Lasers in medicine

Reports on Progress in Physics

Volumn 71, Issue 5, 2008, Pages

  Peng, Qian ^a,b   Juzeniene, Asta ^a   Chen, Jiyao ^b   Svaasand, Lars O ^c   Warloe, Trond ^a   Giercksky, Karl Erik ^a   Moan, Johan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 43049131771     PISSN: 00344885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/71/5/056701     Document Type: Article

References (263)

1. Einstein A 1905 ber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt Ann. Phys. 17 132
2. Bose S N 1924 Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese Z. Phys. 26 178
3. Einstein A 1924 Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases Sitz. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. 22 261
4. Einstein A 1925 Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases, Zweite Abhandlung Sitz. Preussischen Akad. Wiss. 8 3
5. Basov N G and Prochorov A M 1954 Application of molecular beams for the radiospectroscopic study of rotational molecular spectra J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 27 431
6. 3 Phys. Rev. 95 282
7. Schawlow A L and Townes C H 1958 Infrared and optical masers Phys. Rev. 112 1940
8. Maiman T H 1960 Simulated optical radiation in ruby Nature 187 493
9. Javan A, Bennett W R and Herriott D R 1961 Population inversion and continuous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He-Ne mixture Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 106
10. Johnson L F 1961 Optical maser characteristics of rare-earth ions in crystals J. Appl. Physiol. 34 897
11. 2 rf discharges Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 470
12. 2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 617
13. Choy D S 1988 History of lasers in medicine Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 36 (Suppl.) 114
14. Kirschner R A and Unger M 1984 Introduction to laser surgery Surg. Clin. North Am. 64 839
15. van Gemert M J C and Welch A J 1989 Clinical use of laser-tissue interactions IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 8 10
16. Knappe V, Frank F and Rohde E 2004 Principles of lasers and biophotonic effects Photomed. Laser Surg. 22 411
17. McKenzie A L and Carruth J A 1984 Lasers in surgery and medicine Phys. Med. Biol. 29 619
18. 2-laser Med. Laser Appl. 17 190
19. Fitzpatrick R E and Goldman M P 1995 Advances in carbon dioxide laser surgery Clin. Dermatol. 13 35
20. Rodrigues L K, dos Santos M N, Pereira D, Assaf A V and Pardi V 2004 Carbon dioxide laser in dental caries prevention J. Dent. 32 531
21. Hamilton M M 2004 Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am. 12 289
22. Weinstein C and Scheflan M 2000 Simultaneously combined ER : YAG and carbon dioxide laser (derma K) for skin resurfacing Clin. Plast. Surg. 27 273
23. Jacobson D, Bass L S, VanderKam V and Achauer B M 2000 Carbon dioxide and ER : YAG laser resurfacing: results Clin. Plast. Surg. 27 241
24. Miyamoto A, Sakurada M, Arai T, Mizuno K, Kurita A, Nakamura H and Kikuchi M 1993 Efficacy of carbon monoxide laser in selectively intimal thermal welding-implications for laser balloon angioplasty Japan. Circ. J. 57 825
25. Katzir A 1993 Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine (San Diego: Academic)
26. 2 or HF? IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20 1427
27. Basov N G, Danilychev V A and Popov Yu M 1971 Stimulated emission in the vacuum ultraviolet region Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1 18
28. Shortt A J and Allan B D 2006 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD005135
29. Bansal A K and Veenashree M P 2001 Laser refractive surgery: technological advance and tissue response Biosci. Rep. 21 491
30. Spencer J M and Hadi S M 2004 The excimer lasers J. Drugs Dermatol. 3 522
31. Wong B J, Dickinson M R, Berns M W and Neev J 1996 Identification of photoacoustic transients during pulsed laser ablation of the human temporal bone: an experimental model J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 14 385
32. Maiman T H 1960 Optical and microwave-optical experiments in ruby Phys. Rev. Lett. 4 564
33. Goldman L, Blanet D J, Kindet D J Jr, Richfield D and Franke E K 1963 Pathology of the effect of the laser beam on the skin Nature 197 912
34. McGuff P E, Deterling R A Jr, Gottlier L S, Fahimi H D, Bushnell D and Roeber F 1964 The laser treatment of experimental malignant tumours Can. Med. Assoc. J. 91 1089
35. McGuff P E, Bushnell D, Soroff H S and Deterling R A Jr 1963 Studies of the surgical applications of laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) Surg. Forum 14 143
36. McGuff P E, Deterling R A Jr, Gottlieb L S, Fahimi H D and Bushnell D 1964 Surgical applications of laser Ann. Surg. 160 765
37. Campbell C J, Koester C J, Curtice V, Noyori K S and Rittler M C 1965 Clinical studies in laser photocoagulation Arch. Ophthalmol. 74 57
38. Nanni C A and Alster T S 1998 A practical review of laser-assisted hair removal using the Q-switched Nd : YAG, long-pulsed ruby, and long-pulsed alexandrite lasers Dermatol. Surg. 24 1399
39. Bernstein E F 2006 Laser treatment of tattoos Clin. Dermatol. 24 43
40. Kuperman-Beade M, Levine V J and Ashinoff R 2001 Laser removal of tattoos Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2 21
41. Raulin C, Schonermark M P, Greve B and Werner S 1998 Q-switched ruby laser treatment of tattoos and benign pigmented skin lesions: a critical review Ann. Plast. Surg. 41 555
42. Adrian R M and Griffin L 2000 Laser tattoo removal Clin. Plast. Surg. 27 181
43. Bradley P F 1997 A review of the use of the neodymium YAG laser in oral and maxillofacial surgery Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 35 26
44. Myers T D and McDaniel J D 1991 The pulsed Nd : YAG dental laser: review of clinical applications J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 19 25
45. Fankhauser F and Kwasniewska S 2003 Clinical effects of the Nd : YAG laser operating in the photodisruptive and thermal modes: a review Ophthalmologica 217 1
46. Gossner L, May A, Stolte M, Seitz G, Hahn E G and Ell C 1999 KTP laser destruction of dysplasia and early cancer in columnar-lined Barrett's esophagus Gastrointest. Endosc. 49 8
47. Smith J A Jr and Landau S 1989 Neodymium: YAG laser specifications for safe intravesical therapy J. Urol. 141 1238
48. Bhatta K M 1995 Lasers in urology Lasers Surg. Med. 16 312
49. Mackety C J 1990 Lasers in urology Nurs. Clin. North Am. 25 697
50. Sacknoff E J 1993 Laser advances in urology J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 11 173
51. Kulpati D D and Kumar V 1991 Lasers in pulmonology J. Assoc. Physicians India 39 630
52. Absten G T 1991 Physics of light and lasers Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 18 407
53. Ito Y and Kasugai T 1987 Use of endoscopic laser in gastroenterology Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 16 290
54. Sohajda Z, Bekesi L and Berta A 1997 In ophthalmology new possibilities for the use Nd : YAG laser Acta Chir Hung. 36 331
55. Caniglia R J 2004 Erbium : YAG laser skin resurfacing Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am. 12 373
56. Papadavid E and Katsambas A 2003 Lasers for facial rejuvenation: a review Int. J. Dermatol. 42 480
57. Kohnen T, Koch D D, McDonnell P J, Menefee R F and Berry M J 1997 Noncontact holmium : YAG laser thermal keratoplasty to correct hyperopia: 18-month follow-up Ophthalmologica 211 274
58. Papadopoulos N T, Balidis M, Brazitikos P D, Androudi S, Fotiadis K, Kalinderis K A and Stangos N T 2005 Non-contact holmium : YAG laser thermal keratoplasty for hyperopia: two-year follow-up J. Refract. Surg. 21 82
59. Rocha G, Castillo J M, Sanchez-Thorin J C, Johnston J and Cartagena R G 2003 Two-year follow-up of noncontact holmium laser thermokeratoplasty for the correction of low hyperopia Can. J. Ophthalmol. 38 385
60. 3 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 125
61. Haedersdal M and Wulf H C 2006 Evidence-based review of hair removal using lasers and light sources J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 20 9
62. Lask G, Eckhouse S, Slatkine M, Waldman A, Kreindel M and Gottfried V 1999 The role of laser and intense light sources in photo-epilation: a comparative evaluation J. Cutan. Laser Ther. 1 3
63. Liew S H 2002 Laser hair removal: guidelines for management Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 3 107
64. Sanchez L A, Perez M and Azziz R 2002 Laser hair reduction in the hirsute patient: a critical assessment Hum. Reprod. Update 8 169
65. Wanner M 2005 Laser hair removal Dermatol. Ther. 18 209
66. Pearle M S, Sech S M, Cobb C G, Riley J R, Clark P J, Preminger G M, Drach G W and Roehrborn C G 1998 Safety and efficacy of the alexandrite laser for the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi Urology 51 33
67. Pertusa C, Albisu A, Acha M, Blasco M, Llarena R and Arregui P 1991 Lithotripsy with the alexandrite laser: our initial 100 clinical cases Eur. Urol. 20 269
68. Nair L G 1982 Dye lasers Prog. Quantum Electron. 7 153
69. Alexiades-Armenakas M 2006 Laser-mediated photodynamic therapy Clin. Dermatol. 24 16
70. Kauvar A N and Khrom T 2005 Laser treatment of leg veins Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 24 184
71. Kelly K M, Choi B, McFarlane S, Motosue A, Jung B, Khan M H, Ramirez-San-Juan J C and Nelson J S 2005 Description and analysis of treatments for port-wine stain birthmarks Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 7 287
72. Nouri K and Ballard C J 2006 Laser therapy for acne Clin. Dermatol. 24 26
73. Rokhsar C K, Lee S and Fitzpatrick R E 2005 Review of photorejuvenation: devices, cosmeceuticals, or both? Dermatol. Surg. 31 1166
74. Gevargez A, Groenemeyer D W and Czerwinski F 2000 C T-guided percutaneous laser disc decompression with Ceralas D, a diode laser with 980-nm wavelength and 200-microm fiber optics Eur. Radiol. 10 1239
75. Hammer-Wilson M J, Sun C H, Ghahramanlou M and Berns M W 1998 In vitro and in vivo comparison of argon-pumped and diode lasers for photodynamic therapy using second-generation photosensitizers Lasers Surg. Med. 23 274
76. Spitzer M and Krumholz B A 1991 Photodynamic therapy in gynecology Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 18 649
77. O'Shea P G and Freund H P 2001 Free-electron lasers: status and applications Science 292 1853
78. Niemz M H 2003 Laser-Tissue Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications (Berlin: Springer)
79. Pogue B W, Lilge L, Patterson M S, Wilson B C and Hasan T 1997 Absorbed photodynamic dose from pulsed versus continuous wave light examined with tissue-simulating dosimeters Appl. Opt. 36 7257
80. Sterenborg H J and van Gemert M J 1996 Photodynamic therapy with pulsed light sources: a theoretical analysis Phys. Med. Biol. 41 835
81. Lui H et al 2004 Photodynamic therapy of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers with verteporfin and red light-emitting diodes: two-year results evaluating tumor response and cosmetic outcomes Arch. Dermatol. 140 26
82. Babilas P, Kohl E, Maisch T, Backer H, Gross B, Branzan A L, Baumler W, Landthaler M, Karrer S and Szeimies R M 2006 In vitro and in vivo comparison of two different light sources for topical photodynamic therapy Br. J. Dermatol. 154 712
83. Babilas P, Travnik R, Werner A, Landthaler M and Szeimies R M 2008 Split-face-study using two different light sources for topical PDT of actinic keratoses : non-inferiority of the LED system J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 6 25
84. Whelan H T et al 2001 Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 19 305
85. Al-Watban F A and Andres B L 2003 Polychromatic LED therapy in burn healing of non-diabetic and diabetic rats J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 21 249
86. Whelan H T et al 2003 Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on molecular changes for wound healing in diabetic mice J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 21 67
87. Vladimirov Y A, Osipov A N and Klebanov G I 2004 Photobiological principles of therapeutic applications of laser radiation Biochemistry (Moscow) 69 81
88. Vreman H J, Wong R J, Stevenson D K, Route R K, Reader S D, Fejer M M, Gale R and Seidman D S 1998 Light-emitting diodes: a novel light source for phototherapy Pediatr. Res. 44 804
89. Seidman D S, Moise J, Ergaz Z, Laor A, Vreman H J, Stevenson D K and Gale R 2000 A new blue light-emitting phototherapy device: a prospective randomized controlled study J. Pediatr. 136 771
90. Lee S Y, Park K H, Choi J W, Kwon J K, Lee D R, Shin M S, Lee J S, You C E and Park M Y 2007 A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and split-face clinical study on LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation: clinical, profilometric, histologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical evaluations and comparison of three different treatment settings J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 88 51
91. Corazza A V, Jorge J, Kurachi C and Bagnato V S 2007 Photobiomodulation on the angiogenesis of skin wounds in rats using different light sources Photomed. Laser Surg. 25 102
92. Weiss R A, Weiss M A, Geronemus R G and McDaniel D H 2004 A novel non-thermal non-ablative full panel LED photomodulation device for reversal of photoaging: digital microscopic and clinical results in various skin types J. Drugs Dermatol. 3 605
93. Weiss R A, McDaniel D H, Geronemus R G and Weiss M A 2005 Clinical trial of a novel non-thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging: clinical, histologic, and surface profilometric results Lasers Surg. Med. 36 85
94. Karu T 1998 Science of Low Power Laser Therapy (London: Taylor & Francis)
95. Boulnois J L 1986 Photophysical processes in recent medical laser developments: a review Laser Med. Sci. 1 47
96. Fradin D W, Bloembergen N and Letellier J P 1973 Dependence of laser-induced breakdown field strength on pulse duration Appl. Phys. Lett. 22 635
97. Geerling G, Roider J, Schmidt-Erfurt U, Nahen K, El-Hifnawi E, Laqua H and Vogel A 1998 Initial clinical experience with the picosecond Nd : YLF laser for intraocular therapeutic applications Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82 504
98. Krause M H and D'Amico D J 2003 Ablation of vitreous tissue with a high repetition rate erbium : YAG laser Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 13 424
99. Krause M, Steeb D, Foth H J, Weindler J and Ruprecht K W 1999 Ablation of vitreous tissue with erbium : YAG laser Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40 1025
100. Thompson K P, Ren Q S and Parel J M 1992 Therapeutic and diagnostic application of lasers in ophthalmology Proc. IEEE 80 838
101. Srinivasan R, Dyer P E and Braren B 1987 Far-ultraviolet laser ablation of the cornea: photoacoustic studies Lasers Surg. Med. 6 514
102. Grosvenor T 1995 How predictable are the results of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy? A review Optom. Vis. Sci. 72 698
103. Klyce S D and Smolek M K 1993 Corneal topography of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 19 (Suppl) 122
104. Leccisotti A 2006 Bioptics: where do things stand? Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 17 399
105. Kohlhaas M 1998 Corneal sensation after cataract and refractive surgery J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 24 1399
106. Gilmour M A 2003 Laser applications for corneal disease Clin. Tech. Small Animal Pract. 18 199
107. Pallikaris I G, Katsanevaki V J, Kalyvianaki M I and Naoumidi I I 2003 Advances in subepithelial excimer refractive surgery techniques: Epi-LASIK Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 14 207
108. Raunest J and Lohnert J 1990 Arthroscopic cartilage debridement by excimer laser in chondromalacia of the knee joint. A prospective randomized clinical study Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 109 155
109. Koster R, Kahler J, Brockhoff C, Munzel T and Meinertz T 2002 Laser coronary angioplasty: history, present and future Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2 197
110. Dahm J B 2001 Excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) for diffuse in-stent restenosis: beneficial long-term results after sufficient debulking with a lesion-specific approach using various laser catheters Lasers Med. Sci. 16 84
111. Tcheng J E and Volkert-Noethen A A 2001 Current multicentre studies with the excimer laser: design and aims Lasers Med. Sci. 16 122
112. Welch A J, Kang H W, Lee H and Teichman J M 2004 Calculus fragmentation in laser lithotripsy Minerva Urol. Nefrol. 56 49
113. Svaasand L O 1989 Dosimetry for laser induced hyperthermia Laser Med. Sci. 4 309
114. Svaasand L O, Gomer C J and Morinelli E 1990 On the physical rationale of laser induced hyperthermia Laser Med. Sci. 5 121
115. Jori G and Spikes J D 1990 Photothermal sensitizers: possible use in tumour therapy J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 6 93
116. Chen W R, Adams R L, Bartels K E and Nordquist R E 1995 Chromophore-enhanced in vivo tumour cell destruction using an 808-nm diode laser Cancer Lett. 94 125
117. Chen W R, Adams R L, Heaton S, Dickey D T, Bartels K E and Nordquist R E 1995 Chromophore-enhanced laser-tumour tissue photothermal interaction using an 808-nm diode laser Cancer Lett. 88 15
118. Chen W R, Adams R L, Higgins A K, Bartels K E and Nordquist R E 1996 Photothermal effects on murine mammary tumours using indocyanine green and an 808-nm diode laser: an in vivo efficacy study Cancer Lett. 98 169
119. Camerin M, Rodgers M A, Kenney M E and Jori G 2005 Photothermal sensitisation: evidence for the lack of oxygen effect on the photosensitising activity Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 4 251
120. Busetti A, Soncin M, Reddi E, Rodgers M A, Kenney M E and Jori G 1999 Photothermal sensitization of amelanotic melanoma cells by Ni(II)-octabutoxy- naphthalocyanine J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 53 103
121. Zharov V P, Letfullin R R and Galitovskaya E N 2005 Microbubbles- overlapping mode for laser killing of cancer cells with absorbing nanoparticle clusters J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38 2571
122. Leszczynski D, Pitsillides C M, Pastila R K, Rox A R and Lin C P 2001 Laser-beam-triggered microcavitation: a novel method for selective cell destruction Radiat. Res. 156 399
123. Pitsillides C M, Joe E K, Wei X, Anderson R R and Lin C P 2003 Selective cell targeting with light-absorbing microparticles and nanoparticles Biophys. J. 84 4023
124. Lapotko D O 2006 Laser-induced bubbles in living cells Lasers Surg. Med. 38 240
125. Huang X, Jain P K, El-Sayed I H and El-Sayed M A 2006 Determination of the minimum temperature required for selective photothermal destruction of cancer cells with the use of immunotargeted gold nanoparticles Photochem. Photobiol. 82 412
126. Chen W R, Carubelli R, Liu H and Nordquist R E 2003 Laser immunotherapy: a novel treatment modality for metastatic tumours Mol. Biotechnol. 25 37
127. Chen W R, Singhal A K, Liu H and Nordquist R E 2001 Antitumour immunity induced by laser immunotherapy and its adoptive transfer Cancer Res. 61 459
128. Chen W R, Liu H, Ritchey J W, Bartels K E, Lucroy M D and Nordquist R E 2002 Effect of different components of laser immunotherapy in treatment of metastatic tumours in rats Cancer Res. 62 4295
129. Chen W R, Carubelli R, Liu H and Nordquist R E 2003 Detection of anti-tumour immunity induced by laser immunotherapy Mol. Biotechnol. 25 45
130. Chen W R, Korbelik M, Bartels K E, Liu H, Sun J and Nordquist R E 2005 Enhancement of laser cancer treatment by a chitosan-derived immunoadjuvant Photochem. Photobiol. 81 190
131. Halliwell B 1991 Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry, and role in human disease Am. J. Med. 91 14S
132. Bayir H 2005 Reactive oxygen species Crit. Care Med. 33 S498-501
133. Devasagayam T P and Kamat J P 2002 Biological significance of singlet oxygen Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40 680
134. Weishaupt K R, Gomer C J and Dougherty T J 1976 Identification of singlet oxygen as the cytotoxic agent in photoinactivation of a murine tumour Cancer Res. 36 2326
135. Moan J, Peng Q, Sorensen R, Iani V and Nesland J M 1998 The biophysical foundations of photodynamic therapy Endoscopy 30 387
136. Anderson R R and Parrish J A 1981 The optics of human skin J. Invest. Dermatol. 77 13
137. Brancaleon L and Moseley H 2002 Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy Lasers Med. Sci. 17 173
138. Kelty C J, Brown N J, Reed M W and Ackroyd R 2002 The use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1 158
139. Morton C A 2002 The emerging role of 5-ALA-PDT in dermatology: is PDT superior to standard treatments? J. Dermatol. Treat. 13 (Suppl) S25-9
140. Szeimies R M, Landthaler M and Karrer S 2002 Non-oncologic indications for ALA-PDT J. Dermatol. Treat. 13 (Suppl) S13-8
141. Peng Q, Warloe T, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M, Giercksky K E and Nesland J M 1997 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: clinical research and future challenges Cancer 79 2282
142. Moan J, van den Akker J T H M, Juzenas P and Ma L-W 2001 On the basis for tumour selectivity in the 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced synthesis of protoporphyrin IX J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 5 170
143. Collaud S, Juzeniene A, Moan J and Lange N 2004 On the selectivity of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX formation Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents 4 301
144. Chen B, Xu Y, Agostinis P and de Witte P A 2001 Synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy with hypericin in combination with hyperthermia on loss of clonogenicity of RIF-1 cells Int. J. Oncol. 18 1279
145. Chen B, Roskams T and de Witte P A 2002 Enhancing the antitumoural effect of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy by hyperthermia Lasers Surg. Med. 31 158
146. Christensen T, Wahl A and Smedshammer L 1984 Effects of haematoporphyrin derivative and light in combination with hyperthermia on cells in culture Br. J. Cancer 50 85
147. Mang T S 1990 Combination studies of hyperthermia induced by the neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd : YAG) laser as an adjuvant to photodynamic therapy Lasers Surg. Med. 10 173
148. Rasch M H, Tijssen K, VanSteveninck J and Dubbelman T M 1996 Synergistic interaction of photodynamic treatment with the sensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine and hyperthermia on loss of clonogenicity of CHO cells Photochem. Photobiol. 64 586
149. Yanase S, Nomura J, Matsumura Y, Nagai K, Kinoshita M, Nakanishi H, Ohnishi Y, Tokuda T and Tagawa T 2005 Enhancement of the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy by simultaneous hyperthermia Int. J. Oncol. 27 193
150. Yanase S, Nomura J, Matsumura Y, Nagata T, Fujii T and Tagawa T 2006 Synergistic interaction of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy with simultaneous hyperthermia in an osteosarcoma tumour model Int. J. Oncol. 29 365
151. Moan J and Berg K 1991 The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen Photochem. Photobiol. 53 549
152. Peng Q, Moan J and Nesland J M 1996 Correlation of subcellular and intratumoural photosensitizer localization with ultrastructural features after photodynamic therapy Ultrastruct. Pathol. 20 109
153. Moan J, Cunderlikova B, Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Ma L-W and Iani V 2003 Tumour selectivity of photodynamic therapy Targeted Cancer Therapies-An Odyssey Proc. Tromsø Symp. ed Q S Bruland and T Flægstad (Tromsø: Ravnetrykk) pp 208-13 2003
154. Strauss W S, Sailer R, Schneckenburger H, Akgun N, Gottfried V, Chetwer L and Kimel S 1997 Photodynamic efficacy of naturally occurring porphyrins in endothelial cells in vitro and microvasculature in vivo J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 39 176
155. Peng Q and Nesland J M 2004 Effects of photodynamic therapy on tumour stroma Ultrastruct. Pathol. 28 333
156. Canti G, De S A and Korbelik M 2002 Photodynamic therapy and the immune system in experimental oncology Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1 79
157. Canti G, Lattuada D, Nicolin A, Taroni P, Valentini G and Cubeddu R 1994 Antitumour immunity induced by photodynamic therapy with aluminum disulfonated phthalocyanines and laser light Anticancer Drugs 5 443
158. Schreiber S, Gross S, Brandis A, Harmelin A, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Scherz A and Salomon Y 2002 Local photodynamic therapy (PDT) of rat C6 glioma xenografts with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide leads to decreased metastases and increase of animal cure compared with surgery Int. J. Cancer 99 279
159. Moshkovska T and Mayberry J 2005 It is time to test low level laser therapy in Great Britain Postgrad. Med. J. 81 436
160. Chow R T and Barnsley L 2005 Systematic review of the literature of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the management of neck pain Lasers Surg. Med. 37 46
161. Posten W, Wrone D A, Dover J S, Arndt K A, Silapunt S and Alam M 2005 Low-level laser therapy for wound healing: mechanism and efficacy Dermatol. Surg. 31 334
162. Sun G and Tuner J 2004 Low-level laser therapy in dentistry Dent. Clin. North Am. 48 1061
163. Lucas C, Criens-Poublon L J, Cockrell C T and de Haan R J 2002 Wound healing in cell studies and animal model experiments by low level laser therapy; were clinical studies justified? a systematic review Lasers Med. Sci. 17 110
164. Conlan M J, Rapley J W and Cobb C M 1996 Biostimulation of wound healing by low-energy laser irradiation: a review J. Clin. Periodontol. 23 492
165. Navratil L and Kymplova J 2002 Contraindications in noninvasive laser therapy: truth and fiction J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 20 341
166. Karu T 1989 Photobiology of low-power laser effects Health Phys. 56 691
167. Greguss P 1984 Low-level laser therapy-reality or myth? Opt. Laser Technol. 16 81
168. Nemeth A J 1993 Lasers and wound healing Dermatol. Clin. 11 783
169. Steiner H 2003 Interactions of laser radiation with biological tissue Applied Laser Medicine ed H P Berlien and G J Muller (Berlin: Springer) p 101
170. Allison S W, Gillies G T, Magnuson D W and Pagano T S 1985 Pulsed laser damage to optical fibers Appl. Opt. 24 3140
171. Thomas R J, Rockwell B A, Marshall W J, Aldrich R C, Gorschboth M F, Zimmerman S A and Rockwell R J 2007 Procedure for the computation of hazards from diffusely scattering surfaces under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers J. Laser Appl. 19 46
172. Lumbert S 2007 Seven-year update drives national laser safety standard forward Photonics Spectra 41 60
173. Parker S 2007 Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice Br. Dent. J. 202 523
174. Teirlinck C J P M and Vaartjes S R 2001 Dutch Committee on Laser Safety in Health Care Laser Safety in Health Care Proc. SPIE 4156 102
175. Gabay S 2003 Laser safety aspects for medical applications Proc. SPIE 5287 1
176. Zuclich J A, Lund D J and Stuck B E 2007 Wavelength dependence of ocular damage thresholds in the near-IR to far-IR transition region: proposed revisions to MPEs Health Phys. 92 15
177. Anderson R R and Parrish J A 1983 Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation Science 220 524
178. Wheeland R G 1995 Clinical uses of lasers in dermatology Lasers Surg. Med. 16 2
179. Reinisch L 1996 Laser physics and tissue interactions Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 29 893
180. Tanzi E L, Lupton J R and Alster T S 2003 Lasers in dermatology: four decades of progress J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49 1
181. Peng Q, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M and Nesland J M 1997 Review: 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: principle and experimental research Photochem. Photobiol. 65 235
182. Fritsch C and Ruzicka T 2006 Fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy in dermatology from experimental state to clinic standard methods J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 25 425
183. Anderson R R 2000 Lasers in dermatology-a critical update J. Dermatol. 27 700
184. Meyer-Schwickerath G 1949 Koagulation der Netzhaut mit Sonnenlicht Ber. Dtsch Ophth. Ges. 55 256
185. Burt B A and Eklund S A 1999 Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community (Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co.)
186. Wilson M, Dobson J and Harvey W 1992 Sensitisation of oral bacteria to killing by low-power laser radiation Curr. Microbiol. 25 77
187. Burns T, Wilson M and Pearson G J 1993 Sensitisation of cariogenic bacteria to killing by light from a helium/neon laser J. Med. Microbiol. 38 401
188. Burns T, Wilson M and Pearson G J 1994 Killing of variogenic bacteria by light from a gallium arsenide diode laser J. Dent. 22 273
189. Wilson M, Burns T, Pratten J and Pearson G J 1995 Bacteria in supragingival plaque samples can be killed by low-power laser light in the presence of a photosensitiser J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78 569
190. Wood S et al 1999 An in vitro study of the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of natural oral plaque biofilm formed in vivo J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 50 1
191. Wilson M 1993 Photolysis of oral bacteria and its potential use in the treatment of caries and periodontal disease: a review J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75 299
192. Wilson M, Dobson J and Sarkar S 1993 Lethal photosensitization of oral anaerobic bacteria Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 8 182
193. Sarkar S and Wilson M 1993 Lethal photosensitisation of bacteria in subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic periodontitis J. Periodont. Res. 28 204
194. Rovaldi C R et al 2000 Photoactive porphyrin derivative with broad-spectrum activity against oral pathogens in vitro Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 3364
195. Wilson M, Sarkar S and Bulman J 1994 Effect of blood on the lethal photosensitisation of bacteria in subgingival plaque from patients with chronic periodontitis Lasers Med. Sci. 8 297
196. Shi X Q et al 2000 Occlusal caries detection with KaVo DIAGNOdent and radiography: an in vitro comparison Caries Res. 34 151
197. Lussi A et al 2001 Clinical performance of a laser fluorescence device for detection of occlusal caries lesions Eur. J. Oral Sci. 109 14
198. Angmar-Mnsson B, al-Khateeb S and Tranaeus S 1996 Monitoring the caries process. Optical methods for clinical diagnosis and quantification of enamel caries Eur. J. Oral Sci. 104 480
199. Al-Khateeb S et al 1998 A longitudinal laser fluorescence study of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 113 595
200. Hibst R and Keller U 1989 Experimental studies of the application of the Er : YAG laser on dental hard substances: I. Measurement of the ablation rate Lasers Surg. Med. 9 338
201. Hibst R and Keller U 1989 Experimental studies of the application of the Er : YAG laser on dental hard substances: II. Light microscopic and SEM investigations Lasers Surg. Med. 9 327
202. Walsh J T, Flotte T J and Deutsch T E 1989 Er : YAG laser ablation of tissue: effect of pulse duration and tissue type on thermal damage Lasers Surg. Med. 9 314
203. Walsh L J 1992 Soft tissue management in periodontics using a carbon dioxide surgical laser Periodontology 13 13
204. Walsh L J 1992 The use of lasers in implantology: an overview J. Oral Implantol. 18 335
205. Walsh L J 1996 The clinical challenge of laser use in periodontics Periodontology 17 66
206. Lin L C, Pitts D L and Burgess L W 1988 An investigation into the feasibility of photobleaching tetracycline-stained teeth J. Endodont. 14 293
207. Shapshay S M, Rebeiz E E, Bohigian R K and Hybels R L 1990 Benign lesions of the larynx: should the laser be used? Laryngoscope 100 953
208. 2-laser micropoint micromanipulator for the treatment of laryngomalacia Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 253 401
209. 2 laser J. Laryngol. Otol. 103 930
210. Remacle M, Lawson G, Degols J C, Evrard I and Jamart J 2000 Microsurgery of sulcus vergeture with carbon dioxide laser and injectable collagen Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 109 141
211. Nishloka N S 1995 Application of lasers in gastroenterology Lasers Surg. Med. 16 205
212. Fleischer D, Kesseler F and Haye O 1982 Endoscopic Nd : YAG laser therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a new palliative approach Am. J. Surg. 143 280
213. Bown S G 1991 Palliation of malignant dysphagia-surgery, radiotherapy, laser, intubation alone or in combination Gut 32 841
214. Amin Z, Donald J J, Masters A, Kant R, Steger A C and Bown S G 1993 Hepatic metastases interstitial laser photocoagulation with real-time US monitoring and dynamic C T evaluation of treatment Radiology 187 339
215. Marks A J and Teichman J M 2007 Lasers in clinical urology: state of the art and new horizons World J. Urol. 25 227
216. Ravi H A and Denstedt J D 1996 Lasers in urology Contemp. Urol. 8 32
217. Floratos D L and de la Rosette J J 1999 Lasers in urology BJU Int. 84 204
218. Chan K F, Pfefer T J, Teichman J M H and Welch A J 2001 A perspective on laser lithotripsy: the fragmentation process J. Endourol. 15 257
219. Chan K F et al 1999 Holmium : YAG laser lithotripsy: a dominant photothermal ablative mechanism with chemical decomposition of urinary calculi Lasers Surg. Med. 25 22
220. Syed H A, Biyani C S, Bryan N, Brough S J and Powell C S 2001 Holmium : YAG laser treatment of recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma : initial clinical experience J. Endourol. 15 625
221. Van Bezooijen B P, Horenblas S, Meinhard W and Newling D W 2001 Laser therapy for carcinoma in situ of the penis J. Urol. 166 1670
222. Gupta N P, Ansart M S and Singh I 2001 Laser endoscopic incision: a viable alternative to treat adult ureterocele Int. Urol. Nephrol. 33 325
223. Dougherty T J, Gomer C J, Henderson B W, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J and Peng Q 1998 Photodynamic therapy J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90 889
224. Peng Q 2006 Photodynamic therapy and detection J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 25 1
225. Reid R et al 1990 Superficial laser vulvectomy. IV. Extended laser vaporization and adjuvant 5-fluorouracil therapy of human papillomavirus associated vulvar diseases Obstet. Gynecol. 76 439
226. Jones R W and Mclean M R 1986 Carcinoma in situ of the vulva: a review of 31 treated and five untreated cases Obstet. Gynecol. 68 499
227. Campion M J and Singer A 1987 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasis: a clinical review Genitourin. Med. 63 147
228. Chafee W, Ferguson K and Wilkinson E J 1988 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): principles of surgical therapy Colposc. Gynecol. Laser Surg. 4 125
229. Choy D S J et al 1984 Human coronary laser recanalization Clin. Cardiol. 7 377
230. Margolis J R and Mehta S 1992 Excimer laser coronary angioplasty Am. J. Cardiol. 69 3F
231. Bittl J A and Sanborn T A 1992 Excimer laser-facilitated coronary angioplasty Circulation 86 71
232. Holmes D R et al 1994 Coronary perforation after excimer laser coronary angioplasty: the excimer laser coronary angioplasty registry experience J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23 330
233. Bittl J A et al 1992 Clinical success, complications and restenosis rates with excimer laser coronary angioplasty Am. J. Cardiol. 70 1553
234. Lamuraglia G M et al 1988 Selective laser ablation of venous thrombus: implications for a new approach in the treatment of pulmonary embolus Lasers Surg. Med. 8 486
235. Gregory K W et al 1993 Laser thrombolysis in acute myocardial infaraction Lasers Surg. Med. 5 (Suppl.) 13
236. Tasse J and Arora R 2007 Transmyocardial revascularization: peril and potential J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 12 44
237. Saksena S et al 1987 Intraoperative mapping-guided argon laser ablation of malignant ventricular tachycardia Am. J. Cardiol. 59 78
238. Isner J M et al 1987 Laser-assisted endocardiectomy for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias: preliminary operative experience Clin. Cardiol. 10 201
239. Earle K M, Carpentier S, Roessmann U, Hayes J R and Zeitler E 1965 Central nervous system effect of laser radiation Fed. Proc. 24 129
240. Stellar S 1965 Effects of laser energy on brain and nervous tissue Laser Focus 1 3
241. Brown T E, True C, McLauria R L, Hornby P and Rockwell R J 1966 Laser radiation: acute effects on cerebral cortex Neurology 17 789
242. Stellar S 1970 Experimental studies wit the carbon dioxide laser as a neurosurgical instrument Med. Biol. Eng. 8 549
243. Fassano V A 1982 The use of laser in neurosurgery J. Neurosurg. Sci. 26 245
244. Kelly P J and Alker G J Jr 1981 A sterotactic approach to deep-seated CNS neoplasm using the carbon dioxide laser Surg. Neurol. 15 331
245. 2 laser Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 68 1
246. Kahn T, Bettag M, Ulrich F, Schwarzmaier H J, Schober R, Furst G and Modder U 1994 MRI-guided laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy of cerebral neoplasm J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 18 519
247. Schwarzmaier H J, Yaroslavsky I, Yaroslavsky A, Fiedler V, Ulrich F and Kahn T 1998 Treatment planning for MRI-guided laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy of brain tumours-the role of blood perfusion J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 121
248. Schulze P C, Kahn T, Harth T, Schwarzmaier H J, Schober R and Schulze C P 1998 Correlation of neuropathologic findings and phase-based MRI temperature maps in experimental laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 115
249. Stylli S S, Howes M, MacGregor L, Rajendra P and Kaye A H 2004 Photodynamic therapy of brain tumours: evaluation of porphyrin uptake versus clinical outcome J. Clin. Neurosci. 11 584
250. Muller P, Wilson B, Lilge L, Yang V, Hetzel F, Chen Q, Fullager T, Fenstermaker R, Selker R and Abrams J 2001 Photofrin-photodynamic therapy for malignant brain tumours Proc. SPIE 4248 34
251. Kostron H, Obwegeser A and Jakober R 1996 Photodynamic therapy in neurosurgery: a review J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 36 157
252. Madsen S J and Hirschberg H 2006 Photodynamic therapy and detection of high-grade gliomas J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 25 453
253. Alfano R R et al 1984 Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy from native cancerous and normal tissue IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-20 1507
254. Nishioka N S 1994 Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clin. 4 313
255. Andersson-Engels S, Klinteberg C, Svanber K and Svanberg S 1997 In vivo fluorescence imaging for tissue diagnosis Phys. Med. Biol. 42 815
256. Lovat L B and Bown S G 2001 Lasers in gastroenterology World J. Gastroenterol. 7 317
257. Lam S, MacAulay C, LeRiche J C and Palcic B 2000 Detection and localization of early lung cancer by fluorescence bronchoscopy Cancer 89 (Suppl) 2468
258. Huttmann G, Yao C and Endl E 2005 New concepts in laser medicine: towards a laser surgery with cellular precision Med. Laser Appl. 20 135
259. Konig K, Riemann I, Fischer P and Halbhuber K J 1995 Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses Cell Mol. Biol. 45 195
260. Vogel A and Venugopalan V 2003 Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues Chem. Rev. 103 577
261. Shen N, Datta D, Schaffer C B, LeDuc P, Ingber D E and Mazur E 2005 Ablation of cytoskeletal filaments and mitochondria in cells using a femtosecond laser nanoscissor Mech. Chem. Biosys. 2 17
262. Tirlapur U K and Konig K 2002 Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser Nature 418 290
263. Fischer A L 2007 Medical laser market on the rise Biophotonics Int. 14 40