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1
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1042268216
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Insect walking and robotics
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Delcomyn F. Insect walking and robotics. Annu Rev Entomol 49 (2003) 51-70
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(2003)
Annu Rev Entomol
, vol.49
, pp. 51-70
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Delcomyn, F.1
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2
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3242749917
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Convergent evolution and locomotion through complex terrain by insects, vertebrates and robots
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Ritzmann R.E., Quinn R.D., and Fischer M.S. Convergent evolution and locomotion through complex terrain by insects, vertebrates and robots. Arth Struct Dev 33 (2004) 361-379
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(2004)
Arth Struct Dev
, vol.33
, pp. 361-379
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Ritzmann, R.E.1
Quinn, R.D.2
Fischer, M.S.3
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3
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0035181664
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Pattern generation for walking and searching movements of a stick insect leg. I. Coordination of motor activity
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Fischer H., Schmidt J., Haas R., and Büschges A. Pattern generation for walking and searching movements of a stick insect leg. I. Coordination of motor activity. J Neurophysiol 85 (2001) 341-353
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(2001)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.85
, pp. 341-353
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Fischer, H.1
Schmidt, J.2
Haas, R.3
Büschges, A.4
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4
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33750945096
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Tethered stick insect walking: a modified slippery surface setup with optomotor stimulation and electrical monitoring of tarsal contact
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Gruhn M., Hoffmann O., Deubbert M., Scharstein H., and Büschges A. Tethered stick insect walking: a modified slippery surface setup with optomotor stimulation and electrical monitoring of tarsal contact. J Neurosci Methods 158 (2006) 195-206
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(2006)
J Neurosci Methods
, vol.158
, pp. 195-206
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Gruhn, M.1
Hoffmann, O.2
Deubbert, M.3
Scharstein, H.4
Büschges, A.5
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5
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27744550399
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Kinematics and motor activity during tethered walking and turning in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis
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This paper describes the changes that take place in kinematics and motor activity when a walking cockroach is induced to turn away from mechanical stimulation of one antenna. In tethered cockroaches, the middle legs rapidly switch from symmetrical left-right movements where each joint extends during stance and proximal joint motor activity slightly precedes distal joint activity to decidedly asymmetrical turning movements. The leg that would be on the outside the turn still extends during stance, but the inside leg now extends during swing and flexes the foot medially during stance. In addition, the distal joint motor activity now precedes that of the proximal joint and distal joint motor activity is greatly enhanced, while that of the proximal joint is reduced. Actions at the thorax-coxal joint rotate the leg, so that these movements generate more lateral movements. Similar turning actions were documented in freely moving insects.
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Mu L., and Ritzmann R.E. Kinematics and motor activity during tethered walking and turning in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. J Comp Physiol A 191 (2005) 1037-1054. This paper describes the changes that take place in kinematics and motor activity when a walking cockroach is induced to turn away from mechanical stimulation of one antenna. In tethered cockroaches, the middle legs rapidly switch from symmetrical left-right movements where each joint extends during stance and proximal joint motor activity slightly precedes distal joint activity to decidedly asymmetrical turning movements. The leg that would be on the outside the turn still extends during stance, but the inside leg now extends during swing and flexes the foot medially during stance. In addition, the distal joint motor activity now precedes that of the proximal joint and distal joint motor activity is greatly enhanced, while that of the proximal joint is reduced. Actions at the thorax-coxal joint rotate the leg, so that these movements generate more lateral movements. Similar turning actions were documented in freely moving insects.
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(2005)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.191
, pp. 1037-1054
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Mu, L.1
Ritzmann, R.E.2
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6
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31544433997
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The cellular basis of a corollary discharge
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This paper describes an elegant set of experiments that identifies a cell as a corollary discharge interneuron (CDI) in the cricket auditory system. The CDI is excited during singing movements in the male cricket even if the wings are clipped to eliminate sound production. Activation of the CDI inhibits an auditory interneuron's ability to respond to cricket song. Thus, the cell reduces selfstimulation in the auditory system when the male sings. More generally, the cell also projects to the head ganglia and could be an example of the type of ascending interneurons that would relay information on local movement control from thoracic ganglia to brain regions.
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Poulet J.F.A., and Hedwig B. The cellular basis of a corollary discharge. Science 311 (2006) 518-522. This paper describes an elegant set of experiments that identifies a cell as a corollary discharge interneuron (CDI) in the cricket auditory system. The CDI is excited during singing movements in the male cricket even if the wings are clipped to eliminate sound production. Activation of the CDI inhibits an auditory interneuron's ability to respond to cricket song. Thus, the cell reduces selfstimulation in the auditory system when the male sings. More generally, the cell also projects to the head ganglia and could be an example of the type of ascending interneurons that would relay information on local movement control from thoracic ganglia to brain regions.
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(2006)
Science
, vol.311
, pp. 518-522
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Poulet, J.F.A.1
Hedwig, B.2
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7
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0034131160
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Multi-joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach. II. Extensor motor pattern
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Tryba A.K., and Ritzmann R.E. Multi-joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach. II. Extensor motor pattern. J Neurophysiol 83 (2000) 3337-3350
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(2000)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.83
, pp. 3337-3350
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Tryba, A.K.1
Ritzmann, R.E.2
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8
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37349048527
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Mechanosensory feedback in walking: from joint control to locomotory patterns
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This recent review gives a comprehensive summary on the current knowledge about the neural basis of locomotor pattern generation for walking in insects with specific emphasis on the stick insect. Based on the organization and operation of the insect pattern generating networks for walking, the authors give special focus first, on the role of mechanosensory feedback for walking and second, on current insights in generating adaptability of locomotor patterns for insect walking.
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Büschges A., and Gruhn M. Mechanosensory feedback in walking: from joint control to locomotory patterns. Adv Insect Physiol 34 (2008) 194-234. This recent review gives a comprehensive summary on the current knowledge about the neural basis of locomotor pattern generation for walking in insects with specific emphasis on the stick insect. Based on the organization and operation of the insect pattern generating networks for walking, the authors give special focus first, on the role of mechanosensory feedback for walking and second, on current insights in generating adaptability of locomotor patterns for insect walking.
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(2008)
Adv Insect Physiol
, vol.34
, pp. 194-234
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Büschges, A.1
Gruhn, M.2
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9
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36748999352
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Organizing network action for locomotion: insights from studying insect walking
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Büschges A., Akay T., Gabriel J.P., and Schmidt J. Organizing network action for locomotion: insights from studying insect walking. Brain Res Rev 57 (2008) 162-171
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(2008)
Brain Res Rev
, vol.57
, pp. 162-171
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Büschges, A.1
Akay, T.2
Gabriel, J.P.3
Schmidt, J.4
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10
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39449133440
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Insect walking: from reduced preparations to natural terrain
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North G., and Greenspan R.J. (Eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
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Ritzmann R.E., and Büschges A. Insect walking: from reduced preparations to natural terrain. In: North G., and Greenspan R.J. (Eds). Invertebrate Neurobiology (2007), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 229-250
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(2007)
Invertebrate Neurobiology
, pp. 229-250
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Ritzmann, R.E.1
Büschges, A.2
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11
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2442605454
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Mechanisms of stick insect locomotion in a gap-crossing paradigm
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Blaesing B., and Cruse H. Mechanisms of stick insect locomotion in a gap-crossing paradigm. J Comp Physiol A 190 (2004) 173-183
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(2004)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.190
, pp. 173-183
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Blaesing, B.1
Cruse, H.2
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12
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2342639069
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Stick insect locomotion in a complex environment: climbing over large gaps
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As we start to examine more complex insect behaviors that make up adaptive movement, it becomes necessary to define elements within those behaviors and the probability that they will lead to the next stage. Without a quantitative description of these events, one cannot manipulate the system and be confident that the effects do not simply fall within the natural variability of the system. This study provides a very detailed description of the behavioral stages that a stick insect typically moves through in crossing a gap in its substrate. As such it provides an important example of how baseline investigation of complex behaviors can be conducted.
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Blaesing B., and Cruse H. Stick insect locomotion in a complex environment: climbing over large gaps. J Exp Biol 207 (2004) 1273-1286. As we start to examine more complex insect behaviors that make up adaptive movement, it becomes necessary to define elements within those behaviors and the probability that they will lead to the next stage. Without a quantitative description of these events, one cannot manipulate the system and be confident that the effects do not simply fall within the natural variability of the system. This study provides a very detailed description of the behavioral stages that a stick insect typically moves through in crossing a gap in its substrate. As such it provides an important example of how baseline investigation of complex behaviors can be conducted.
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(2004)
J Exp Biol
, vol.207
, pp. 1273-1286
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Blaesing, B.1
Cruse, H.2
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13
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23944468293
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Goal-driven behavioral adaptations in gap-climbing Drosophila
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This paper is an excellent example of the use of neurogenetic tools to understand the control of complex behaviors. Gap crossing behavior in Drosophila is described in great detail. The authors use high-speed video and motion analysis to demonstrate the subunits of the behavior as the fly measures the distance using visual parallax, extends its front legs across the gap then releases its hind legs to rotate to the face surface of the opposite side. It then quickly climbs up that surface. The authors then screened several mutant lines and found strains that had specific impairments at distinct points in the behavior, indicating that there are distinct subunits in the control of this behavior.
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Pick S., and Strauss R. Goal-driven behavioral adaptations in gap-climbing Drosophila. Curr Biol 15 (2005) 1473-1478. This paper is an excellent example of the use of neurogenetic tools to understand the control of complex behaviors. Gap crossing behavior in Drosophila is described in great detail. The authors use high-speed video and motion analysis to demonstrate the subunits of the behavior as the fly measures the distance using visual parallax, extends its front legs across the gap then releases its hind legs to rotate to the face surface of the opposite side. It then quickly climbs up that surface. The authors then screened several mutant lines and found strains that had specific impairments at distinct points in the behavior, indicating that there are distinct subunits in the control of this behavior.
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(2005)
Curr Biol
, vol.15
, pp. 1473-1478
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Pick, S.1
Strauss, R.2
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14
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0036901181
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The central complex and the genetic dissection of locomotor behaviour
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Strauss R. The central complex and the genetic dissection of locomotor behaviour. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12 (2002) 633-638
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(2002)
Curr Opin Neurobiol
, vol.12
, pp. 633-638
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Strauss, R.1
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15
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0036488822
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Control of obstacle climbing in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. I. Kinematics
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Watson J.T., Ritzmann R.E., Zill S.N., and Pollack A.J. Control of obstacle climbing in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. I. Kinematics. J Comp Physiol A 188 (2002) 39-53
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(2002)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.188
, pp. 39-53
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Watson, J.T.1
Ritzmann, R.E.2
Zill, S.N.3
Pollack, A.J.4
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16
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34248137499
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Descending control of turning behavior in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis
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The central complex (CC) has been described anatomically for many insects and some stimulation studies linked it to locomotion as did more recent genetic studies that identified Drosophila lines that have incomplete regions in the CC. Moreover, studies cited above from the Homberg laboratory demonstrate that in locust there is a topographic map of polarized light space in the CC. This study uses brain lesion and kinematic investigation to clearly demonstrate that damage to the CC or to the regions surrounding the CC that contain input and output tracts has profound effects on turning behavior in the cockroach.
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Ridgel A.L., Alexander B.E., and Ritzmann R.E. Descending control of turning behavior in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. J Comp Physiol A 193 (2007) 385-402. The central complex (CC) has been described anatomically for many insects and some stimulation studies linked it to locomotion as did more recent genetic studies that identified Drosophila lines that have incomplete regions in the CC. Moreover, studies cited above from the Homberg laboratory demonstrate that in locust there is a topographic map of polarized light space in the CC. This study uses brain lesion and kinematic investigation to clearly demonstrate that damage to the CC or to the regions surrounding the CC that contain input and output tracts has profound effects on turning behavior in the cockroach.
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(2007)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.193
, pp. 385-402
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Ridgel, A.L.1
Alexander, B.E.2
Ritzmann, R.E.3
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17
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16444379956
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Descending control of body attitude in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis and its role in incline climbing
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Ritzmann R.E., Pollack A.J., Archinal J., Ridgel A.L., and Quinn R.D. Descending control of body attitude in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis and its role in incline climbing. J Comp Physiol A 191 (2005) 253-264
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(2005)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.191
, pp. 253-264
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Ritzmann, R.E.1
Pollack, A.J.2
Archinal, J.3
Ridgel, A.L.4
Quinn, R.D.5
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18
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33947146521
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Lesions of area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex in the cat produce errors in the accuracy of paw placement during visually guided locomotion
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These investigators developed a very interesting visual dissociation locomotion task in which a cat, walking on a treadmill, must adjust its gait to step over an object that is moving at a different speed than the cat is walking. In order to successfully perform the required gait changes, the cat must consider the movement of the object, using visual inputs, as well as the movement of its own body, using proprioceptive information. Lesions of area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex adversely affect the cat's ability to navigate objects on the treadmill, and have particular effects in the visual dissociation task. These interactions between processing in the brain and local control of leg movement are parallel to the insect systems that we describe. Similar effects of brain lesion on movement are also being pursued in studies of insect movement around barriers.
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Lajoie K., and Drew T. Lesions of area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex in the cat produce errors in the accuracy of paw placement during visually guided locomotion. J Neurophysiol 97 (2007) 2339-2354. These investigators developed a very interesting visual dissociation locomotion task in which a cat, walking on a treadmill, must adjust its gait to step over an object that is moving at a different speed than the cat is walking. In order to successfully perform the required gait changes, the cat must consider the movement of the object, using visual inputs, as well as the movement of its own body, using proprioceptive information. Lesions of area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex adversely affect the cat's ability to navigate objects on the treadmill, and have particular effects in the visual dissociation task. These interactions between processing in the brain and local control of leg movement are parallel to the insect systems that we describe. Similar effects of brain lesion on movement are also being pursued in studies of insect movement around barriers.
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(2007)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.97
, pp. 2339-2354
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Lajoie, K.1
Drew, T.2
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20
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0029158219
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Rhythmic patterns in the thoracic nerve cord of the stick insect induced by pilocarpine
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Büschges A., Schmitz J., and Bässler U. Rhythmic patterns in the thoracic nerve cord of the stick insect induced by pilocarpine. J Exp Biol 198 (1995) 435-456
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(1995)
J Exp Biol
, vol.198
, pp. 435-456
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Büschges, A.1
Schmitz, J.2
Bässler, U.3
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21
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0345518024
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Role of proprioceptive signals from an insect femur-tibia joint in patterning motoneuronal activity of an adjacent leg joint
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Hess D., and Büschges A. Role of proprioceptive signals from an insect femur-tibia joint in patterning motoneuronal activity of an adjacent leg joint. J Neurophysiol 81 (1999) 1856-1865
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(1999)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.81
, pp. 1856-1865
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Hess, D.1
Büschges, A.2
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22
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0035130141
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The role of sensory signals from the insect coxa-trochanteral joint in controlling motor activity of the femur-tibia joint
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Akay T., Bässler U., Gerharz P., and Büschges A. The role of sensory signals from the insect coxa-trochanteral joint in controlling motor activity of the femur-tibia joint. J Neurophysiol 85 (2001) 594-604
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(2001)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.85
, pp. 594-604
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Akay, T.1
Bässler, U.2
Gerharz, P.3
Büschges, A.4
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23
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3042638813
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Signals from load sensors underlie interjoint coordination during stepping movements of the stick insect leg
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Akay T., Haehn S., Schmitz J., and Büschges A. Signals from load sensors underlie interjoint coordination during stepping movements of the stick insect leg. J Neurophysiol 92 (2004) 42-51
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(2004)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.92
, pp. 42-51
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Akay, T.1
Haehn, S.2
Schmitz, J.3
Büschges, A.4
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24
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0037338881
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Interjoint coordination in the stick insect leg-control system: the role of positional signaling
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Bucher D., Akay T., DiCaprio R.A., and Büschges A. Interjoint coordination in the stick insect leg-control system: the role of positional signaling. J Neurophysiol 89 (2003) 1245-1255
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(2003)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.89
, pp. 1245-1255
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Bucher, D.1
Akay, T.2
DiCaprio, R.A.3
Büschges, A.4
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25
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33947513037
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Segment specificity of load signal processing depends on walking direction in the stick insect leg muscle control system
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In this electrophysiological study on the stick insect the authors show for the first time that the processing of proprioceptive feedback from the legs changes depending on walking direction. The effect of increased load is directly correlated with the direction of walking: in the forward direction, retractor activity is initiated or enhanced and protractor activity terminated, while the same feedback initiates or enhances protractor activity and terminates retractor activity, when the animal is walking backwards.
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Akay T., Ludwar B., Goritz M.L., Schmitz J., and Büschges A. Segment specificity of load signal processing depends on walking direction in the stick insect leg muscle control system. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 3285-3294. In this electrophysiological study on the stick insect the authors show for the first time that the processing of proprioceptive feedback from the legs changes depending on walking direction. The effect of increased load is directly correlated with the direction of walking: in the forward direction, retractor activity is initiated or enhanced and protractor activity terminated, while the same feedback initiates or enhances protractor activity and terminates retractor activity, when the animal is walking backwards.
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(2007)
J Neurosci
, vol.27
, pp. 3285-3294
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Akay, T.1
Ludwar, B.2
Goritz, M.L.3
Schmitz, J.4
Büschges, A.5
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26
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3242782648
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Load sensing and control of posture and locomotion
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Zill S.N., Schmitz J., and Büschges A. Load sensing and control of posture and locomotion. Arth Struct Dev 33 (2004) 273-286
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(2004)
Arth Struct Dev
, vol.33
, pp. 273-286
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Zill, S.N.1
Schmitz, J.2
Büschges, A.3
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27
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2442542265
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Walking on a 'peg leg': extensor muscle activities and sensory feedback after distal leg denervation in cockroaches
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Noah J.A., Quimby L., Frazier S.F., and Zill S.N. Walking on a 'peg leg': extensor muscle activities and sensory feedback after distal leg denervation in cockroaches. J Comp Physiol A 190 (2004) 217-231
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(2004)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.190
, pp. 217-231
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Noah, J.A.1
Quimby, L.2
Frazier, S.F.3
Zill, S.N.4
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28
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2442441981
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Sensing the effect of body load in legs: responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to forces applied to the thorax in freely standing cockroaches
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Noah J.A., Quimby L., Frazier S.F., and Zill S.N. Sensing the effect of body load in legs: responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to forces applied to the thorax in freely standing cockroaches. J Comp Physiol A 190 (2004) 201-215
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(2004)
J Comp Physiol A
, vol.190
, pp. 201-215
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Noah, J.A.1
Quimby, L.2
Frazier, S.F.3
Zill, S.N.4
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29
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14144256107
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Sensory control and organization of neural networks mediating coordination of multisegmental organs for locomotion
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Büschges A. Sensory control and organization of neural networks mediating coordination of multisegmental organs for locomotion. J Neurophysiol 93 (2005) 1127-1135
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(2005)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.93
, pp. 1127-1135
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Büschges, A.1
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43149121618
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Mu L, Ritzmann RE: Interaction between descending input and local thoracic reflexes for joint coordination in cockroach turning. I. Descending influence on thoracic sensory reflexes. J. Comp Physiol A 2008, in press.
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Mu L, Ritzmann RE: Interaction between descending input and local thoracic reflexes for joint coordination in cockroach turning. I. Descending influence on thoracic sensory reflexes. J. Comp Physiol A 2008, in press. In order to react to barriers, an animal must transiently alter its leg movements to generate changes in posture or joint coordination. Descending commands can effect these changes by working with local control systems. That is, they can alter a few crucial local feedback circuits, such as the ones that we describe for stick insect, resulting in physical alterations that will then influence additional feedback systems, ultimately pushing leg control to a new stable turning or climbing state. Such changes require that descending commands be capable of altering local feedback circuits. This paper examines this possibility by documenting the reflex responses to controlled stimulation through the femoral chordotonal organ (FCo) that monitors movement of the femur-tibia (FTi) joint. It then compares the intact responses to those recorded in insects that had experienced bilateral lesion of both neck connectives that completely removed all descending activity. The reflex responses of the motoneurons that control the distal FTi joint were not affected much by these lesions. However, those of the motoneurons that control the more proximal coxa-trochanter joint were altered both quantitatively and qualitatively.
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32
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0034130538
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Multi-joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach. I. Kinematics and electromyograms
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Tryba A.K., and Ritzmann R.E. Multi-joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach. I. Kinematics and electromyograms. J Neurophysiol 83 (2000) 3323-3336
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(2000)
J Neurophysiol
, vol.83
, pp. 3323-3336
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Tryba, A.K.1
Ritzmann, R.E.2
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33
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21444443778
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The behavioural transition from straight to curve walking: kinetics of leg movement parameters and the initiation of turning
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This kinematic study investigates how the stick insect mediates the transition from straight to optical-induced curve walking. The authors show that the antennal optomotor responses lead the transition, with the forelegs following through a modification in their stance direction. Middle and hind legs show subsequent changes in leg kinematics that appear to be not synchronous, but rather independent from each other.
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Dürr V., and Ebeling W. The behavioural transition from straight to curve walking: kinetics of leg movement parameters and the initiation of turning. J Exp Biol 208 (2005) 2237-2252. This kinematic study investigates how the stick insect mediates the transition from straight to optical-induced curve walking. The authors show that the antennal optomotor responses lead the transition, with the forelegs following through a modification in their stance direction. Middle and hind legs show subsequent changes in leg kinematics that appear to be not synchronous, but rather independent from each other.
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(2005)
J Exp Biol
, vol.208
, pp. 2237-2252
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Dürr, V.1
Ebeling, W.2
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34
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21444455365
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Context-dependent changes in strength and efficacy of leg coordination mechanisms
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It is well established that during walking coordination between legs of an animal is established by the contribution of specific rules that have been described on the behavioral level between walking legs of an insect. This kinematic study provides basic evidence that these rules themselves are modulated in a context-dependent manner during the execution of turning in stick insect walking.
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Dürr V. Context-dependent changes in strength and efficacy of leg coordination mechanisms. J Exp Biol 208 (2005) 2253-2267. It is well established that during walking coordination between legs of an animal is established by the contribution of specific rules that have been described on the behavioral level between walking legs of an insect. This kinematic study provides basic evidence that these rules themselves are modulated in a context-dependent manner during the execution of turning in stick insect walking.
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(2005)
J Exp Biol
, vol.208
, pp. 2253-2267
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Dürr, V.1
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35
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33745614873
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Perturbation of leg protraction causes context-dependent modulation of inter-leg coordination, but not of avoidance reflexes
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Ebeling W., and Dürr V. Perturbation of leg protraction causes context-dependent modulation of inter-leg coordination, but not of avoidance reflexes. J Exp Biol 209 (2006) 2199-2214
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(2006)
J Exp Biol
, vol.209
, pp. 2199-2214
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Ebeling, W.1
Dürr, V.2
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36
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0026919289
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No-bridge of Drosophila melanogaster: portrait of a structural brain mutant of the central complex
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Strauss R., Hanesch U., Kinkelin M., Wolf R., and Heisenberg M. No-bridge of Drosophila melanogaster: portrait of a structural brain mutant of the central complex. J Neurogenet 8 (1992) 125-155
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(1992)
J Neurogenet
, vol.8
, pp. 125-155
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Strauss, R.1
Hanesch, U.2
Kinkelin, M.3
Wolf, R.4
Heisenberg, M.5
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37
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0033197791
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Central complex substructures are required for the maintenance of locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster
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Martin J., Raabe T., and Heisenberg M. Central complex substructures are required for the maintenance of locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Phyiol A 185 (1999) 277-288
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(1999)
J Comp Phyiol A
, vol.185
, pp. 277-288
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Martin, J.1
Raabe, T.2
Heisenberg, M.3
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38
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42049105968
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Ritzmann RE, Ridgel AL, Pollack AJ: Multi-unit recording of antennal mechanosensitive units in the central complex of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. J Comp Physiol A 2008, in press.
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Many insects use the pattern of polarized light in the sky to guide navigation. This study describes a population of tangential neurons (TB1) in the protocerebral bridge (PB) of the locust central complex that respond preferentially to certain E-vectors of polarized light. Each cell has two branches with varicose arborizations that suggest presynaptic terminals. The branches are consistently eight columns apart in the PB. Moreover, the preferred E-vector of each TB1 neuron is highly correlated with the columnar position of its varicose arborizations. This arrangement suggests that the PB columns establish a topographic map of polarized light space.
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Heinze S., and Homberg U. Maplike representation of celestial E-vector orientations in the brain of an insect. Science 315 (2007) 995-997. Many insects use the pattern of polarized light in the sky to guide navigation. This study describes a population of tangential neurons (TB1) in the protocerebral bridge (PB) of the locust central complex that respond preferentially to certain E-vectors of polarized light. Each cell has two branches with varicose arborizations that suggest presynaptic terminals. The branches are consistently eight columns apart in the PB. Moreover, the preferred E-vector of each TB1 neuron is highly correlated with the columnar position of its varicose arborizations. This arrangement suggests that the PB columns establish a topographic map of polarized light space.
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This elegant study provides compelling evidence for the importance of studying sensory processing under naturalistic, behavioral conditions. The authors use a novel panoramic virtual reality stimulator to study the properties of an identified motion-sensitive neuron in the visual system of the fly; the horizontal system equatorial cell (HSE). In contrast to previous studies based on more simple stimulus regimes that concluded that the HSE cell is a yaw detector neuron, this study shows that it also encodes information about sideways translational optic flow. This property is likely to be relevant for visual guidance of the fly's flight behavior, because optic flow that is limited to translation is capable of containing spatial information about the environment.
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Kern R., van Hateren J., Michaelis C., Lindemann J., and Egelhaaf M. Function of a fly motion-sensitive neuron matches eye movements during free flight. PLoS Biol 3 (2005) 1130-1138. This elegant study provides compelling evidence for the importance of studying sensory processing under naturalistic, behavioral conditions. The authors use a novel panoramic virtual reality stimulator to study the properties of an identified motion-sensitive neuron in the visual system of the fly; the horizontal system equatorial cell (HSE). In contrast to previous studies based on more simple stimulus regimes that concluded that the HSE cell is a yaw detector neuron, this study shows that it also encodes information about sideways translational optic flow. This property is likely to be relevant for visual guidance of the fly's flight behavior, because optic flow that is limited to translation is capable of containing spatial information about the environment.
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In free flight, flies make rapid turns called 'body saccades', of about 90° to the left or right, but with conventional tether techniques, the time course of the behavior is dramatically altered. To address whether and by what modalities sensory feedback might play a role in structuring these behaviors, the authors developed a magnetic tether that allowed more naturalistic movement. They then modified the feedback coming from the gyroscopic halteres, a candidate system for providing fast sensory feedback to the flight control circuitry, in combination with asymmetrical changes in wing aerodynamics and turn-triggered manipulations of optic flow. The results demonstrate that while visual input can evoke a saccade, feedback from the halteres is primarily responsible for determining the magnitude of the turn.
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Bender J.A., and Dickinson M.H. A comparison of visual and haltere-mediated feedback in the control of body saccades in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 209 (2006) 4597-4606. In free flight, flies make rapid turns called 'body saccades', of about 90° to the left or right, but with conventional tether techniques, the time course of the behavior is dramatically altered. To address whether and by what modalities sensory feedback might play a role in structuring these behaviors, the authors developed a magnetic tether that allowed more naturalistic movement. They then modified the feedback coming from the gyroscopic halteres, a candidate system for providing fast sensory feedback to the flight control circuitry, in combination with asymmetrical changes in wing aerodynamics and turn-triggered manipulations of optic flow. The results demonstrate that while visual input can evoke a saccade, feedback from the halteres is primarily responsible for determining the magnitude of the turn.
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