Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 catalytic activity in human plasma is masked by an endogenous inhibitor

Experimental Physiology

Volumn 93, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 685-693

  Lew, Rebecca A ^a   Warner, Fiona J ^a   Hanchapola, Iresha ^a   Yarski, Michael A ^a   Manohar, Jay ^b   Burrell, Louise M ^b   Smith, A Ian ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2 INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; METAL ION;

ADULT; ANION EXCHANGE; ARTICLE; CATALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FEMALE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MALE; WESTERN BLOTTING;

EID: 42649095968     PISSN: 09580670     EISSN: 1469445X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040352     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Alhenc‐Gelas F, Weare JA, Johnson RL Jr & Erdos EG (1983). Measurement of human converting enzyme level by direct radioimmunoassay. J Lab Clin Med 101, 83–96.
2. Azizi M, Ezan E, Nicolet L, Grognet J‐M & Menard J (1997). High plasma level of N ‐acetyl‐seryl‐aspartyl‐lysyl‐proline: a new marker of chronic angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 30, 1015–1019.
3. Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND & Woessner JF, eds. (1998). Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, 1st edn. Elsevier, London.
4. Blobel CP (2005). ADAMs: key components in EGFR signalling and development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6, 32–43.
5. Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, Dean RG, MacDonald PS, Lu S, Tikellis C, Grant SL, Lew RA, Smith AI, Cooper ME & Johnston CI (2005). Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. Eur Heart J 26, 369–375.
6. Conroy JM, Hartley JL & Soffer RL (1978). Canine pulmonary angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Physicochemical, catalytic and immunological properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 524, 403–412.
7. Dales NA, Gould AE, Brown JA, Calderwood EF, Guan B, Minor CA, Gavin JM, Hales P, Kaushik VK, Stewart M, Tummino PJ, Vickers CS, Ocain TD & Patane MA (2002). Substrate‐based design of the first class of angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 124, 11852–11853.
8. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robison K, Jeyaseelan R, Breitbart RE & Acton S (2000). A novel angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1–9. Circ Res 87, E1–E9.
9. Donoghue M, Wakimoto H, Maguire CT, Acton S, Hales P, Stagliano N, Fairchild‐Huntress V, Xu J, Lorenz JN, Kadambi V, Berul CI & Breitbart RE (2003). Heart block, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death in ACE2 transgenic mice with downregulated connexins. J Mol Cell Cardiol 35, 1043–1053.
10. Douglas GC, O'Bryan MK, Hedger MP, Lee DKL, Yarski MA, Smith AI & Lew RA (2004). The novel angiotensin converting enzyme homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed in adult Leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology 145, 4703–4711.
11. Ferrario CM, Trask AJ & Jessup JA (2005). Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin‐(1–7) in regulation of cardiovascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289, H2281–H2290.
12. Friedland J & Silverstein E (1976). A sensitive fluorimetric assay for serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Am J Clin Pathol 66, 416–424.
13. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis GJ & Van Goor H (2004). Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203, 631–637.
14. Herath CB, Warner FJ, Lubel JS, Dean RG, Jia Z, Lew RA, Smith AI, Burrell LM & Angus PW (2007). Upregulation of hepatic angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin‐(1–7) levels in experimental biliary fibrosis. J Hepatol 47, 387–395.
15. Hooper NM (1991). Angiotensin converting enzyme: implications from molecular biology for its physiological functions. Int J Biochem 238, 641–647.
16. Ishiyama Y, Gallagher PE, Averill DB, Tallant EA, Brosnihan KB & Ferrario CM (2004). Upregulation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors. Hypertension 43, 970–976.
17. Jordan M, Schallhorn A & Wurm FM (1996). Transfecting mammalian cells: optimisation of critical parameters affecting calcium‐phosphate precipitate formation. Nucleic Acids Res 24, 596–601.
18. Kuruppu S, Reeve S & Smith AI (2007). Characterisation of endothelin converting enzyme‐1 shedding from endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 581, 4501–4506.
19. Lambert DW, Yarski M, Warner FJ, Thornhill P, Parkin ET, Smith AI, Hooper NM & Turner AJ (2005). Tumor necrosis factor‐α convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe‐acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2). J Biol Chem 280, 30113–30119.
20. Lely AT, Hamming I, Van Goor H & Navis GJ (2004). Renal ACE2 expression in human kidney disease. J Pathol 204, 587–593.
21. Lew RA (2003). HPLC in the analysis of peptide metabolism. In HPLC of Peptides & Proteins: Methods & Protocols, vol. 251, Methods in Molecular Biology, ed. Aguilar M‐I, pp. 275–290. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA.
22. Lew RA, Warner FJ, Hanchapola I & Smith AI (2006). Characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) in human urine. Int J Pept Res Ther 12, 283–289.
23. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H & Farzan M (2003). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426, 450–454.
24. Ng KKF & Vane JR (1967). Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Nature 216, 762–766.
25. Ocaranza MP, Godoy I, Jalil JE, Varas M, Collantes P, Pinto M, Roman M, Ramirez C, Copaja M, Diaz‐Araya G, Castro P & Lavandero S (2006). Enalapril attenuates downregulation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in the late phase of ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarcted rat. Hypertension 48, 572–578.
26. Paizis G, Tikellis C, Cooper ME, Schembri JM, Lew RA, Smith AI, Shaw T, Warner FJ, Zuilli A, Burrell LM & Angus PW (2005). Chronic liver injury in rats and humans upregulates the novel enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Gut 54, 1790–1796.
27. Parkin ET, Turner AJ & Hooper NM (2004). Secretase‐mediated cell surface shedding of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Protein Pept Lett 11, 423–432.
28. Rice GI, Jones AL, Grant PJ, Carter AM, Turner AJ & Hooper NM (2006). Circulating activities of angiotensin‐converting enzyme, its homolog, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, and neprilysin in a family study. Hypertension 48, 914–920.
29. Santos RA, Krieger EM & Greene LJ (1985). An improved fluorometric assay of rat serum and plasma converting enzyme. Hypertension 7, 244–252.
30. Shaltout HA, Westwood BM, Averill DB, Ferrario CM, Figueroa JP, Diz DI, Rose JC & Chappell MC (2007). Angiotensin metabolism in renal proximal tubules, urine, and serum of sheep: evidence for ACE2‐dependent processing of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292, F82–F91.
31. Skeggs LT Jr, Marsh WH, Kahn JR & Shumway NP (1954). The existence of two forms of hypertensin. J Exp Med 99, 275–282.
32. Steer D, Lew R, Perlmutter P, Smith AI & Aguilar MI (2002). Inhibitors of metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 and EC 3.4.24.16 stabilized against proteolysis by the incorporation of β‐amino acids. Biochemistry 41, 10819–10826.
33. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G & Turner AJ (2000). A human homolog of angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril‐insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem 275, 33238–33243.
34. Vickers C, Hales P, Kaushik V, Dick L, Gavin J, Tang J, Godbout K, Parsons T, Baronas E, Hsieh F, Acton S, Patane M, Nichols A & Tummino P (2002). Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐related carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem 277, 14838–14843.
35. Warner FJ, Lew RA, Smith AI, Lambert DW, Hooper NM & Turner AJ (2005). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), but not ACE, is preferentially localized to the apical surface of polarized kidney cells. J Biol Chem 280, 39353–39362.
36. Xiao HD, Fuchs S, Frenzel K, Teng L, Li P, Shen XZ, Adams J, Zhao H, Keshelava GT, Bernstein KE & Cole JM (2004). The use of knockout mouse technology to achieve tissue selective expression of angiotensin converting enzyme. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36, 781–789.
37. Ye M, Wysocki J, Naaz P, Salabat MR, LaPointe MS & Batlle D (2004). Increased ACE 2 and decreased ACE protein in renal tubules from diabetic mice: a renoprotective combination? Hypertension 43, 1120–1125.
38. Zulli A, Burrell LM, Widdop RE, Black MJ, Buxton BF & Hare DL (2006). Immunolocalization of ACE2 and AT 2 receptors in rabbit atherosclerotic plaques. J Histochem Cytochem 54, 147–150.