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The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials
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This review article provides an excellent overview of the perils and promises of using biomass in novel ways to produce fuels for society.
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Ragauskas A.J., Williams C.K., Davison B.H., Britovsek G., Cairney J., Eckert C.A., Frederick Jr. W.J., Hallett J.P., Leak D.J., Liotta C.L., et al. The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311 (2006) 484-489. This review article provides an excellent overview of the perils and promises of using biomass in novel ways to produce fuels for society.
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Somerville C. Cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 22 (2006) 53-78. The more efficient use of cellulosic biomass will be aided by a deeper understanding of its biosynthesis and the structural variations that exist in nature. This review provides an excellent overview of the current state of knowledge.
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Evidence is provided that efficient cellulose hydrolysis is a three-body problem, consisting of cellulose, cell, and enzymes. The concept suggests an integrated approach for a one-pot fermentation to hydrolyze cellulose and transform released sugars to the desired fuel end product.
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Lu Y., Zhang Y.H., and Lynd L.R. Enzyme-microbe synergy during cellulose hydrolysis by Clostridium thermocellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 16165-16169. Evidence is provided that efficient cellulose hydrolysis is a three-body problem, consisting of cellulose, cell, and enzymes. The concept suggests an integrated approach for a one-pot fermentation to hydrolyze cellulose and transform released sugars to the desired fuel end product.
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Lu, Y.1
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Cellulosomes are remarkable structures used by bacteria to degrade a potentially recalcitrant polymer with reasonable efficiency. This review summarizes the rapidly growing body of information on the structure and function of cellulosomes, the knowledge of which is now aided by a significant number of X-ray structures for the key protein components.
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Gilbert H.J. Cellulosomes: microbial nanomachines that display plasticity in quaternary structure. Mol Microbiol 63 (2007) 1568-1576. Cellulosomes are remarkable structures used by bacteria to degrade a potentially recalcitrant polymer with reasonable efficiency. This review summarizes the rapidly growing body of information on the structure and function of cellulosomes, the knowledge of which is now aided by a significant number of X-ray structures for the key protein components.
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Manikandan K., Bhardwaj A., Gupta N., Lokanath N.K., Ghosh A., Reddy V.S., and Ramakumar S. Crystal structures of native and xylosaccharide-bound alkali thermostable xylanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. NG-27: structural insights into alkalophilicity and implications for adaptation to polyextreme conditions. Protein Sci 15 (2006) 1951-1960
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Lignin constitutes a tough barrier to enzymatic hydrolysis of potentially more digestible sugar polymers. This paper highlights an emerging strategy of engineering plants with defects in lignin biosynthetic pathways that lead to altered or lesser amounts of lignin. The authors showed that the genetic modifications rendered the cellulose of the plants more accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Chen F., and Dixon R.A. Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnol 25 (2007) 759-761. Lignin constitutes a tough barrier to enzymatic hydrolysis of potentially more digestible sugar polymers. This paper highlights an emerging strategy of engineering plants with defects in lignin biosynthetic pathways that lead to altered or lesser amounts of lignin. The authors showed that the genetic modifications rendered the cellulose of the plants more accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis.
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In a paper that is largely a review article, there is a discussion of an important concept for increasing the yield of bioethanol production via production of acetate coupled with esterification and chemical reduction. This approach may also overcome some of the problems associated with ethanol toxicity and the harvesting of a water-soluble product.
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Eggeman T., and Verser D. The importance of utility systems in today's biorefineries and a vision for tomorrow. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 129-132 (2006) 361-381. In a paper that is largely a review article, there is a discussion of an important concept for increasing the yield of bioethanol production via production of acetate coupled with esterification and chemical reduction. This approach may also overcome some of the problems associated with ethanol toxicity and the harvesting of a water-soluble product.
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This study demonstrates that a small chain alcohol can be esterified to a fatty acid in vivo to produce diesel fuel biologically. Next key steps will be to engineer an E. coli strain, producing high levels of fatty acids de novo and developing an acyltransferase that is more active with ethanol as the acyl acceptor.
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Kalscheuer R., Stolting T., and Steinbüchel A. Microdiesel: Escherichia coli engineered for fuel production. Microbiology 152 (2006) 2529-2536. This study demonstrates that a small chain alcohol can be esterified to a fatty acid in vivo to produce diesel fuel biologically. Next key steps will be to engineer an E. coli strain, producing high levels of fatty acids de novo and developing an acyltransferase that is more active with ethanol as the acyl acceptor.
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