Evolution of Synthyris sect. Dissecta (Plantaginaceae) on sky islands in the Northern Rocky Mountains

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 381-392

  Marlowe, K ^a   Hufford, Larry ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Disjunction; Haplotypes; Phylogeography; Plantaginaceae; Sky islands; Speciation; Synthyris

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; EVOLUTION; GENE FLOW; ISLAND; LAST GLACIATION; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POPULATION BOTTLENECK; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY);

NORTH AMERICA; ROCKY MOUNTAINS;

PLANTAGINACEAE; SYNTHYRIS; SYNTHYRIS CANBYI; SYNTHYRIS DISSECTA; SYNTHYRIS LANUGINOSA;

EID: 41149095995     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.95.3.381     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. ARBOGAST, B. S., R. A. BROWNE, AND P. D. WEIGL. 2001. Evolutionary genetics and Pleistocene biogeography of North American tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus). Journal of Mammalogy 82: 302-319.
2. BARBER, P. H. 1999. Phylogeography of the canyon treefrog, Hyla arenicolor (Cope) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 8: 547-562.
3. BILLINGS, W. D. 1974. Adaptations and origins of alpine plants. Arctic and Alpine Research 6: 129-142.
4. BRUBAKER, L. B., AND J. S. MCLACHLAN. 1996. Landscape diversity and vegetation response to long-term climate change in the eastern Olympic Peninsula, Pacific Northwest, USA. In B. Walker and W. Steffen [eds.], Global change and terrestrial ecosystems, 184-203. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
5. BRUNSFELD, S. J., AND J. SULLIVAN. 2006. A multi-compartmented glacial refugium in the northern Rocky Mountains: Evidence from the phylogeography of Cardamine constancei (Brassicaceae). Conservation Genetics 6: 895-904.
6. BRUNSFELD, S. J., J. SULLIVAN, D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 2001. Comparative phylogeography of northwestern North America: A synthesis. In J. Silvertown and J. Antonovics [eds.], Integrating ecology and evolution in a spatial context, 319-339. Blackwell Sciences, Oxford, UK.
7. BRUSTKERN, S. E. 2006. Testing for morphological differentiation in Synthyris wyomingensis (Plantaginaceae) and phylogeography of the Rocky Mountain endemic Synthyris wyomingensis (Plantaginaceae). Master's thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
8. BUCKINGHAM, N. M., E. G. SCHREINER, T. N. KAYE, J. E. BURGER, AND E. L. TISCH. 1995. Flora of the Olympic Peninsula. Northwest Interpretive Association, Seattle, Washington, USA.
9. CARSTENS, B. C., S. J. BRUNSFELD, J. R. DEMBOSKI, J. M. GOOD, AND J. SULLIVAN. 2005. Investigating the evolutionary history of the Pacific Northwest mesic forest ecosystem: Hypothesis testing within a comparative phylogeographic framework. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 59: 1639-1652.
10. CLEMENT, M., D. POSADA, AND K. A. CRANDALL. 2000. TCS: A computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9: 1657-1659.
11. COX, A. V., AND M. W. CHASE. 1995. DNA alignment gaps - Coding strategies for phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Botany 82 (Supplement): 122.
12. CRANDALL, K. A. 1996. Multiple interspecies transmissions of human and Simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 115-131.
13. CRANDELL, D. R. 1965. The glacial history of western Washington and Oregon. In H. E. Wright Jr. and D. G. Frey [eds.], The Quaternary of the United States, 341-353. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
14. DAUBENMIRE, R. 1975. Floristic plant geography of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Journal of Biogeography 2: 1-18.
15. DAUBENMIRE, R. F. 1952. Plant geography of Idaho. In R. J. Davis, Flora of Idaho, 1-17. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, USA.
16. DAVIS, W. M. 1920. Features of glacial origin in Montana and Idaho. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10: 75-148.
17. DECHAINE, E. G., AND A. P. MARTIN. 2004. Historic cycles of fragmentation and expansion in Parnasius smintheus (Papilionidae) inferred using mitochondrial DNA. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 58: 113-127.
18. DECHAINE, E. G., AND A. P. MARTIN. 2005a. Historical biogeography of two alpine butterflies in the Rocky Mountains: Broad-scale concordance and local-scale discordance. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1943-1956.
19. DECHAINE, E. G., AND A. P. MARTIN. 2005b. Marked genetic divergence among sky island populations of Sedum lanceolatum (Crassulaceae) in the Rocky Mountains. American Journal of Botany 92: 477-486.
20. DEMBOSKI, J. R., AND J. A. COOK. 2001. Phylogeography of the dusky shrew, Sorex monticolus (Insectivora, Soricidae): Insight into deep and shallow history in northwestern North America. Molecular Ecology 10: 1227-1240.
21. DEMBOSKI, J. R., AND J. SULLIVAN. 2003. Extensive mtDNA variation within the yellow-pine chipmunk, Tamias amoenus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), and phylogeographic inferences for northwest North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 389-408.
22. DOYLE, J. J., AND J. L. DOYLE. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11-15.
23. DYKE, A. S., J. T. ANDREWS, P. U. CLARK, J. H. ENGLAND, G. H. MILLER, J. SHAW, AND J. J. VEILLETTE. 2002. The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 9-31.
24. EXCOFFIER, L., G. LAVAL, AND S. SCHNEIDER. 2005. Arlequin version 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 1: 47-50.
25. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1973. Maximum likelihood and minimum-steps methods for estimating evolutionary trees from data on discrete characters. Systematic Zoology 22: 240-249.
26. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 39: 783-791.
27. GLEW, K. A. 1994. Range extension of the lichen Vulpicida tilesii (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) into the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The Bryologist 97: 83-84.
28. GOOD, J. M., AND J. SULLIVAN. 2001. Phylogeography of the red-tailed chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus), a northern Rocky Mountain endemic. Molecular Ecology 10: 2683-2695.
29. GRAHAM, A. 1999. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic history of North American vegetation north of Mexico. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
30. GREEN, D. M., T. F. SHARBEL, J. KEARSLEY, AND H. KAISER. 1996. Postglacial range fluctuation, genetic subdivision and speciation in the western North American spotted frog complex, Rana pretiosa. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 50: 374-390.
31. HAMILTON, M. B. 1999. Four primer pairs for the amplification of chloroplast intergenic regions with intraspecific variation. Molecular Ecology 8: 513-525.
32. HARPENDING, R. C. 1994. Signature of ancient population growth in a low-resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Human Biology 66: 591-600.
33. HAYS, J. D., J. IMBRIE, AND N. J. SHACKLETON. 1976. Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194: 1121-1132.
34. HEUSSER, C. J. 1977. Quaternary palynology of the Pacific slope of Washington. Quaternary Research 8: 282-306.
35. HEUSSER, C. J., AND L. E. HEUSSER. 1990. Long continental pollen sequence from Washington State (U.S.A.): Correlation of upper levels with marine pollen-oxygen isotope stratigraphy through substage 5e. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79: 63-71.
36. HEWITT, G. M. 1996. Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 58: 247-276.
37. HEWITT, G. M. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405: 907-913.
38. HOLLIN, J. T., AND D. H. SCHILLING. 1981. Late Wisconsin-Weichselian mountain glaciers and small ice caps. In G. H. Denton and T. J. Hughes [eds.], The last great ice sheets, 179-198. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
39. HUFFORD, L. 1992a. Floral structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 153: 217-229.
40. HUFFORD, L. 1992b. Leaf structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 921-932.
41. HUFFORD, L., AND M. MCMAHON. 2004. Morphological evolution and systematics of Synthyris and Besseya (Veronicaceae): A phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Botany 29: 716-736.
42. KAUFMAN, D. S., S. C. PORTER, AND A. R. GILLESPIE. 2004. Quaternary alpine glaciation in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Hawaii. In A. R. Gillespie, S. C. Porter, and B. F. Atwater [eds.], The Quaternary Period in the United States, vol. 1, 77-103. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
43. KNOWLES, L. L. 2001. Did the Pleistocene glaciations promote divergence? Tests of explicit refugial models in montane grasshopprers [sic]. Molecular Ecology 10: 691-701.
44. KNOWLES, L. L., AND C. L. RICHARDS. 2005. The importance of genetic drift during Pleistocene divergence as revealed by analyses of genomic variation. Molecular Ecology 14: 4023-4032.
45. LEOPOLD, E. B., AND M. F. DENTON. 1987. Comparative age of grassland and steppe east and west of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74: 841-867.
46. LOCKE, W. W. 1995. Modelling of icecap glaciation of the northern Rocky Mountains of Montana. Geomorphology 14: 123-130.
47. MARLOWE, K. 2007. Biogeography and evolution of flowering plants in the American West: Gaillardia (Asteraceae) and Synthyris (Plantaginaceae). Doctoral dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
48. MCDANIEL, S. F., AND A. J. SHAW. 2003. Phylogeographic structure and cryptic speciation in the trans-Antarctic moss Pyrrhobryum mnioides. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 57: 205-215.
49. MCKEE, E. H. 1972. Cascadia, the geologic evolution of the Pacific Northwest. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
50. MCKONE, M. J., R. OSTERTAG, J. T. RAUSCHER, D. A. HEISER, AND F. L. RUSSELL. 1995. An exception to Darwin's syndrome: Floral position, protogyny, and insect visitation in Besseya bullii (Scrophulariaceae). Oecologia 101: 68-74.
51. MININ, V., Z. ABDO, P. JOYCE, AND J. SULLIVAN. 2003. Performancebased selection of likelihood models for phylogeny estimation. Systematic Biology 52: 674-683.
52. NEI, M. 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
53. NEI, M., T. MARUYAMA, AND R. CHAKRABORTY. 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 29: 1-10.
54. NEI, M., AND F. TAJIMA. 1981. DNA polymorphism detectable by restriction endonucleases. Genetics 97: 145-163.
55. NEIGEL, J. E., AND J. C. AVISE. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation. In E. Nevo and S. Karlin [eds.], Evolutionary processes and theory, 515-534. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
56. NIELSON, M., K. LOWMAN, AND J. SULLIVAN. 2001. Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): Implications for the biogeography of the Pacific Northwest. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 55: 147-160.
57. PENNELL, F. W. 1933. A revision of Synthyris and Besseya. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 85: 77-106.
58. PETERSON, D. L., E. G. SCHREINER, AND N. M. BUCKINGHAM. 1997. Gradients, vegetation and climate: Spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, U.S.A. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6: 7-17.
59. PIERCE, K. L. 2004. Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains. In A. R. Gillespie, S. C. Porter, and B. F. Atwater [eds.], The Quaternary Period in the United States, 63-76. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
60. PIPER, C. V. 1906. Flora of the state of Washington. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, vol. XI. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
61. POSADA, D., K. A. CRANDALL, AND A. R. TEMPLETON. 2000. GeoDis, a program for the cladistic nested analysis of the geographical distribution of genetic haplotypes. Molecular Ecology 9: 487-488.
62. POSADA, D., AND A. R. TEMPLETON. 2005. Inference key for the nested haplotype tree analysis of geographical distances. Website http://darwin.uvigo.es/software/geodis.html [accessed 10 May 2007].
63. PRINTZEN, C., S. EKMAN, AND T. Tø NSBERG. 2003. Phylogeography of Cavernularia hultenii: Evidence of slow genetic drift in a widely disjunct lichen. Molecular Ecology 12: 1473-1486.
64. RAMBAUT, A. 1996-2002. Sequence alignment editor, version 2.0a11. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Website http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/.
65. RAVEN, P. H. 1964. Catastrophic selection and edaphic endemism. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 18: 336-338.
66. REISCH, C., P. POSCHLOD, AND R. WINGENDER. 2003. Genetic variation of Saxifraga paniculata Mill. (Saxifragaceae): Molecular evidence for glacial relict endemism in central Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80: 11-21.
67. ROGERS, A. R., AND H. HARPENDING. 1992. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 552-569.
68. SCHAACK, C. G. 1983. A monographic revision of the genera Synthyris and Besseya (Scrophulariaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
69. SCHAACK, C. G., AND P. F. STICKNEY. 1981. Type locality and distribution of Synthyris canbyi (Scrophulariaceae). Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Science 40: 41-43.
70. SCHÖNSWETTER, P., I. STEHLIK, R. HOLDEREGGER, AND A. TRIBSCH. 2005. Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps. Molecular Ecology 14: 3547-3555.
71. SIMMONS, M. P. 2004. Independence of alignment and tree search. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 874-879.
72. SIMMONS, M. P., AND H. OCHOTERENA. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369-381.
73. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J. ROHLF. 1995. Biometry, 3rd ed. Freeman, New York, New York, USA.
74. STEHLIK, I. 2003. Resistance or emigration? Response of alpine plants to the ice ages. Taxon 52: 499-510.
75. STREIT, A. 2004. Disjunction, dispersal, and Pleistocene effects in the North American Pacific Northwest: Phylogeography of Synthyris missurica (Plantaginaceae). Master's thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
76. SWOFFORD, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0 beta 10. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
77. TABERLET, P., L. GIELLY, G. PAUTOU, AND J. BOUVET. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105-1109.
78. TEMPLETON, A. R. 1998. Nested clade analyses of phylogeographic data: Testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history. Molecular Ecology 7: 381-397.
79. TEMPLETON, A. R., E. BOERWINKLE, AND C. F. SING. 1987. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. I. Basic theory and an analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila. Genetics 117: 343-351.
80. TEMPLETON, A. R., K. A. CRANDALL, AND C. F. SING. 1992. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics 132: 619-633.
81. TEMPLETON, A. R., E. ROUTMAN, AND C. A. PHILLIPS. 1995. Separating population structure from population history: A cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics 140: 767-782.
82. TEMPLETON, A. R., AND C. F. SING. 1993. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic association with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. IV. Nested analysis with cladogram uncertainty and recombination. Genetics 134: 659-669.
83. THUILLER, W., S. LAVOREL, M. B. ARAÚJO, M. T. SYKES, AND I. C. PRENTICE. 2005. Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102: 8245-8250.
84. VANDYKE, K. A., D. J. KAZMER, AND J. A. LOCKWOOD. 2004. Genetic structure of the alpine grasshopper, Melanoplus alpinus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 276-285.
85. WATERS, J. M., T. M. KING, P. M. O'LOUGHLIN, AND H. G. SPENCER. 2005. Phylogeographic disjunction in abundant high-dispersal littoral gastropods. Molecular Ecology 14: 2789-2802.
86. WILKE, T., AND N. DUNCAN. 2004. Phylogeographical patterns in the American Pacific Northwest: Lessons from the arionid slug Prophysaon coeruleum. Molecular Ecology 13: 2303-2315.