Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Diagnosis and relation to metabolic syndrome and approach to treatment

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 25-30

  Lidofsky, Steven D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMIODARONE; ASCORBIC ACID; ENDOCANNABINOID; LOSARTAN; METFORMIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST; PIOGLITAZONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; ROSIGLITAZONE; TAMOXIFEN; TETRACYCLINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; VALPROIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; FATTY LIVER; GASTRIC BANDING; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER HISTOLOGY; LIVER NECROSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; STOMACH BYPASS;

FATTY LIVER; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X;

EID: 40749161575     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-008-0006-1     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Dunn W, Angulo P, Sanderson S, et al.: Utility of a new model to diagnose an alcohol basis for steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2006, 131:1057-1063.
2. Roberts EA: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a "growing" problem? J Hepatol 2007, 46:1133-1142.
3. Farrell GC: Drugs and steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2002, 22:185-194.
4. Asselah T, Rubbia-Brandt L, et al.: Steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: why does it really matter? Gut 2006, 55:123-130.
5. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al.: Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005, 41:1313-1321.
6. Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, et al.: Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006, 43:682-689.
7. Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology 2006, 44:865-873.
8. Adams LA, Sanderson S, Lindor KD, et al.: The histological course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a longitudinal study of 103 patients with sequential liver biopsies. J Hepatol 2005, 42:132-138.
9. Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Heurtier A, et al.: Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2005, 128:1898-1906.
10. Merriman RB, Ferrell LD, Patti MG, et al.: Correlation of paired liver biopsies in morbidly obese patients with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2006, 44:874-880.
11. Gholam PM, Flancbaum L, Machan JT, et al.: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:399-408.
12. Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al.: Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 2003, 37:1286-1292.
13. Sorbi D, McGill DB, Thistle JL, et al.: An assessment of the role of liver biopsies in asymptomatic patients with chronic liver test abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:3206-3210.
14. Skelly MM, James PD, Ryder SD: Findings on liver biopsy to investigate abnormal liver function tests in the absence of diagnostic serology. J Hepatol 2001, 35:195-199.
15. Graif M, Yanuka M, Baraz M, et al.: Quantitative estimation of attenuation in ultrasound video images: correlation with histology in diffuse liver disease. Invest Radiol 2000, 35:319-324.
16. Mathiesen UL, Franzen LE, Aselius H, et al.: Increased liver echogenicity at ultrasound examination reflects degree of steatosis but not of fibrosis in asymptomatic patients with mild/moderate abnormalities of liver transaminases. Dig Liver Dis 2002, 34:516-522.
17. Palmentieri B, de Sio I, La Mura V, et al.: The role of bright liver echo pattern on ultrasound B-mode examination in the diagnosis of liver steatosis. Dig Liver Dis 2006, 38:485-489.
18. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, et al.: The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:745-750.
19. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al.: Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004, 40:1387-1395.
20. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al.: The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007, 45:846-854.
21. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM: The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:960-967.
22. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, et al.: Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1999, 30:1356-1362.
23. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE: Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:71-79.
24. Gupte P, Amarapurkar D, Agal S, et al.: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 19:854-858.
25. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, et al.: Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:1212-1218.
26. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, et al.: Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:112-117.
27. Machado M, Marques-Vidal P, Cortez-Pinto H: Hepatic histology in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. J Hepatol 2006, 45:600-606.
28. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, et al.: The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med 2005, 143:722-728.
29. Fan JG, Li F, Cai XB, et al.: Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of metabolic disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 22:1086-1091.
30. Browning JD, Horton JD: Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest 2004, 114:147-152.
31. Willner IR, Waters B, Patil SR, et al.: Ninety patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin resistance, familial tendency, and severity of disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:2957-2961.
32. Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, et al.: NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology 2002, 35:373-379.
33. Woodcroft KJ, Hafner MS, Novak RF: Insulin signaling in the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of CYP2E1 expression. Hepatology 2002, 35:263-273.
34. Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Asghar MS, et al.: Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003, 37:544-550.
35. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, et al.: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001, 120:1183-1192.
36. Gao Z, He Q, Peng B, et al.: Regulation of nuclear translocation of HDAC3 by IkappaBalpha is required for tumor necrosis factor inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma function. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:4540-4547.
37. Leclercq IA, Da Silva Morais A, Schroyen B, et al.: Insulin resistance in hepatocytes and sinusoidal liver cells: mechanisms and consequences. J Hepatol 2007, 47:142-156.
38. Bataller R, Brenner DA: Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:209-218.
39. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, et al.: Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:1784-1792.
40. Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, et al.: Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin? Hepatology 2004, 40:46-54.
41. Musso G, Gambino R, Durazzo M, et al.: Adipokines in NASH: postprandial lipid metabolism as a link between adiponectin and liver disease. Hepatology 2005, 42:1175-1183.
42. Wang RT, Koretz RL, Yee HF, Jr: Is weight reduction an effective therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver? A systematic review. Am J Med 2003, 115:554-559.
43. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brien PE: Weight loss and non-alcoholic fatty fiver disease: falls in gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations are associated with histologic improvement. Obes Surg 2006, 16:1278-1286.
44. Mathurin P, Gonzalez F, Kerdraon O, et al.: The evolution of severe steatosis after bariatric surgery is related to insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:1617-1624.
45. Harrison SA, Fincke C, Helinski D, et al.: A pilot study of orlistat treatment in obese, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004, 20:623-628.
46. Zelber-Sagi S, Kessler A, Brazowsky E, et al.: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4:639-644.
47. Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, et al.: Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:2485-2490.
48. Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Heathcote EJ, et al.: Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004, 39:770-778.
49. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Isik AT, et al.: Metformin in the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004, 19:537-544.
50. Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, et al.: A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:1082-1090.
51. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, et al.: Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 2003, 38:1008-1017.
52. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al.: A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004, 39:188-196.
53. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al.: A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2297-2307.
54. Rosen CJ: The rosiglitazone story - lessons from an FDA Advisory Committee meeting. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:844-846.
55. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R, et al.: Angiotensin type I receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity. Circulation 2004, 109:2054-2057.
56. Leung PS, Suen PM, Ip SP, et al.: Expression and localization of AT1 receptors in hepatic Kupffer cells: its potential role in regulating a fibrogenic response. Regul Pept 2003, 116:61-69.
57. Yang L, Bataller R, Dulyx J, et al.: Attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin type 1a receptor deficient mice. J Hepatol 2005, 43:317-323.
58. Hirose A, Ono M, Saibara T, et al.: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker inhibits fibrosis in rat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007, 45:1375-1381.
59. Fujita K, Yoneda M, Wada K, et al.: Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, controls progress of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2007, in press.
60. Yokohama S, Yoneda M, Haneda M, et al.: Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004, 40:1222-1225.