메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 153, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 406-413

Olfactory ensheathing cells promote proliferation and inhibit neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells through activation of Notch signaling

Author keywords

conditioned medium; DAPT; spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

NOTCH RECEPTOR;

EID: 43049164411     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.067     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (52)
  • 2
    • 1542375991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cells genetically modified to secrete GDNF to promote spinal cord repair
    • L. Cao L. Liu Z.Y. Chen L.M. Wang J.L. Ye H.Y. Qiu C.L. Lu C. He Olfactory ensheathing cells genetically modified to secrete GDNF to promote spinal cord repair Brain 127 2004 535 549
    • (2004) Brain , vol.127 , pp. 535-549
    • Cao, L.1    Liu, L.2    Chen, Z.Y.3    Wang, L.M.4    Ye, J.L.5    Qiu, H.Y.6    Lu, C.L.7    He, C.8
  • 3
    • 34250155700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cells promote migration of Schwann cells by secreted nerve growth factor
    • L. Cao Y.L. Zhu Z. Su B. Lv Z. Huang L. Mu C. He Olfactory ensheathing cells promote migration of Schwann cells by secreted nerve growth factor Glia 55 2007 897 904
    • (2007) Glia , vol.55 , pp. 897-904
    • Cao, L.1    Zhu, Y.L.2    Su, Z.3    Lv, B.4    Huang, Z.5    Mu, L.6    He, C.7
  • 4
    • 0036433386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of engrafted neuronal-restricted precursor cells is inhibited in the traumatically injured spinal cord
    • Q.L. Cao R.M. Howard J.B. Dennison S.R. Whittemore Differentiation of engrafted neuronal-restricted precursor cells is inhibited in the traumatically injured spinal cord Exp Neurol 177 2002 349 359
    • (2002) Exp Neurol , vol.177 , pp. 349-359
    • Cao, Q.L.1    Howard, R.M.2    Dennison, J.B.3    Whittemore, S.R.4
  • 5
    • 0035148507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage
    • Q.L. Cao Y.P. Zhang R.M. Howard W.M. Walters P. Tsoulfas S.R. Whittemore Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage Exp Neurol 167 2001 48 58
    • (2001) Exp Neurol , vol.167 , pp. 48-58
    • Cao, Q.L.1    Zhang, Y.P.2    Howard, R.M.3    Walters, W.M.4    Tsoulfas, P.5    Whittemore, S.R.6
  • 6
    • 0032890066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic fibroblast growth factor in the primary olfactory pathway: mitogenic effect on ensheathing cells
    • M.I. Chuah R. Teague Basic fibroblast growth factor in the primary olfactory pathway: mitogenic effect on ensheathing cells Neuroscience 88 1999 1043 1050
    • (1999) Neuroscience , vol.88 , pp. 1043-1050
    • Chuah, M.I.1    Teague, R.2
  • 7
    • 33746078789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cells, olfactory nerve fibroblasts and biomatrices to promote long-distance axon regrowth and functional recovery in the dorsally hemisected adult rat spinal cord
    • R. Deumens G.C. Koopmans W.M. Honig F.P. Hamers V. Maquet R. Jerome H.W. Steinbusch E.A. Joosten Olfactory ensheathing cells, olfactory nerve fibroblasts and biomatrices to promote long-distance axon regrowth and functional recovery in the dorsally hemisected adult rat spinal cord Exp Neurol 200 2006 89 103
    • (2006) Exp Neurol , vol.200 , pp. 89-103
    • Deumens, R.1    Koopmans, G.C.2    Honig, W.M.3    Hamers, F.P.4    Maquet, V.5    Jerome, R.6    Steinbusch, H.W.7    Joosten, E.A.8
  • 8
    • 0033040497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain
    • F. Doetsch I. Caille D.A. Lim J.M. Garcia-Verdugo A. Alvarez-Buylla Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain Cell 97 1999 703 716
    • (1999) Cell , vol.97 , pp. 703-716
    • Doetsch, F.1    Caille, I.2    Lim, D.A.3    Garcia-Verdugo, J.M.4    Alvarez-Buylla, A.5
  • 9
    • 0030477981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical localization of laminin, fibronectin and collagen type IV in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb
    • R. Doucette Immunohistochemical localization of laminin, fibronectin and collagen type IV in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb Int J Dev Neurosci 14 1996 945 959
    • (1996) Int J Dev Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 945-959
    • Doucette, R.1
  • 10
    • 0030050311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-affinity NGF-receptor and E-N-CAM expression define two types of olfactory nerve ensheathing cells that share a common lineage
    • I.A. Franceschini S.C. Barnett Low-affinity NGF-receptor and E-N-CAM expression define two types of olfactory nerve ensheathing cells that share a common lineage Dev Biol 173 1996 327 343
    • (1996) Dev Biol , vol.173 , pp. 327-343
    • Franceschini, I.A.1    Barnett, S.C.2
  • 11
    • 0033715815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • rax, Hes1, and notch1 promote the formation of Muller glia by postnatal retinal progenitor cells
    • T. Furukawa S. Mukherjee Z.Z. Bao E.M. Morrow C.L. Cepko rax, Hes1, and notch1 promote the formation of Muller glia by postnatal retinal progenitor cells Neuron 26 2000 383 394
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.26 , pp. 383-394
    • Furukawa, T.1    Mukherjee, S.2    Bao, Z.Z.3    Morrow, E.M.4    Cepko, C.L.5
  • 12
    • 0033697009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial glial identity is promoted by Notch1 signaling in the murine forebrain
    • N. Gaiano J.S. Nye G. Fishell Radial glial identity is promoted by Notch1 signaling in the murine forebrain Neuron 26 2000 395 404
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.26 , pp. 395-404
    • Gaiano, N.1    Nye, J.S.2    Fishell, G.3
  • 15
    • 0034426058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xenotransplantation of transgenic pig olfactory ensheathing cells promotes axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord
    • T. Imaizumi K.L. Lankford W.V. Burton W.L. Fodor J.D. Kocsis Xenotransplantation of transgenic pig olfactory ensheathing cells promotes axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord Nat Biotechnol 18 2000 949 953
    • (2000) Nat Biotechnol , vol.18 , pp. 949-953
    • Imaizumi, T.1    Lankford, K.L.2    Burton, W.V.3    Fodor, W.L.4    Kocsis, J.D.5
  • 16
    • 0344559101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The predominant neural stem cell isolated from postnatal and adult forebrain but not early embryonic forebrain expresses GFAP
    • T. Imura H.I. Kornblum M.V. Sofroniew The predominant neural stem cell isolated from postnatal and adult forebrain but not early embryonic forebrain expresses GFAP J Neurosci 23 2003 2824 2832
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 2824-2832
    • Imura, T.1    Kornblum, H.I.2    Sofroniew, M.V.3
  • 17
    • 0028296937 scopus 로고
    • Persistent expression of helix-loop-helix factor HES-1 prevents mammalian neural differentiation in the central nervous system
    • M. Ishibashi K. Moriyoshi Y. Sasai K. Shiota S. Nakanishi R. Kageyama Persistent expression of helix-loop-helix factor HES-1 prevents mammalian neural differentiation in the central nervous system EMBO J 13 1994 1799 1805
    • (1994) EMBO J , vol.13 , pp. 1799-1805
    • Ishibashi, M.1    Moriyoshi, K.2    Sasai, Y.3    Shiota, K.4    Nakanishi, S.5    Kageyama, R.6
  • 18
    • 0035866993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury
    • L.L. Jones M. Oudega M.B. Bunge M.H. Tuszynski Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury J Physiol 533 2001 83 89
    • (2001) J Physiol , vol.533 , pp. 83-89
    • Jones, L.L.1    Oudega, M.2    Bunge, M.B.3    Tuszynski, M.H.4
  • 19
    • 0033555374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cells promote neurite extension from embryonic olfactory receptor cells in vitro
    • K.W. Kafitz C.A. Greer Olfactory ensheathing cells promote neurite extension from embryonic olfactory receptor cells in vitro Glia 25 1999 99 110
    • (1999) Glia , vol.25 , pp. 99-110
    • Kafitz, K.W.1    Greer, C.A.2
  • 20
    • 0030727631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helix-loop-helix factors in growth and differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system
    • R. Kageyama S. Nakanishi Helix-loop-helix factors in growth and differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system Curr Opin Genet Dev 7 1997 659 665
    • (1997) Curr Opin Genet Dev , vol.7 , pp. 659-665
    • Kageyama, R.1    Nakanishi, S.2
  • 21
    • 33745500882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early response of endogenous adult neural progenitor cells to acute spinal cord injury in mice
    • Y. Ke L. Chi R. Xu C. Luo D. Gozal R. Liu Early response of endogenous adult neural progenitor cells to acute spinal cord injury in mice Stem Cells 24 2006 1011 1019
    • (2006) Stem Cells , vol.24 , pp. 1011-1019
    • Ke, Y.1    Chi, L.2    Xu, R.3    Luo, C.4    Gozal, D.5    Liu, R.6
  • 22
    • 0028246222 scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing glia and platelet-derived growth factor B-chain reactivity in the transplanted rat olfactory bulb
    • J.N. Kott L.E. Westrum E.W. Raines M. Sasahara R. Ross Olfactory ensheathing glia and platelet-derived growth factor B-chain reactivity in the transplanted rat olfactory bulb Int J Dev Neurosci 12 1994 315 323
    • (1994) Int J Dev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 315-323
    • Kott, J.N.1    Westrum, L.E.2    Raines, E.W.3    Sasahara, M.4    Ross, R.5
  • 24
    • 0030769193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells
    • Y. Li P.M. Field G. Raisman Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells Science 277 1997 2000 2002
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 2000-2002
    • Li, Y.1    Field, P.M.2    Raisman, G.3
  • 26
    • 29144454580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells promote partial recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord
    • R. Lopez-Vales J. Fores E. Verdu X. Navarro Acute and delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells promote partial recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord Neurobiol Dis 21 2006 57 68
    • (2006) Neurobiol Dis , vol.21 , pp. 57-68
    • Lopez-Vales, R.1    Fores, J.2    Verdu, E.3    Navarro, X.4
  • 27
    • 33751102887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cells do not exhibit unique migratory or axonal growth-promoting properties after spinal cord injury
    • P. Lu H. Yang M. Culbertson L. Graham A.J. Roskams M.H. Tuszynski Olfactory ensheathing cells do not exhibit unique migratory or axonal growth-promoting properties after spinal cord injury J Neurosci 26 2006 11120 11130
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 11120-11130
    • Lu, P.1    Yang, H.2    Culbertson, M.3    Graham, L.4    Roskams, A.J.5    Tuszynski, M.H.6
  • 28
    • 0034716909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient Notch activation initiates an irreversible switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis by neural crest stem cells
    • S.J. Morrison S.E. Perez Z. Qiao J.M. Verdi C. Hicks G. Weinmaster D.J. Anderson Transient Notch activation initiates an irreversible switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis by neural crest stem cells Cell 101 2000 499 510
    • (2000) Cell , vol.101 , pp. 499-510
    • Morrison, S.J.1    Perez, S.E.2    Qiao, Z.3    Verdi, J.M.4    Hicks, C.5    Weinmaster, G.6    Anderson, D.J.7
  • 30
    • 0035870525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New method of purification for establishing primary cultures of ensheathing cells from the adult olfactory bulb
    • H.H. Nash R.C. Borke J.J. Anders New method of purification for establishing primary cultures of ensheathing cells from the adult olfactory bulb Glia 34 2001 81 87
    • (2001) Glia , vol.34 , pp. 81-87
    • Nash, H.H.1    Borke, R.C.2    Anders, J.J.3
  • 31
    • 0037104763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensheathing cells and methylprednisolone promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery in the lesioned adult rat spinal cord
    • H.H. Nash R.C. Borke J.J. Anders Ensheathing cells and methylprednisolone promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery in the lesioned adult rat spinal cord J Neurosci 22 2002 7111 7120
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 7111-7120
    • Nash, H.H.1    Borke, R.C.2    Anders, J.J.3
  • 32
    • 34047125787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient inactivation of Notch signaling synchronizes differentiation of neural progenitor cells
    • B.R. Nelson B.H. Hartman S.A. Georgi M.S. Lan T.A. Reh Transient inactivation of Notch signaling synchronizes differentiation of neural progenitor cells Dev Biol 304 2007 479 498
    • (2007) Dev Biol , vol.304 , pp. 479-498
    • Nelson, B.R.1    Hartman, B.H.2    Georgi, S.A.3    Lan, M.S.4    Reh, T.A.5
  • 33
    • 33751102129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth factor treatment and genetic manipulation stimulate neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis by endogenous neural progenitors in the injured adult spinal cord
    • Y. Ohori S. Yamamoto M. Nagao M. Sugimori N. Yamamoto K. Nakamura M. Nakafuku Growth factor treatment and genetic manipulation stimulate neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis by endogenous neural progenitors in the injured adult spinal cord J Neurosci 26 2006 11948 11960
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 11948-11960
    • Ohori, Y.1    Yamamoto, S.2    Nagao, M.3    Sugimori, M.4    Yamamoto, N.5    Nakamura, K.6    Nakafuku, M.7
  • 35
  • 36
    • 3943075034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripherally-derived olfactory ensheathing cells do not promote primary afferent regeneration following dorsal root injury
    • L.M. Ramer M.W. Richter A.J. Roskams W. Tetzlaff M.S. Ramer Peripherally-derived olfactory ensheathing cells do not promote primary afferent regeneration following dorsal root injury Glia 47 2004 189 206
    • (2004) Glia , vol.47 , pp. 189-206
    • Ramer, L.M.1    Richter, M.W.2    Roskams, A.J.3    Tetzlaff, W.4    Ramer, M.S.5
  • 37
    • 0344653600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing glia: properties and function
    • A. Ramon-Cueto J. Avila Olfactory ensheathing glia: properties and function Brain Res Bull 46 1998 175 187
    • (1998) Brain Res Bull , vol.46 , pp. 175-187
    • Ramon-Cueto, A.1    Avila, J.2
  • 38
    • 0033757632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional recovery of paraplegic rats and motor axon regeneration in their spinal cords by olfactory ensheathing glia
    • A. Ramon-Cueto M.I. Cordero F.F. Santos-Benito J. Avila Functional recovery of paraplegic rats and motor axon regeneration in their spinal cords by olfactory ensheathing glia Neuron 25 2000 425 435
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.25 , pp. 425-435
    • Ramon-Cueto, A.1    Cordero, M.I.2    Santos-Benito, F.F.3    Avila, J.4
  • 39
    • 0000635530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-distance axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants
    • A. Ramon-Cueto G.W. Plant J. Avila M.B. Bunge Long-distance axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants J Neurosci 18 1998 3803 3815
    • (1998) J Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 3803-3815
    • Ramon-Cueto, A.1    Plant, G.W.2    Avila, J.3    Bunge, M.B.4
  • 40
    • 0026526516 scopus 로고
    • A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes
    • B.A. Reynolds W. Tetzlaff S. Weiss A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes J Neurosci 12 1992 4565 4574
    • (1992) J Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 4565-4574
    • Reynolds, B.A.1    Tetzlaff, W.2    Weiss, S.3
  • 41
    • 3943066277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olfactory ensheathing cell grafts have minimal influence on regeneration at the dorsal root entry zone following rhizotomy
    • J.S. Riddell M. Enriquez-Denton A. Toft R. Fairless S.C. Barnett Olfactory ensheathing cell grafts have minimal influence on regeneration at the dorsal root entry zone following rhizotomy Glia 47 2004 150 167
    • (2004) Glia , vol.47 , pp. 150-167
    • Riddell, J.S.1    Enriquez-Denton, M.2    Toft, A.3    Fairless, R.4    Barnett, S.C.5
  • 42
    • 0035955604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Murine notch homologs (N1-4) undergo presenilin-dependent proteolysis
    • M.T. Saxena E.H. Schroeter J.S. Mumm R. Kopan Murine notch homologs (N1-4) undergo presenilin-dependent proteolysis J Biol Chem 276 2001 40268 40273
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 40268-40273
    • Saxena, M.T.1    Schroeter, E.H.2    Mumm, J.S.3    Kopan, R.4
  • 43
    • 0032574993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notch-1 signalling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain
    • E.H. Schroeter J.A. Kisslinger R. Kopan Notch-1 signalling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain Nature 393 1998 382 386
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 382-386
    • Schroeter, E.H.1    Kisslinger, J.A.2    Kopan, R.3
  • 45
    • 0034548865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus
    • L.S. Shihabuddin P.J. Horner J. Ray F.H. Gage Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus J Neurosci 20 2000 8727 8735
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 8727-8735
    • Shihabuddin, L.S.1    Horner, P.J.2    Ray, J.3    Gage, F.H.4
  • 46
    • 0031418325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FGF-2 is sufficient to isolate progenitors found in the adult mammalian spinal cord
    • L.S. Shihabuddin J. Ray F.H. Gage FGF-2 is sufficient to isolate progenitors found in the adult mammalian spinal cord Exp Neurol 148 1997 577 586
    • (1997) Exp Neurol , vol.148 , pp. 577-586
    • Shihabuddin, L.S.1    Ray, J.2    Gage, F.H.3
  • 47
    • 33645949401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A re-assessment of the consequences of delayed transplantation of olfactory lamina propria following complete spinal cord transection in rats
    • O. Steward K. Sharp G. Selvan A. Hadden M. Hofstadter E. Au J. Roskams A re-assessment of the consequences of delayed transplantation of olfactory lamina propria following complete spinal cord transection in rats Exp Neurol 198 2006 483 499
    • (2006) Exp Neurol , vol.198 , pp. 483-499
    • Steward, O.1    Sharp, K.2    Selvan, G.3    Hadden, A.4    Hofstadter, M.5    Au, E.6    Roskams, J.7
  • 48
    • 0037106145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals
    • P. Taupin F.H. Gage Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals J Neurosci Res 69 2002 745 749
    • (2002) J Neurosci Res , vol.69 , pp. 745-749
    • Taupin, P.1    Gage, F.H.2
  • 49
    • 0041317188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult neural progenitor cell grafts survive after acute spinal cord injury and integrate along axonal pathways
    • M. Vroemen L. Aigner J. Winkler N. Weidner Adult neural progenitor cell grafts survive after acute spinal cord injury and integrate along axonal pathways Eur J Neurosci 18 2003 743 751
    • (2003) Eur J Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 743-751
    • Vroemen, M.1    Aigner, L.2    Winkler, J.3    Weidner, N.4
  • 50
    • 0038383849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation-inducing and protective effects of adult rat olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned medium on PC12 cells
    • Y.Z. Wang J.H. Meng H. Yang N. Luo X.Y. Jiao G. Ju Differentiation-inducing and protective effects of adult rat olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned medium on PC12 cells Neurosci Lett 346 2003 9 12
    • (2003) Neurosci Lett , vol.346 , pp. 9-12
    • Wang, Y.Z.1    Meng, J.H.2    Yang, H.3    Luo, N.4    Jiao, X.Y.5    Ju, G.6
  • 51
    • 0029860591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neuroaxis
    • S. Weiss C. Dunne J. Hewson C. Wohl M. Wheatley A.C. Peterson B.A. Reynolds Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neuroaxis J Neurosci 16 1996 7599 7609
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 7599-7609
    • Weiss, S.1    Dunne, C.2    Hewson, J.3    Wohl, C.4    Wheatley, M.5    Peterson, A.C.6    Reynolds, B.A.7
  • 52
    • 0035978006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultured olfactory ensheathing cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors
    • E. Woodhall A.K. West M.I. Chuah Cultured olfactory ensheathing cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors Brain Res Mol Brain Res 88 2001 203 213
    • (2001) Brain Res Mol Brain Res , vol.88 , pp. 203-213
    • Woodhall, E.1    West, A.K.2    Chuah, M.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.