메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 63, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 902-919

Mortgage lending in Chicago and Los Angeles: A paired testing study of the pre-application process

Author keywords

Discrimination; Fair lending; Mortgage lending; Paired testing

Indexed keywords


EID: 41049085785     PISSN: 00941190     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2007.07.006     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (68)
  • 2
    • 0003266060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accounting for racial differences in housing credit markets
    • Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Avery R.B., Beeson P.E., and Sniderman M.S. Accounting for racial differences in housing credit markets. In: Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds). Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy (1996), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1996) Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy
    • Avery, R.B.1    Beeson, P.E.2    Sniderman, M.S.3
  • 3
    • 0000359873 scopus 로고
    • Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car
    • Ayres I., and Siegelman P. Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car. American Economic Review 85 (1995) 304-321
    • (1995) American Economic Review , vol.85 , pp. 304-321
    • Ayres, I.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 4
    • 23944517335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Emily and Gred more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination
    • Bertrand M., and Mullainathan S. Are Emily and Gred more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review 94 (2004) 991-1013
    • (2004) American Economic Review , vol.94 , pp. 991-1013
    • Bertrand, M.1    Mullainathan, S.2
  • 5
    • 33845880614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination in home purchase mortgage lending among large national banks
    • American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA
    • Blackburn M., and Vermilyea T. Racial discrimination in home purchase mortgage lending among large national banks. Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Statistical Meetings (2003), American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA
    • (2003) Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Statistical Meetings
    • Blackburn, M.1    Vermilyea, T.2
  • 6
    • 12344270613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blank R.M., Dabady M., and Citro C.F. (Eds), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
    • In: Blank R.M., Dabady M., and Citro C.F. (Eds). Measuring Racial Discrimination (2004), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
    • (2004) Measuring Racial Discrimination
  • 7
    • 0037231885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A test of cultural affinity in home mortgage lending
    • Bostic R. A test of cultural affinity in home mortgage lending. Journal of Financial Services Research 23 (2003) 89-112
    • (2003) Journal of Financial Services Research , vol.23 , pp. 89-112
    • Bostic, R.1
  • 8
    • 33846698549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assuming a can opener: Economic theory's failure to explain discrimination in FHA lending markets
    • Bradford C., and Shlay A. Assuming a can opener: Economic theory's failure to explain discrimination in FHA lending markets. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 2 (1996) 77-87
    • (1996) Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research , vol.2 , pp. 77-87
    • Bradford, C.1    Shlay, A.2
  • 9
    • 21844505989 scopus 로고
    • Housing-finance intervention and private incentives: Helping minorities and the poor
    • Calomiris C.W., Kahn C.M., and Longhofer S.D. Housing-finance intervention and private incentives: Helping minorities and the poor. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 26 (1994) 634-678
    • (1994) Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking , vol.26 , pp. 634-678
    • Calomiris, C.W.1    Kahn, C.M.2    Longhofer, S.D.3
  • 10
    • 41049107207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carr, J.H., Schuetz, J., 2001. Financial services in distressed communities: Framing the issue, finding solutions. Fannie Mae Foundation, Washington, DC
    • Carr, J.H., Schuetz, J., 2001. Financial services in distressed communities: Framing the issue, finding solutions. Fannie Mae Foundation, Washington, DC
  • 11
    • 0030463848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture, information, and screening discrimination
    • Cornell B., and Welch I. Culture, information, and screening discrimination. Journal of Political Economy 104 (1996) 542-571
    • (1996) Journal of Political Economy , vol.104 , pp. 542-571
    • Cornell, B.1    Welch, I.2
  • 12
    • 3543025593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons learned: Application of statistical techniques to fair lending compliance examinations
    • Courchane M., Nebhut D., and Nickerson D. Lessons learned: Application of statistical techniques to fair lending compliance examinations. Journal of Housing Research 11 (2000) 277-295
    • (2000) Journal of Housing Research , vol.11 , pp. 277-295
    • Courchane, M.1    Nebhut, D.2    Nickerson, D.3
  • 13
    • 84986025434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortgage discrimination in Boston: Where's the bias
    • Day T., and Liebowitz S.J. Mortgage discrimination in Boston: Where's the bias. Economic Inquiry 36 (1998) 1-27
    • (1998) Economic Inquiry , vol.36 , pp. 1-27
    • Day, T.1    Liebowitz, S.J.2
  • 14
    • 33748577688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are underserved borrowers lower risk? New evidence on the performance and pricing of FHA-insured mortgages
    • Deng Y., and Gabriel S. Are underserved borrowers lower risk? New evidence on the performance and pricing of FHA-insured mortgages. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 38 (2006) 1431-1460
    • (2006) Journal of Money, Credit and Banking , vol.38 , pp. 1431-1460
    • Deng, Y.1    Gabriel, S.2
  • 15
    • 0033459935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A better way to bootstrap pairs
    • Flachaire E. A better way to bootstrap pairs. Economics Letters 64 (1999) 257-262
    • (1999) Economics Letters , vol.64 , pp. 257-262
    • Flachaire, E.1
  • 16
    • 17644388493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bootstrapping heteroskedastic regression models: Wild bootstrap versus pairs bootstrap
    • Flachaire E. Bootstrapping heteroskedastic regression models: Wild bootstrap versus pairs bootstrap. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 49 (2005) 361-376
    • (2005) Computational Statistics and Data Analysis , vol.49 , pp. 361-376
    • Flachaire, E.1
  • 18
    • 41049113743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FreddieMac, 2000. The automated underwriting report. Chapter 5 in: Expanding Markets. FreddieMac, McLean, VA
    • FreddieMac, 2000. The automated underwriting report. Chapter 5 in: Expanding Markets. FreddieMac, McLean, VA
  • 20
    • 0000543691 scopus 로고
    • Employer costs and discrimination: The case of baseball
    • Gwartney J., and Haworth C. Employer costs and discrimination: The case of baseball. Journal of Political Economy 82 (1974) 873-881
    • (1974) Journal of Political Economy , vol.82 , pp. 873-881
    • Gwartney, J.1    Haworth, C.2
  • 21
    • 41049087331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study finds bias in mortgage process
    • Harney K. Study finds bias in mortgage process. Washington Post June 17 (2006) F01
    • (2006) Washington Post , Issue.June 17
    • Harney, K.1
  • 23
    • 0002624552 scopus 로고
    • The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings
    • Fix M., and Struyk R.J. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Heckman J.J., and Siegelman P. The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. In: Fix M., and Struyk R.J. (Eds). Clear and Convincing Evidence: Testing for Discrimination in America (1993), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1993) Clear and Convincing Evidence: Testing for Discrimination in America
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 24
    • 0036294236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disappearance of race in mortgage lending
    • Holloway S.R., and Wyly E.K. The disappearance of race in mortgage lending. Economic Geography 78 (2002) 129-169
    • (2002) Economic Geography , vol.78 , pp. 129-169
    • Holloway, S.R.1    Wyly, E.K.2
  • 25
    • 0039835887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Customer discrimination and employment outcomes for minority workers
    • Holzer H.J., and Ihlanfeldt K.R. Customer discrimination and employment outcomes for minority workers. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (1998) 835-867
    • (1998) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.113 , pp. 835-867
    • Holzer, H.J.1    Ihlanfeldt, K.R.2
  • 26
    • 0031500477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortgage lending, race, and model specification
    • Horne D.K. Mortgage lending, race, and model specification. Journal of Financial Services Research 11 (1997) 43-68
    • (1997) Journal of Financial Services Research , vol.11 , pp. 43-68
    • Horne, D.K.1
  • 27
    • 0003296777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bootstrap
    • Heckman J., and Leamer E. (Eds), North-Holland, Amsterdam
    • Horowitz J.L. The bootstrap. In: Heckman J., and Leamer E. (Eds). Handbook of Econometrics, vol. 5 (2000), North-Holland, Amsterdam
    • (2000) Handbook of Econometrics, vol. 5
    • Horowitz, J.L.1
  • 29
    • 0003024166 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in professional basketball players' compensation
    • Kahn L.M., and Sherer P.D. Racial differences in professional basketball players' compensation. Journal of Labor Economics 6 (1988) 40-61
    • (1988) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.6 , pp. 40-61
    • Kahn, L.M.1    Sherer, P.D.2
  • 30
    • 0001488144 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the correlates of discrimination facing young Hispanic job-seekers
    • Kenny G.M., and Wissoker D.A. An analysis of the correlates of discrimination facing young Hispanic job-seekers. American Economic Review 84 (1994) 674-683
    • (1994) American Economic Review , vol.84 , pp. 674-683
    • Kenny, G.M.1    Wissoker, D.A.2
  • 31
    • 0039822287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The color of money and the people who lend it
    • Kim S., and Squires G. The color of money and the people who lend it. Journal of Housing Research 9 (1999) 271-284
    • (1999) Journal of Housing Research , vol.9 , pp. 271-284
    • Kim, S.1    Squires, G.2
  • 32
    • 41049094309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • King, T.A., 1980. Discrimination in mortgage lending: A study of three cities. Federal Home Loan Bank Board, Washington, DC
    • King, T.A., 1980. Discrimination in mortgage lending: A study of three cities. Federal Home Loan Bank Board, Washington, DC
  • 33
    • 0002974887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence on discrimination in credit markets
    • Ladd H. Evidence on discrimination in credit markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998) 41-62
    • (1998) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.12 , pp. 41-62
    • Ladd, H.1
  • 34
    • 0039923088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preapplication mortgage lending testing program: Lender testing by a local agency
    • Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Lawton R. Preapplication mortgage lending testing program: Lender testing by a local agency. In: Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds). Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy (1996), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1996) Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy
    • Lawton, R.1
  • 35
    • 5444229613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subprime lending: An investigation of economic efficiency
    • Lax H., Manti M., Raca P., and Zorn P. Subprime lending: An investigation of economic efficiency. Housing Policy Debate 15 (2000) 533-571
    • (2000) Housing Policy Debate , vol.15 , pp. 533-571
    • Lax, H.1    Manti, M.2    Raca, P.3    Zorn, P.4
  • 36
    • 84983946063 scopus 로고
    • The impacts of borrowing constraints on homeownership
    • Linneman P., and Wachter S.M. The impacts of borrowing constraints on homeownership. AREUEA Journal 17 (1989) 389-402
    • (1989) AREUEA Journal , vol.17 , pp. 389-402
    • Linneman, P.1    Wachter, S.M.2
  • 39
    • 0002337732 scopus 로고
    • Some heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties
    • MacKinnon J.G., and White H.L. Some heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics 21 (1985) 53-70
    • (1985) Journal of Econometrics , vol.21 , pp. 53-70
    • MacKinnon, J.G.1    White, H.L.2
  • 40
    • 21144477186 scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap and wild bootstrap for high dimensional linear models
    • Mammen E. Bootstrap and wild bootstrap for high dimensional linear models. Annals of Statistics 21 (1993) 255-285
    • (1993) Annals of Statistics , vol.21 , pp. 255-285
    • Mammen, E.1
  • 42
    • 41049091634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Audit studies and the assessment of discrimination
    • Foster A.W., Mitchell F., and Fienberg S.E. (Eds), National Academy Press
    • Murphey S.A. Audit studies and the assessment of discrimination. In: Foster A.W., Mitchell F., and Fienberg S.E. (Eds). Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study: A Report of a Workshop (2002), National Academy Press
    • (2002) Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study: A Report of a Workshop
    • Murphey, S.A.1
  • 43
    • 41049115304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myers, C.K., 2005. Discrimination as a competitive device: The case of local television news. Working paper series #526. Middlebury College
    • Myers, C.K., 2005. Discrimination as a competitive device: The case of local television news. Working paper series #526. Middlebury College
  • 44
    • 0012500807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study
    • Neumark D. Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study. Quarterly Journal of Economic 111 (1996) 915-941
    • (1996) Quarterly Journal of Economic , vol.111 , pp. 915-941
    • Neumark, D.1
  • 45
    • 0242678538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Now you see it, Now you don't: Why do real estate agents withhold available houses from black customers
    • Ondrich J., Ross S.L., and Yinger J. Now you see it, Now you don't: Why do real estate agents withhold available houses from black customers. Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (2003) 854-873
    • (2003) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.85 , pp. 854-873
    • Ondrich, J.1    Ross, S.L.2    Yinger, J.3
  • 46
    • 41049086620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net plays increasing role in mortgage, home-buying process
    • Pastore M. Net plays increasing role in mortgage, home-buying process. Cyberatlas.com July 24 (2001)
    • (2001) Cyberatlas.com , Issue.July 24
    • Pastore, M.1
  • 47
    • 3242699187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Federal Housing Administration in the new millennium
    • Pennington-Cross A., and Yezer A.M. The Federal Housing Administration in the new millennium. Journal of Housing Research 11 (2000) 357-372
    • (2000) Journal of Housing Research , vol.11 , pp. 357-372
    • Pennington-Cross, A.1    Yezer, A.M.2
  • 48
    • 0000484503 scopus 로고
    • Serious flaws in statistical tests for discrimination in mortgage markets
    • Rachlis M.B., and Yezer A.M. Serious flaws in statistical tests for discrimination in mortgage markets. Journal of Housing Research 4 (1993) 315-336
    • (1993) Journal of Housing Research , vol.4 , pp. 315-336
    • Rachlis, M.B.1    Yezer, A.M.2
  • 49
    • 19744364855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paired testing and the 2000 Housing Discrimination Study
    • Foster A.W., Mitchell F., and Fienberg S.E. (Eds), National Academy Press
    • Ross S.L. Paired testing and the 2000 Housing Discrimination Study. In: Foster A.W., Mitchell F., and Fienberg S.E. (Eds). Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study: A Report of a Workshop (2002), National Academy Press
    • (2002) Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study: A Report of a Workshop
    • Ross, S.L.1
  • 50
    • 41049094706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ross, S.L., 2005. The continuing impact and practice of discrimination. Working paper #2005-19. University of Connecticut
    • Ross, S.L., 2005. The continuing impact and practice of discrimination. Working paper #2005-19. University of Connecticut
  • 51
    • 19744372477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing discrimination in metropolitan American: Explaining changes between 1989 and 2000
    • Ross S.L., and Turner M.A. Housing discrimination in metropolitan American: Explaining changes between 1989 and 2000. Social Problems 52 (2005) 152-180
    • (2005) Social Problems , vol.52 , pp. 152-180
    • Ross, S.L.1    Turner, M.A.2
  • 52
    • 0006709714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does discrimination in mortgage lending exist? The Boston Fed study and its critics
    • Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Ross S.L., and Yinger J. Does discrimination in mortgage lending exist? The Boston Fed study and its critics. In: Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds). Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence (1999), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1999) Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence
    • Ross, S.L.1    Yinger, J.2
  • 56
    • 0009913851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of statistical models to provide statistical evidence of discrimination in the treatment of mortgage loan applicants: A study of one lending institution
    • Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Siskin B., and Cupingood L. Use of statistical models to provide statistical evidence of discrimination in the treatment of mortgage loan applicants: A study of one lending institution. In: Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds). Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy (1996), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1996) Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy
    • Siskin, B.1    Cupingood, L.2
  • 57
    • 0040516044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of private, nonprofit fair housing enforcement organizations in lending testing
    • Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Smith S., and Cloud C. The role of private, nonprofit fair housing enforcement organizations in lending testing. In: Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds). Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy (1996), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1996) Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy
    • Smith, S.1    Cloud, C.2
  • 58
    • 41049116045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New evidence from lender testing: Discrimination at the pre-application stage
    • Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Smith R., and Delair M. New evidence from lender testing: Discrimination at the pre-application stage. In: Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds). Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence (1999), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1999) Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence
    • Smith, R.1    Delair, M.2
  • 59
    • 0000380932 scopus 로고
    • Pay and performance in major league baseball: The case of the first family of free agents
    • Sommers P.M., and Quinton N. Pay and performance in major league baseball: The case of the first family of free agents. Journal of Human Resources 17 (1982) 426-436
    • (1982) Journal of Human Resources , vol.17 , pp. 426-436
    • Sommers, P.M.1    Quinton, N.2
  • 60
    • 0033420660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating statistical models of mortgage lending discrimination: A bank-specific analysis
    • Stengel M., and Glennon D. Evaluating statistical models of mortgage lending discrimination: A bank-specific analysis. Real Estate Economics 27 (1999) 299-334
    • (1999) Real Estate Economics , vol.27 , pp. 299-334
    • Stengel, M.1    Glennon, D.2
  • 61
    • 41049093725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside a lender: A case study of the mortgage application process
    • Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Tempkin K., Levy D.K., and Levine D. Inside a lender: A case study of the mortgage application process. In: Turner M.A., and Skidmore F. (Eds). Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence (1999), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1999) Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence
    • Tempkin, K.1    Levy, D.K.2    Levine, D.3
  • 64
    • 41049109102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Commerce, 2000. Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion. US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC
    • US Department of Commerce, 2000. Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion. US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC
  • 66
    • 0022843928 scopus 로고
    • Measuring discrimination with fair housing audits: Caught in the act
    • Yinger J. Measuring discrimination with fair housing audits: Caught in the act. American Economic Review 76 (1987) 881-893
    • (1987) American Economic Review , vol.76 , pp. 881-893
    • Yinger, J.1
  • 68
    • 0003035426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in mortgage lending: A literature review
    • Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • Yinger J. Discrimination in mortgage lending: A literature review. In: Goering J., and Wienk R. (Eds). Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy (1996), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
    • (1996) Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy
    • Yinger, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.