. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 106:1999;842-850
50. Buchsbaum G.M., Chin M., Glanz C., Guzick D. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns. Obstet Gynecol. 100(2):2002;226-229
51. Parazzini F, Chiaffarino F, Lavessari VG, and VIVA Group. Risk factors for stress, urge or mixed incontinence in Italy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110:927-33.
52. Rorveit G., Dalveit A.K., Hannestad Y.S., Hunskaar S. Vaginal delivery parameters and urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189:2003;1268-1274
53. Viktrup L., Lose G. The risk of stress incontinence 5 years after first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185(1):2001;82-87
54. Grodstein F., Fretts R., Lifford K., Resnick N., Curham G. Association of age, race, and obstetric history with urinary symptoms among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189(2):2003;428-434
55. Klein M.C., Janssen P.A., MacWilliam L., Kaczorowski J., Johnson B. Determinants of vaginal-perineal integrity and pelvic floor functioning in childbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 176:1997;403-410
56. Thom D.H., Van den Eeden S.K., Brown J.S. Evaluation of parturition and other reproductive variables as risk factors for urinary incontinence later in life. Obstet Gynecol. 90:1997;983-989
57. Rortveit G., Daltveit A.K., Hannestad Y.S., Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 348(10):2003;900-907
58. Brown J.S., Grady D., Ouslander J.G., Hertzog A.R., Varner R.E., Posner S.F. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group: prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 94(1):1999;66-70
59. Thacker S.B., Banta H.D. Benefits and risks of episiotomy: an interpretative review of the English literature, 1860-1980. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 38:1983;322-338
60. Richter H.E., Brumfield C.G., Cliver S.P., Burgio K.L., Neely C.L., Varner R.E. Risk factors associated with anal sphincter tear: a comparison of primiparous patients, vaginal births after cesarean deliveries, and patients with previous vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187(5):2002;1194-1198
61. Sultan A.H., Kamm M.A., Hudson C.N., Thomas J.M., Bartam C.I. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;1905-1911
62. Chaliha C., Sultan A.H., Bland J.M., Monga A.K., Stanton S.L. Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 183(2):2001;427-432
63. Farell S.A. Cesarean section versus forceps assisted vaginal birth: it's time to include pelvic injury in the risk benefit equation. CMAJ. 166(3):2002;337-338
64. Cunningham F.G., Gant N.F., Leveno K.J., Gilstrap L.C., Hauth J.C., Wenstrom K.D. The puerperium. Williams obstetrics. 21st edition:2001;403-421 McGraw-Hill
65. Heim L.J. Evaluation and differential diagnosis of dyspareunia. Am Fam Physician. 15:2001;1535-1544
66. Goetsch M.F. Postpartum dyspareunia: an unexpected problem. J Reprod Med. 44(11):1999;963-968
67. Hofberg K., Brockington I. Tokophobia: an unreasoning dread of childbirth. Br J Psychiatry. 176:2000;83-85
68. Barett G., Pendry E., Peacock J., Victor C., Thakar R., Manyonda I. Women's sexual health after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 107:2000;186-195
69. Samueloff A., Mor-Yosef S., Seidman D.S., Navot D., Ohel G., Simon A., et al. The 1984 National Perinatal Census: organization and uses for assessing obstetric service in Israel. Isr J Med Sci. 25:1989;629-634
70. Samueloff A., Mor-Yosef S., Seidman D.S., Adler I., Schenker J.G. Ranking risk factors for perinatal mortality: analysis of nation-wide study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 68:1989;677-682
71. Stillbirths, 1990-1996: demographic and health characteristics. Jerusalem: State of Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics, Health Services Research Unit; 2001.
72. Israel-selected health for all - indicators database, Israel Ministry of Health. Jerusalem: Israel Ministry of Health, Department of Health Information; 2002. p. 43-59.
73. Porreco R.P. High cesarean rate: a new perspective. Obstet Gynecol. 65:1985;307-311
74. Behague D.P., Victora C.G., Barros F.C. Consumer demand for cesarean sections in Brazil: population based birth cohort study linking ethnographic and epidemiological methods. BMJ. 324:2002;942-946
75. Fretts R.C., Schmittdiel J., McLean F.H., Usher R.H., Goldman M.B. Increased maternal age and the risk of fetal death. N Engl J Med. 333(15):1995;953-957
76. Hilder L., Cotesloe K., Thilaganathan B. Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation specific risks of fetal and infant mortality. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 105:1998;169-173
77. Paterson-Brown S. Should doctors perform an elective cesarean section on request? Yes as long as woman is fully informed. BMJ. 317:1998;462-463
78. November M.T. Cost analysis of vaginal birth after cesarean. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 44(3):2001;571-587
79. Perlman J.M. Intrapartum hypoxic ischemic cerebral injury and subsequent cerebral palsy: medicolegal issues. Pediatrics. 99:1997;851-859
80. Clark S.L., Hankins G.D. Temporal and demographic trends in cerebral palsy - facts and fiction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 188(3):2003;628-633
81. Towner D., Castro M.A., Eby-Wilkens E., Gilbert W.M. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med. 341(23):1999;1709-1714
82. Kuban K.C.K., Leviton A. Cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 330(3):1994;188-195
83. Nelson K.B. Can we prevent cerebral palsy? N Engl J Med. 349(18):2003;1765-1769
84. Huang C.C., Wang S.T., Chang Y.C., Lin K.P., Wu P.L. Measurement of urinary lactate: creatinine ratio for early identification of newborn infants at risk for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 341:1999;328-335
85. Torfs C.P., van der Berg B., Oechsli F.W., Cummins S. Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 116:1990;615-619
86. Zhu B.P., Rolfs R.T., Nangle B.E., Horan J.M. Effect of the interval between pregnancies on perinatal outcome. N Engl J Med. 340(8):1999;589-594
87. Nelson K.B., Ellenberg J.H. Antecedents of cerebral palsy: multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med. 315:1986;81-86
88. Blair E., Stanley F.J. Intrapartum asphyxia: a rare cause of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 112:1988;515-519
89. Buhimschi I.A., Buhimschi C.S., Pupkin M., Weiner C.P. Beneficial impact of term labor: nonenzymatic antioxidant reserve in the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189(1):2003;181-188
90. Morrison J.J., Rennie J.M., Milton P.J. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 102:1995;101-106
91. Parilla B.V., Doodley S.L., Jansen R.D., Socol M.L. Iatrogenic respiratory distress syndrome following elective repeat cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 81(3):1993;392-395
92. van der Berg A., van Elburg R.M., van Geijn H.P., Fetter W.P. Neonatal respiratory morbidity following elective cesarean section in term infants: a 5 year retrospective study and a review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 98(1):2001;9-13
93. Curet L.B., Zachman R.D., Rao A.V., Poole W.K., Morrision J., Burkett G. Effect of mode of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 27(2):1988;165-170
94. White E., Shy K.K., Daling J.R. An investigation of the relationship between cesarean section birth and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. Am J Epidemiol. 121(5):1985;651-663
95. Cohen M., Carson B.S. Respiratory benefit of awaiting onset of labor after elective cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol. 65(6):1985;818-824
96. Annibale D.J., Husley T.C., Wagner C.L., Southgate W.M. Comparative neonatal morbidity of abdominal and vaginal deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 149(8):1995;862-867
97. Hook B., Kiwi R., Amini S.B., Fanaroff A., Hack M. Neonatal morbidity after elective cesarean section and trial of labor. Pediatrics. 100(3 Pt 1):1997;348-353
98. Levine E.M., Ghai V., Barton J.J., Storm C.M. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory diseases in the newborn. Obstet Gynecol. 97(3):2001;439-442
99. Lydon-Rochelle M.T., Holt V.L., Martin D.P. Delivery method and self reported postpartum general health status among primiparous women. Paedriatric Perinat Epidemiol. 15:2001;232-240
100. Mutryn C. Psychosocial impact of cesarean section on the family: a literature review. Soc Sci Med. 37(10):1993;1271-1281
101. Kearney M.H., Cronenwett L.R., Reinhardt R. Cesarean delivery and breastfeeding outcomes. Birth. 17(2):1990;97-103
102. Pochard J.L., Lutz-Bucher B. Vasopressin and oxytocin levels in human neonates: relationships with the evolution of labour and beta-endorphin. Acta Paediatr Scand. 75(5):1986;774-778
103. Goland R.S., Wardlaw S.L., Stark R.I., Frantz A.G. Human plasma beta-endorphin during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 52(1):1981;74-78
104. De Punzio C., Neri E., Metelli P., Bianchi M.S., Venticinque M., Ferdegh M., et al. The relationship between maternal relaxation and plasma beta-endorphin levels during partuition. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 15(4):1994;205-210
105. Raisanen I., Taatero H., Salminen K., Laatikainen T. Beta-endorphin in maternal and umbilical cord plasma at elective cesarean section and in spontaneous labor. Obstet Gynecol. 67(3):1986;384-387
106. Pohjavuori M., Rovamo L., Laatikainen T. Plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin and cortisol in the newborn infant after elective caesarean section and after spontaneous labour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 19(2):1985;67-74
107. Rothenberg S.J., Chicz-DeMet A., Schnaas L., Karchmer S., Salinas V., Guzman L.A. Umbilical cord beta-endorphin and early childhood motor development. Early Hum Dev. 46(1-2):1996;83-95
108. Nissen E., Lilja G., Widstrom A.M., Uvnas-Moberg K. Elevation of oxytocin levels early post partum in women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 74(7):1995;530-533
109. Polin R.A., Hussain M.K., James L.S., Frantz A.G. High vasopressin concentrations in human umbilical cord blood: lack of correlation with stress. J Perinat Med. 5(3):1977;114-119
110. Reissland P., Wandinger K.P. Increased cortisol levels in human umbilical cord blood inhibits interferon alpha production of neonates. Immunobiology. 200:1999;227-233
111. Costa A., De Filippis V., Voglino M., Giraudi G., Mssobrio M., Benedict C., et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and catecholamines in maternal umbilical and neonatal plasma in relation to vaginal delivery. J Endocrinol Invest. 11(10):1988;703-709
112. Mauri A., Volpe A., Martellotta M.C., Barra V., Piu U., Angioni S., et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone during human perinatal life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77(1):1993;113-117
113. Obladen M. Factors influencing surfactant composition in the newborn infant. Eur J Pediatr. 128(3):1978;129-143
114. Hakansson S., Kallen K. Caesarean section increases the risk of hospital care in childhood for asthma and gastroenteritis. Clin Exp Allergy. 33(6):2003;757-764
115. DiMatteo M.R., Morton S.C., Lepper H.S., Damush T.M., Carney M.F., Pearson M., et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 15(4):1996;303-314
116. Durik A.M., Hyde J.S., Clark B. Sequelae of cesarean and vaginal deliveries: psychosocial outcomes for mothers and infants. Dev Psychol. 36(2):2000;251-260
117. Zanado V., Nicolussi S., Carlo G., Marzari F., Faggian D., Favaro F., et al. Beta endorphin concentrations in human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 33(2):2001;160-164
118. Eidelman A.I., Katz M. Olfactory recognition: a genetic or learned capacity. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 13(2):1992;126-127
119. Eidelman A.I., Hoffman N.D., Katz M. Cognitive deficits in women after childbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 81(5):1993;764-767
120. Spaans W.A., Sluijs M.B., van Roosmalen J., Blecker O.P. Risk factors at cesarean section and failure of subsequent trial of labor. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 96:2001;158-162
121. Mastrobattista J.M. Controversies in labor management: vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol Clin. 26:1999;295-304
122. Socol M.L. VBAC - is it worth the risk? Semin Perinatol. 27(1):2003;105-111
123. Mozurkewich E.L., Hutton E.K. Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor: a meta-analysis of the literature from 1989-1999. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 183(5):2000;1187-1197
124. Lydon-Rochelle M., Holt V.L., Easterling T.R., Martin D.P. Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 334(1):2001;3-8
125. Zinberg S. Vaginal delivery after previous cesarean delivery: a continuing controversy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 44(3):2001;561-570
126. Martin J.A., Park M.M., Sutton P.D. Births: preliminary data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 50:2002;1-20
127. Ananth C.V., Smulian J.C., Vinzeleos A.M. The association of placenta previa with a history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177(5):1997;1071-1078
128. Jolly J., Walker J., Bhabra K. Subsequent obstetric performance related to primary mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 106(3):1999;227-232
129. Sheiner E., Levy A., Katz M., Mazor M. Identifying risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy. J Reprod Med. 48(8):2003;622-626
130. Roopnarinesingh R., Fay L., McKenna P. A 27 year review of obstetric hysterectomy. J Obstet Gynecol. 23(3):2003;252-254
131. Crane J.M., van der Hof M.C., Dodds L., Armson B.A., Liston R. Neonatal outcomes with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol. 93(4):1999;541-544
132. Biswas A. Management of previous cesarean section. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 15:2003;123-129
133. Mankuta D.D., Leshno M.M., Menasche M.M., Brezis M.B. Vaginal birth after cesarean section: trial of labor or repeat cesarean section? A decision analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 189(3):2003;714-719
134. Lyndon-Rochelle M., Holt V.L., Easterling T.R., Martin D.P. First-birth cesarean and placental abruption or previa at second birth. Obstet Gynecol. 97(5 Pt 1):2001;765-769
135. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health Ethical aspects regarding cesarean section delivery for nonmedical reasons. Int J Obstet Gynecol. 64:1999;317-322
136. Granovsky-Grisaru S., Shaya M., Diamant Y.Z. The management of labor in women with more than one uterine scar: is a repeat cesarean section really the only "safe" option? J Perinat Med. 122:1994;13-17
137. Peskin E.G., Reine G.M. What is the correct cesarean rate and how do we get there. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 57(4):2002;189-190
138. Lowdon G., Chippington Derrick D. Cesarean section or vaginal birth? What difference does it make? AIMS J. 14(1):2002;. Available at: www.cesarean.org.uk
139. Wilkinson C., McIlwaine G., Boulton-Jones C., Cole S. Is a rising cesarean section rate inevitable? Br J Obstet Gynecol. 105:1998;45-52
140. van Ham M.A., Van Dongen P.W., Mulder J. Maternal consequences of caesarean section: a retrospective study of intraoperative and postoperative maternal complications of cesarean section during a 10 year period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 74(1):1997;1-6
141. Smith G.C.S., Jill P.P., Dobbie R. Cesarean section and risk of unexplained stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy. Lancet. 362:2003;1779-1784
142. Castro M.A., Hoey S.D., Towner D. Controversies in the use of the vacuum extractor. Semin Perinatol. 27(1):2003;46-53
143. Roberts C.L., Algert C.S., Carnegie M., Peat B. Operative delivery during labor: trends and predictive factors. Pediatr Perinatol Epidemiol. 16:2002;115-123
144. Murphy D.J., Liebling R.E. Cohort study of maternal views on future mode of delivery after operative delivery in the second stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 188(2):2003;542-548
145. Graham W.J., Hundley V., McCheyne A.L., Hall M.H., Gurney E., Milne J. An investigation of women's involvement in the decision to deliver by cesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 106:1999;213-220
146. Joseph K.S., Young D.C., Dodds L., O'Connell C.M., Allen V.M., Chandra S., et al. Changes in maternal characteristics and obstetric practice and recent increase in primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 102(4):2003;791-800
147. Luthy D.A., Malmmgren J.A., Zingheim R.W., Leininger C.J. Physician contribution to a cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 188(6):2003;1579-1587
148. Irvine L.M. Maternal request for caesarean section: is it obstetrician driven? J Obstet Gynaecol. 21(4):2001;373-374
149. Potter J.E., Berquo E., Perpetuo I.H., Leal O.F., Hopkins K., Souza M.R., et al. Unwanted cesarean sections among public and private patients in Brazil. BMJ. 323:2001;1155-1158
150. Al-Mufti R., Mc Carhty A., Fisk N.M. Obstetrician's personal choice and mode of delivery. Lancet. 347:1996;544
151. Gabbe S.G., Holzman G.B. Obstetrician's choice of delivery. Lancet. 357:2001;722
152. Bero L.A., Grilli R., Grimshaw J.M., Harvey E., Oxman A.D., Thomson M.A. on behalf of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group. Closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. BMJ. 317:1998;465-468
153. Olatunbosun O., Edouard L., Pierson R. British physician's attitudes to evidence based obstetric practice. BMJ. 316(7128):1998;365-366
154. Wagner M. Choosing cesarean section. Lancet. 356:2000;1677-1680
155. Gamble J.A., Creedy D.K. Women's request for a cesarean section: a critique of the literature. Birth. 27(4):2000;256-263
156. Hobel C.J., Hyvarien M.A., Okada D.M., Oh W. Prenatal and intrapartum high-risk screening. I. Prediction of the high-risk neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 117(1):1973;1-9
157. Edwards L., Barada M., et al. Simplified antepartum risk scoring system. Obstet Gynecol. 54:1979;237-240
158. Knox B.H.B., Sadler M.B., et al. An obstetric scoring system: its development and application in obstetric management. Obstet Gynecol. 81:1993;195-199
159. Koong D., Evans S., Mayes C., McDonald S., Newnham J. A scoring system for the prediction of successful delivery in low risk birthing units. Obstet Gynecol. 89(5 Pt 1):1997;654-659