Privacy, visibility, transparency, and exposure

University of Chicago Law Review

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 181-201

  Cohen, Julie E ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42349116635     PISSN: 00419494     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (121)

1. Neil M. Richards, The Information Privacy Law Project, 94 Georgetown L J 1087 (2006). I should note that I am one of the scholars identified with this project.
2. See W. Page Keeton, et al, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts §117 at 851-56 (West 5th ed 1984).
3. See id §117 at 856-66.
4. See, for example, US News & World Report, lne v Avrahami, 1996 WL 1065557, *6-7 (Va Cir Ct);
5. Dwyer v American Express Co, 652 NE2d 1351,1355-56 (111 App Ct 1995);
6. Castro v NYT Television, 851 A2d 88,98 (NJ Super Ct 2004).
7. See, for example, Kyllo v United States, 533 US 27, 29 (2001);
8. California v Greenwood, 486 US 35,40-41 (1988).
9. See also R v Tessling, [2004] 3 SCR 432,434 (Can). Kyllo was thought to be a hard case precisely because it seemed to lie on the boundary between the two categories.
10. See, for example, Julie E. Cohen, Examined Lives: Informational Privacy and the Subject as Object, 52 Stan L Rev 1373,1424-25 (2000);
11. Paul M. Schwartz, Internet Privacy and the State, 32 Conn L Rev 815, 856-57 (2000).
12. See also Luciano Floridi, The Ontological Interpretation of Informational Privacy, 7 Ethics & Info Tech 185,194-99 (2005).
13. See generally Helen Nissenbaum, Privacy as Contextual Integrity, 79 Wash L Rev 119 (2004).
14. See also generally Jeffrey Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze: The Destruction of Privacy in America (Random House 2000).
15. See generally Daniel J. Solove, Conceptualizing Privacy, 90 Cal L Rev 1087 (2002).
16. See, for example, Daniel J. Solove, The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age 97-101 (NYU 2004);
17. Richards, 94 Georgetown L J at 1095-1102 (cited in note 1);
18. Schwartz, 32 Conn L Rev at 831 (cited in note 6),
19. citing Joel R. Reidenberg, Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology, 76 Tex L Rev 553,556 (1998).
20. See, for example, Sonia K. Katyal, The New Surveillance, 54 Case W Res L Rev 297,317-19 (2003);
21. Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze at 213-14 (cited in note 7);
22. Schwartz, 32 Conn L Rev at 852-53 (cited in note 6).
23. See also Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 195-209 (Vintage 1977) (Alan Sheridan, trans) (describing the Panopticon).
24. The Hebrew Bible refers to God in a number of ways, including El-Roi, or "God who sees."
25. See, for example, Genesis 16:13. The all-seeing God figures prominently in the religious iconography of the Renaissance, and the linkages between vision, power, and knowledge continue in the subsequent secular iconography of the Enlightenment.
26. See Astrit Schmidt-Burkhardt, The All-Seer: God's Eye as Proto-surveillance, in Thomas Y. Levin, Ursula Frohne, and Peter Weibel, eds, Ctrl [Space]: Rhetorics of Surveillance from Bentham to Big Brother 17, 18-26 (MIT 2002).
27. See Rene Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, in 31 Great Books of the Western World 4 (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1952) (Elizabeth S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans).
28. See also George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought 393-96 (Basic Books 1999). According to Bernard Hibbitts, the cultural preeminence of sight is linked to the spread of literacy, and reached its zenith with the development of Cartesian rationalism. Bernard J. Hibbitts, Making Sense of Metaphors: Visuality, Aurality, and the Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse, 16 Cardozo L Rev 229,244-61 (1994).
29. See Solove, The Digital Person at 33-35 (cited in note 9).
30. See generally Foucault, Discipline and Punish (cited in note 10).
31. See id at 205-06. The exception is James Boyle, Foucault in Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty, and Hardwired Censors, 66 U Cin L Rev 177,184-88 (1997).
32. Foucault, Discipline and Punish at 223 (cited in note 10).
33. Id at 207-17, 222-27.
34. See David Lyon, Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life 33-35, 114-18 (Open University 2001);
35. Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information 15-52 (Westview 1993).
36. See generally David Murakami Wood, ed, Surveillance Studies Network, A Report on the Surveillance Society (Mark Siddoway/Knowledge House 2006);
37. Kirstie Ball, Elements of Surveillance: A New Framework and Future Directions, 5 Info Commun & Socy 573 (2002).
38. See Michael R. Curry and Leah A. Lievrouw, Places to Read Anonymously: The Ecology on Attention and Forgetting 5 (working paper, 2004), online at http://www.spatial.matae.edu/~nittel/lp/ curry-lievrouw_paper.pdf (visited Jan 12,2008), quoting Jean-François Blanchette and Deborah G. Johnson, Data Retention and the Panoptic Society: The Social Benefits of Forgetfulness, 18 Info Socy 33,35 (2002).
39. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minnesota 1987) (Brian Massumi, trans).
40. Kevin D. Haggerty and Richard V. Ericson, The Surveillant Assemblage, 51 Brit J Sociology 605,605 (2000).
41. Id at 614.
42. Id at 615-16.
43. Canonical works in these fields include J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Harvard 1962);
44. Clifford Geertz, Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture, in The Interpretation of Cultures 3 (Basic 1973);
45. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Doubleday Anchor 1959);
46. Jacques Derrida, Signature Event Context, in Margins of Philosophy 307 (Chicago 1982) (Alan Bass, trans).
47. See, for example, Andrew Parker and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Introduction, in Andrew Parker and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, eds, Performativity and Performance 1,6-8 (Routledge 1995);
48. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity 24-25 (Routledge 1990).
49. See David J. Phillips, From Privacy to Visibility: Context, Identity, and Power in Ubiquitous Computing Environments, 23 Soc Text 95,101 (2005);
50. John E. McGrath, Loving Big Brother: Performance, Privacy and Surveillance Space 12-14 (Routledge 2004);
51. Hille Koskela, Webcams, TV Shows, and Mobile Phones: Empowering Exhibitionism, 2 Surveillance & Socy 199, 206 (2004);
52. Stan Karas, Privacy, Identity, Databases, 52 Am U L Rev 393,417-24 (2002).
53. See generally Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze (cited in note 7);
54. Daniel J. Solove, The Virtues of Knowing Less: Justifying Privacy Protections against Disclosure, 53 Duke L J 967 (2003).
55. See, for example, Frederick Schauer, Profiles, Probabilities, and Stereotypes 22 (Belknap 2003);
56. Deborah Hellman, The Expressive Dimension of Equal Protection, 85 Minn L Rev 1 (2000);
57. David Cole, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System 16-27 (New Press 1999).
58. See, for example, Oscar Gandy, Jr., Data Mining, Surveillance, and Discrimination in the Post-9/11 Environment, in Kevin D. Haggerty and Richard V. Ericson, eds, The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility 363, 363-64 (Toronto 2006).
59. Consider Bernard E. Harcourt, An Answer to the Question: "What Is Poststructuralism?, " (Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No 156, Mar 2007), online at http://ssrn.com/ abstract=970348 (visited Jan 12, 2008).
60. See Hornberger v Eastman, 206 A2d 239, 242 (NH 1964).
61. See also Chapman v United States, 365 US 610, 616-17 (1961).
62. See Florida v Riley, 488 US 445, 451 (1989);
63. California v Ciraolo, 476 US 207, 214-15 (1986).
64. See California v Greenwood, 486 US 35, 40 (1988).
65. See O'Connor v Ortega, 480 US 709,713-14 (1987);
66. Mancusi v DeForte, 392 US 364,369 (1968).
67. 533 US 27 (2001).
68. Id at 34.
69. See, for example, Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze at 8 (cited in note 7);
70. Lisa Austin, Privacy and the Question of Technology, 22 Law & Phil 119,126 (2003);
71. Ruth Gavison, Privacy and the Limits of Law, 89 Yale L J 421,432 (1980) ("[Attention alone will cause a loss of privacy even if no new information becomes known.").
72. See, for example, Solove, 90 Cal L Rev at 1094-95,1151 (cited in note 8);
73. Lloyd L. Weinreb, The Right to Privacy, in Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Jeffrey Paul, eds, The Right to Privacy 25,26-27 (Cambridge 2000). The exception is Helen Nissenbaum, who does not criticize spatial ization and whose "contextual integrity" framework for privacy accommodates spatial privacy interests.
74. See Nissenbaum, 79 Wash L Rev at 137-42 (cited in note 7).
75. See generally Don Mitchell, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space (Guilford 2003).
76. See also Marc Jonathan Blitz, Video Surveillance and the Constitution of Public Space: Fitting the Fourth Amendment to a World That Tracks Image and Identity, 82 Tex L Rev 1349, 1374-98 (2004).
77. See, for example, Zablocki v Redhail, 434 US 374, 397 n 1 (1978) (Powell concurring) (observing that the Court's prior decisions establish a "sphere of privacy or autonomy" within the marital relationship);
78. Griswold v Connecticut, 381 US 479, 485 (1965) (describing a "zone of privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees");
79. Dietemann v Time, Inc, 449 F2d 245,248-49 (9th Cir 1971).
80. Hille Koskela, "The Gaze without Eyes": Video-surveillance and the Changing Nature of Urban Space, 24 Progress in Hum Geography 243, 250 (2000).
81. See Foucault, Discipline and Punish at 206 (cited in note 10);
82. Julie E. Cohen, Pervasively Distributed Copyright Enforcement, 95 Georgetown L J 1, 23 (2006).
83. See Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays 35-64 (Yale 1919) (Walter Wheeler Cook, ed).
84. See generally Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Blackwell 1991) (Donald Nicholson-Smith, trans).
85. Koskela, 24 Progress in Hum Geography at 257 (cited in note 41).
86. See Marc Auge, Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity 75-115 (Verso 1995) (John Howe, trans).
87. Id at 77-86.
88. See generally Peter Merriman, Driving Places: Marc Augé, Non-places, and the Geographies of England's M1 Motorway, 21 Theory, Culture, & Socy 145 (2004).
89. Koskela, 24 Progress in Hum Geography at 250 (cited in note 41).
90. See Julie E. Cohen, Cyberspace as/and Space, 107 Colum L Rev 210, 235-48 (2007).
91. See Haggerty and Ericson, 51 Brit J Sociology at 608-09 (cited in note 21).
92. See, for example, HollaBackNYC, online at http://hollabacknyc.blogspot. com (visited Jan 12,2008);
93. How Drunk Am I?, online at http://www.howdrunkami.com (visited Jan 12, 2008).
94. See also Kevin Werbach, Sensors and Sensibilities, 28 Cardozo L Rev 2321, 2325-29 (2007).
95. It also reminds us that online "space" and "real" space are not separate.
96. See generally Lior Jacob Strahilevitz, "How's My Driving?" for Everyone (and Everything?), 81 NYU L Rev 1699 (2006).
97. See, for example, Twitter, online at http://www.twitter.com (visited Jan 12, 2008).
98. Steve Mann, Jason Nolan, and Barry Wellman, Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments, 1 Surveillance & Socy 331, 348 (2003).
99. See Ellen Nakashima, Harsh Words Die Hard on the Web; Law Students Feel Lasting Effects of Anonymous Attacks, Wash Post AOl (Mar 7, 2007);
100. Jill Filipovic, Jill, I'm Jill, and Scummy Law School Sleazebags Have Gone after Me, Too, Ferniniste (Mar 7, 2007), online at http://www. ferniniste.us/ blog/archives/2007/03/07/wapo-calls-out-law-school-pervs (visited Jan 12, 2008).
101. See Wayne Harrison, CU Posts Pictures of Pot-smoking Event- Reward Offered for Information about People in Photos, ABC 7 News Online (Apr 28, 2006), online at http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/9063737/detail.html (visited Jan 12, 2008);
102. Texas Border Watch, http://www.texasborderwatch.com (visited Jan 12, 2008).
103. See, for example, Jennifer Nedelsky, Law, Boundaries, and the Bounded Self, in Robert Post, ed, Law and the Order of Culture 162, 169 (California 1991).
104. See, for example, Julie C. Inness, Privacy, Intimacy, and Isolation 74-94 (Oxford 1992);
105. Charles Fried, Privacy, 77 Yale L J 475, 484 (1968).
106. See generally Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (cited in note 24);
107. Irwin Atlman, The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding (Brooks/Cole 1975).
108. See, for example, Protect Your Privacy, Facebook, online at http://www.facebook.com/ sitetour/privacy.php (visited Jan 12, 2008).
109. See McGrath, Loving Big Brother at 61-62 (cited in note 26).
110. See generally Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (Zone Books 2002).
111. See McGrath, Loving Big Brother at 14-16 (cited in note 26);
112. Koskela, Webcams, TV Shows, and Mobile Phones at 206-07 (cited in note 26).
113. Jane Bailey and Ian Kerr, Seizing Control?: The Experience Capture Experiments of Ringley and Mann, 9 Ethics & Info Tech 129, 132, 137 (2007).
114. Kirstie Ball, Exposure: Exploring the Subject of Surveillance 4-5 (unpublished manuscript, 2007).
115. Id at 1.
116. See also Anita L. Allen, Coercing Privacy, 40 Wm & Mary L Rev 723, 743-45 (1999).
117. Mann, Nolan, and Wellman, 1 Surveillance & Socy at 332 (cited in note 56).
118. Id at 333, 345-47.
119. See also David Brin, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose between Privacy and Freedom? 3-26 (Addison-Wesley 1998).
120. See Faraday Cage, SearchSecurity.com, (Information Security Magazine, Dec 21, 2003), online at http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/ sDefinition/0"sid14_gci942282,00.html (visited Jan 12, 2008).
121. Ian Kerr and Alex Cameron, Nymity, P2P, and ISPs: Lessons from BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe, in Katherine Strandburg and Daniela Stan Raicu, eds, Privacy and Technologies of Identity: A Cross-disciplinary Conversation 269, 271-72 (Springer 2006).