메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 273-286

Load sensing and control of posture and locomotion

Author keywords

Campaniform sensilla; Insect locomotion; Interneurons

Indexed keywords

BODY POSTURE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; INSECT; INTERNEURON; LEG MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MOTONEURON; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FORCE; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SENSE ORGAN; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SENSORY NERVE CONDUCTION; SENSORY RECEPTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STANDING; WALKING; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 3242782648     PISSN: 14678039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (152)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0035130141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of sensory signals from the insect coxa-trochanteral joint in controlling motor activity of the femur-tibia joint
    • Akay T., Bässler U., Gerharz P., Büschges A. The role of sensory signals from the insect coxa-trochanteral joint in controlling motor activity of the femur-tibia joint. Journal of Neurophysiology. 85:2001;594-604
    • (2001) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.85 , pp. 594-604
    • Akay, T.1    Bässler, U.2    Gerharz, P.3    Büschges, A.4
  • 3
    • 3042638813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signals from load sensors underlie interjoint coordination during stepping movements of the stick insect leg
    • Akay T., Haehn S., Schmitz J., Büschges A. Signals from load sensors underlie interjoint coordination during stepping movements of the stick insect leg. Journal of Neurophysiology. 92:2004;42-51
    • (2004) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.92 , pp. 42-51
    • Akay, T.1    Haehn, S.2    Schmitz, J.3    Büschges, A.4
  • 5
    • 0034098029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaction to disturbances of a walking leg during stance
    • Bartling C., Schmitz J. Reaction to disturbances of a walking leg during stance. Journal of Experimental Biology. 203:2000;1211-1233
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.203 , pp. 1211-1233
    • Bartling, C.1    Schmitz, J.2
  • 6
    • 0002709653 scopus 로고
    • Sense organs in the femur of the stick insect and their relevance to the control of position of the femur-tibia-joint
    • Bässler U. Sense organs in the femur of the stick insect and their relevance to the control of position of the femur-tibia-joint. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 121:1977;99-113
    • (1977) Journal of Comparative Physiology , vol.121 , pp. 99-113
    • Bässler, U.1
  • 7
    • 0001069235 scopus 로고
    • Afferent control of walking movements in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra
    • Bässler U. Afferent control of walking movements in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 158:1986;351-362
    • (1986) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.158 , pp. 351-362
    • Bässler, U.1
  • 8
    • 0032102058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern generation for stick insect walking movements-multisensory control of a locomotor program
    • Bässler U., Büschges A. Pattern generation for stick insect walking movements-multisensory control of a locomotor program. Brain Research Reviews. 27:1998;65-88
    • (1998) Brain Research Reviews , vol.27 , pp. 65-88
    • Bässler, U.1    Büschges, A.2
  • 9
    • 0000617741 scopus 로고
    • Motor output of the denervated thoracic ventral nerve cord in the stick insect Carausius morosus
    • Bässler U., Wegner U. Motor output of the denervated thoracic ventral nerve cord in the stick insect Carausius morosus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 105:1983;127-145
    • (1983) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.105 , pp. 127-145
    • Bässler, U.1    Wegner, U.2
  • 11
    • 0027407004 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic potentials in the central terminals of locust proprioceptive afferents generated by other afferents from the same sense organ
    • Burrows M., Laurent G.J. Synaptic potentials in the central terminals of locust proprioceptive afferents generated by other afferents from the same sense organ. Journal of Neuroscience. 13:1993;808-819
    • (1993) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.13 , pp. 808-819
    • Burrows, M.1    Laurent, G.J.2
  • 12
    • 0344301851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion
    • Büschges A., El Manira A. Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion. Current Opinions in Neurobiology. 8:1998;733-739
    • (1998) Current Opinions in Neurobiology , vol.8 , pp. 733-739
    • Büschges, A.1    El Manira, A.2
  • 13
    • 0025973094 scopus 로고
    • Nonspiking pathways antagonize the resistance reflex in the thoraco-coxal joint of stick insects
    • Büschges A., Schmitz J. Nonspiking pathways antagonize the resistance reflex in the thoraco-coxal joint of stick insects. Journal of Neurobiology. 22:1991;224-237
    • (1991) Journal of Neurobiology , vol.22 , pp. 224-237
    • Büschges, A.1    Schmitz, J.2
  • 14
    • 0029158219 scopus 로고
    • Rhythmic patterns in the thoracic nerve cord of the stick insect induced by pilocarpine
    • Büschges A., Schmitz J., Bässler U. Rhythmic patterns in the thoracic nerve cord of the stick insect induced by pilocarpine. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198:1995;435-456
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.198 , pp. 435-456
    • Büschges, A.1    Schmitz, J.2    Bässler, U.3
  • 15
    • 0031897622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. a comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking
    • Carlson K., Trank T.V., Smith J.L. Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking. Journal of Neurophysiology. 79:1998;1687-1701
    • (1998) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.79 , pp. 1687-1701
    • Carlson, K.1    Trank, T.V.2    Smith, J.L.3
  • 16
    • 0000328119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling stress and strain in an insect leg for simulation of campaniform sensilla responses to external forces
    • Cocatre-Zilgien J.H., Delcomyn F. Modeling stress and strain in an insect leg for simulation of campaniform sensilla responses to external forces. Biological Cybernetics. 81:1999;149-160
    • (1999) Biological Cybernetics , vol.81 , pp. 149-160
    • Cocatre-Zilgien, J.H.1    Delcomyn, F.2
  • 17
    • 0001192782 scopus 로고
    • Which parameters control leg movement of a walking leg? II. the start of swing phase
    • Cruse H. Which parameters control leg movement of a walking leg? II. The start of swing phase. Journal of Experimental Biology. 116:1985;357-362
    • (1985) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.116 , pp. 357-362
    • Cruse, H.1
  • 18
    • 0000600285 scopus 로고
    • Effect of load on leg movement and step coordination of the stick insect Carausius morosus
    • Dean J. Effect of load on leg movement and step coordination of the stick insect Carausius morosus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 159:1991;449-471
    • (1991) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.159 , pp. 449-471
    • Dean, J.1
  • 19
    • 0026080623 scopus 로고
    • Perturbation of the motor system in freely walking cockroaches. I. Rear leg amputation and the timing of motor activity in leg muscles
    • Delcomyn F. Perturbation of the motor system in freely walking cockroaches. I. Rear leg amputation and the timing of motor activity in leg muscles. Journal of Experimental Biology. 156:1990;483-502
    • (1990) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.156 , pp. 483-502
    • Delcomyn, F.1
  • 20
    • 0026060942 scopus 로고
    • Activity and directional sensitivity of leg campaniform sensilla in a stick insect
    • Delcomyn F. Activity and directional sensitivity of leg campaniform sensilla in a stick insect. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 168:1991;113-119
    • (1991) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.168 , pp. 113-119
    • Delcomyn, F.1
  • 21
    • 0028854795 scopus 로고
    • Motor patterns for horizontal and upside down walking and vertical climbing in the locust
    • Duch C., Pflüger H.J. Motor patterns for horizontal and upside down walking and vertical climbing in the locust. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198:1995;1963-1976
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.198 , pp. 1963-1976
    • Duch, C.1    Pflüger, H.J.2
  • 22
    • 17644445151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graded limb targeting in an insect is cause by the shift of a single movement pattern
    • Dürr V., Matheson T. Graded limb targeting in an insect is cause by the shift of a single movement pattern. Journal of Neurophysiology. 90:2003;1754-1765
    • (2003) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.90 , pp. 1754-1765
    • Dürr, V.1    Matheson, T.2
  • 23
    • 0033963205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Load regulating mechanisms in gait and posture, comparative aspects
    • Duysens J., Clarac F., Cruse H. Load regulating mechanisms in gait and posture, comparative aspects. Physiological Reviews. 80:2000;83-133
    • (2000) Physiological Reviews , vol.80 , pp. 83-133
    • Duysens, J.1    Clarac, F.2    Cruse, H.3
  • 24
    • 0035181664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern generation for walking and searching movements of a stick insect leg, 1. Intra- and interjoint coordination of motor activity in a single middle leg preparation
    • Fischer H., Schmidt J., Haas R., Büschges A. Pattern generation for walking and searching movements of a stick insect leg, 1. Intra- and interjoint coordination of motor activity in a single middle leg preparation. Journal of Neurophysiology. 85:2001;341-353
    • (2001) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.85 , pp. 341-353
    • Fischer, H.1    Schmidt, J.2    Haas, R.3    Büschges, A.4
  • 27
    • 0042123868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of flexor motoneuron activity during single leg walking of the stick insect on an electronically controlled treadwheel
    • Gabriel J.P., Scharstein H., Schmidt J., Büschges A. Control of flexor motoneuron activity during single leg walking of the stick insect on an electronically controlled treadwheel. Journal of Neurobiology. 56:2003;237-251
    • (2003) Journal of Neurobiology , vol.56 , pp. 237-251
    • Gabriel, J.P.1    Scharstein, H.2    Schmidt, J.3    Büschges, A.4
  • 28
    • 0002291169 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and control of walking in insects
    • Graham D. Pattern and control of walking in insects. Advances in Insect Physiology. 18:1985;31-140
    • (1985) Advances in Insect Physiology , vol.18 , pp. 31-140
    • Graham, D.1
  • 29
    • 0009818837 scopus 로고
    • The reflex behavior and innervation of the tergo-coxal retractor muscles of the stick insect Carausius morosus
    • Graham D., Wendler G. The reflex behavior and innervation of the tergo-coxal retractor muscles of the stick insect Carausius morosus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 143:1981;81-91
    • (1981) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.143 , pp. 81-91
    • Graham, D.1    Wendler, G.2
  • 30
    • 3242778684 scopus 로고
    • Multipolar stretch receptors and the insect leg reflex
    • Guthrie D.M. Multipolar stretch receptors and the insect leg reflex. Journal of Insect Physiology. 13:1967;1637-1644
    • (1967) Journal of Insect Physiology , vol.13 , pp. 1637-1644
    • Guthrie, D.M.1
  • 31
    • 84981594148 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and physiology of trochanteral campaniform sensilla in the stick insect, Cuniculina impigra
    • Hofmann T., Bässler U. Anatomy and physiology of trochanteral campaniform sensilla in the stick insect, Cuniculina impigra. Physiological Entomology. 7:1982;413-426
    • (1982) Physiological Entomology , vol.7 , pp. 413-426
    • Hofmann, T.1    Bässler, U.2
  • 32
    • 0041425020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid mechano-sensory pathways code leg impact and elicit very rapid reflexes in insects
    • Holtje M., Hustert R. Rapid mechano-sensory pathways code leg impact and elicit very rapid reflexes in insects. Journal of Experimental Biology. 206:2003;2715-2724
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.206 , pp. 2715-2724
    • Holtje, M.1    Hustert, R.2
  • 33
    • 0019524243 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. III. External mechanoreceptors: The campaniform sensilla
    • Hustert R., Pflüger H.-J., Bräunig P. Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. III. External mechanoreceptors: the campaniform sensilla. Cell Tissue Research. 216:1981;97-111
    • (1981) Cell Tissue Research , vol.216 , pp. 97-111
    • Hustert, R.1    Pflüger, H.-J.2    Bräunig, P.3
  • 34
    • 0015101609 scopus 로고
    • Coxal depressor muscles of the cockroach and the role of peripheral inhibition
    • Iles J.F., Pearson K.G. Coxal depressor muscles of the cockroach and the role of peripheral inhibition. Journal of Experimental Biology. 55:1971;131-164
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.55 , pp. 131-164
    • Iles, J.F.1    Pearson, K.G.2
  • 35
    • 0029967048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two functional muscle groupings during postural equilibrium tasks in standing cats
    • Jacobs R., Macpherson J.M. Two functional muscle groupings during postural equilibrium tasks in standing cats. Journal of Neurophysiology. 764:1996;2402-2411
    • (1996) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.764 , pp. 2402-2411
    • Jacobs, R.1    MacPherson, J.M.2
  • 37
    • 0033999622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid correction of aimed movements by summation of force-field primitives
    • Kargo W.J., Giszter S.F. Rapid correction of aimed movements by summation of force-field primitives. Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;409-426
    • (2000) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.20 , pp. 409-426
    • Kargo, W.J.1    Giszter, S.F.2
  • 38
    • 0019372196 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the body-substrate-distance in the stick insect, responses to sinusoidal stimulation
    • Kemmerling S., Varjú D. Regulation of the body-substrate-distance in the stick insect, responses to sinusoidal stimulation. Biological Cybernetics. 39:1981;129-137
    • (1981) Biological Cybernetics , vol.39 , pp. 129-137
    • Kemmerling, S.1    Varjú, D.2
  • 39
    • 0014718282 scopus 로고
    • The anatomy of the tarsi of Schistocerca gregoria Forskål
    • Kendall M.D. The anatomy of the tarsi of Schistocerca gregoria Forskål. Zeitschrift Zellforschung. 109:1970;112-137
    • (1970) Zeitschrift Zellforschung , vol.109 , pp. 112-137
    • Kendall, M.D.1
  • 40
    • 0001141930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles
    • Kram R. Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles. Journal of Experimental Biology. 199:1996;609-612
    • (1996) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.199 , pp. 609-612
    • Kram, R.1
  • 41
    • 0008611324 scopus 로고
    • Flight inhibition on ground contact in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. I. Contact receptors and a model for their central connections
    • Krämer K., Markl H. Flight inhibition on ground contact in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. I. Contact receptors and a model for their central connections. Journal of Insect Physiology. 24:1978;577-586
    • (1978) Journal of Insect Physiology , vol.24 , pp. 577-586
    • Krämer, K.1    Markl, H.2
  • 44
    • 0028816238 scopus 로고
    • An elaborate tension receptor system highlights sensory complexity in the hindleg of the locust
    • Matheson T., Field L.H. An elaborate tension receptor system highlights sensory complexity in the hindleg of the locust. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198:1995;1673-1689
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.198 , pp. 1673-1689
    • Matheson, T.1    Field, L.H.2
  • 45
    • 0030160859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The central connection and actions during walking of tibial campaniform sensilla in the locust
    • Newland P.L., Emptage N.J. The central connection and actions during walking of tibial campaniform sensilla in the locust. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 178:1996;749-762
    • (1996) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.178 , pp. 749-762
    • Newland, P.L.1    Emptage, N.J.2
  • 46
    • 0035674534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Force receptors in cockroach walking reconsidered, discharges of proximal tibial campaniform sensilla when body load is altered
    • Noah J.A., Quimby L., Frazier S.F., Zill S.N. Force receptors in cockroach walking reconsidered, discharges of proximal tibial campaniform sensilla when body load is altered. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 187:2001;769-784
    • (2001) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.187 , pp. 769-784
    • Noah, J.A.1    Quimby, L.2    Frazier, S.F.3    Zill, S.N.4
  • 47
    • 2442441981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensing the effect of body load in legs, responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to forces applied to the thorax in freely standing cockroaches
    • Noah J.A., Quimby L., Frazier S.F., Zill S.N. Sensing the effect of body load in legs, responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to forces applied to the thorax in freely standing cockroaches. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 190:2004;201-215
    • (2004) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.190 , pp. 201-215
    • Noah, J.A.1    Quimby, L.2    Frazier, S.F.3    Zill, S.N.4
  • 48
    • 0001744369 scopus 로고
    • Central programming and reflex control of walking in the cockroach
    • Pearson K.G. Central programming and reflex control of walking in the cockroach. Journal of Experimental Biology. 56:1972;173-193
    • (1972) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.56 , pp. 173-193
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 49
    • 0027476137 scopus 로고
    • Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates
    • Pearson K.G. Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates. Annual Reviews in Neuroscience. 16:1993;265-297
    • (1993) Annual Reviews in Neuroscience , vol.16 , pp. 265-297
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 50
    • 1642384351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion
    • E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, & T.M. Jessell. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Pearson K.G., Gordon J. Locomotion. Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., Jessell T.M. Principles of Neural Science. Fourth ed:2000;737-755 McGraw-Hill, New York
    • (2000) Principles of Neural Science Fourth Ed , pp. 737-755
    • Pearson, K.G.1    Gordon, J.2
  • 52
    • 0029015797 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of positive force feedback among hindlimb extensors in the intact standing cat
    • Pratt C.A. Evidence of positive force feedback among hindlimb extensors in the intact standing cat. Journal of Neurophysiology. 73:1995;2578-2583
    • (1995) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.73 , pp. 2578-2583
    • Pratt, C.A.1
  • 53
    • 0000613868 scopus 로고
    • Proprioception in insects. II. the action of the campaniform sensilla on the legs
    • Pringle J.W.S. Proprioception in insects. II. The action of the campaniform sensilla on the legs. Journal of Experimental Biology. 15:1938;114-131
    • (1938) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.15 , pp. 114-131
    • Pringle, J.W.S.1
  • 57
    • 0034107926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encoding of forces by cockroach tibial campaniform sensilla, implications in dynamic control of posture and locomotion
    • Ridgel A.L., Frazier S.F., DiCaprio R.A., Zill S.N. Encoding of forces by cockroach tibial campaniform sensilla, implications in dynamic control of posture and locomotion. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 186:2000;359-374
    • (2000) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.186 , pp. 359-374
    • Ridgel, A.L.1    Frazier, S.F.2    Dicaprio, R.A.3    Zill, S.N.4
  • 58
    • 0034904407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic responses of tibial campaniform sensilla studied by substrate displacement in freely moving cockroaches
    • Ridgel A.L., Frazier S.F., Zill S.N. Dynamic responses of tibial campaniform sensilla studied by substrate displacement in freely moving cockroaches. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 187:2001;405-420
    • (2001) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.187 , pp. 405-420
    • Ridgel, A.L.1    Frazier, S.F.2    Zill, S.N.3
  • 59
    • 0031016676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscular force in running turkeys, the economy of minimizing work
    • Roberts T.J., Marsh R.L., Weyand P.G., Taylor C.R. Muscular force in running turkeys, the economy of minimizing work. Science. 275:1997;1113-1115
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1113-1115
    • Roberts, T.J.1    Marsh, R.L.2    Weyand, P.G.3    Taylor, C.R.4
  • 60
    • 0002970239 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic control of synaptic effectiveness of muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents in the mammalian spinal cord
    • M. Binder. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Rudomin P. Presynaptic control of synaptic effectiveness of muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents in the mammalian spinal cord. Binder M. The Segmental Motor System. 1990;349-380 Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • (1990) The Segmental Motor System , pp. 349-380
    • Rudomin, P.1
  • 61
    • 1842403532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of presynaptic afferent inhibition in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint-control network
    • Sauer A.E., Büschges A., Stein W. The role of presynaptic afferent inhibition in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint-control network. Journal of Neurobiology. 32:1997;359-376
    • (1997) Journal of Neurobiology , vol.32 , pp. 359-376
    • Sauer, A.E.1    Büschges, A.2    Stein, W.3
  • 62
    • 0001769757 scopus 로고
    • Load-compensating reactions in the proximal leg joints of stick insects during standing and walking
    • Schmitz J. Load-compensating reactions in the proximal leg joints of stick insects during standing and walking. Journal of Experimental Biology. 183:1993;15-33
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.183 , pp. 15-33
    • Schmitz, J.1
  • 63
    • 0034058329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence of load and movement information onto leg motoneurons in insects
    • Schmitz J., Stein W. Convergence of load and movement information onto leg motoneurons in insects. Journal of Neurobiology. 42:2000;424-436
    • (2000) Journal of Neurobiology , vol.42 , pp. 424-436
    • Schmitz, J.1    Stein, W.2
  • 64
    • 0001794762 scopus 로고
    • Central projections of leg sense organs in Carausius morosus (Insecta Phasmida)
    • Schmitz J., Dean J., Kittmann R. Central projections of leg sense organs in Carausius morosus (Insecta Phasmida). Zoomorphology. 111:1991;19-33
    • (1991) Zoomorphology , vol.111 , pp. 19-33
    • Schmitz, J.1    Dean, J.2    Kittmann, R.3
  • 65
    • 0028261735 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular characterization of identified sensory cells in a new spider mechanoreceptor preparation
    • Seyfarth E.-A., French A.S. Intracellular characterization of identified sensory cells in a new spider mechanoreceptor preparation. Journal of Neurophysiology. 71:1994;1422-1428
    • (1994) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.71 , pp. 1422-1428
    • Seyfarth, E.-A.1    French, A.S.2
  • 66
    • 0016629980 scopus 로고
    • Proprioceptive indentation of the campaniform sensilla of cockroach legs
    • Spinola S.M., Chapman K.M. Proprioceptive indentation of the campaniform sensilla of cockroach legs. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 96:1975;257-272
    • (1975) Journal of Comparative Physiology , vol.96 , pp. 257-272
    • Spinola, S.M.1    Chapman, K.M.2
  • 67
    • 0032814476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodal convergence of presynaptic afferent inhibition in insect proprioceptors
    • Stein W., Schmitz J. Multimodal convergence of presynaptic afferent inhibition in insect proprioceptors. Journal of Neurophysiology. 82:1999;512-514
    • (1999) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.82 , pp. 512-514
    • Stein, W.1    Schmitz, J.2
  • 68
    • 0033043471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loading during the stance phase of walking in humans increases the extensor EMG amplitude but does not change the duration of the step cycle
    • Stephens M.J., Yang J.F. Loading during the stance phase of walking in humans increases the extensor EMG amplitude but does not change the duration of the step cycle. Experimental Brain Research. 124:1999;363-370
    • (1999) Experimental Brain Research , vol.124 , pp. 363-370
    • Stephens, M.J.1    Yang, J.F.2
  • 69
    • 0022528503 scopus 로고
    • The effects of sensory manipulation upon interlimb coordination during fast walking in the cockroach
    • Tang T.P., Macmillan D.L. The effects of sensory manipulation upon interlimb coordination during fast walking in the cockroach. Journal of Experimental Biology. 125:1986;107-117
    • (1986) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.125 , pp. 107-117
    • Tang, T.P.1    MacMillan, D.L.2
  • 70
    • 0036488793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of climbing behavior in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. II. Motor activities associated with joint movement
    • Watson J.T., Ritzmann R.E., Pollack A.J. Control of climbing behavior in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. II. Motor activities associated with joint movement. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 188:2002;55-69
    • (2002) Journal of Comparative Physiology a , vol.188 , pp. 55-69
    • Watson, J.T.1    Ritzmann, R.E.2    Pollack, A.J.3
  • 73
    • 0004387905 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of load compensation in insects, swaying and stepping strategies in posture and locomotion
    • R. Beer, R. Ritzmann, & T. McKenna. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Zill S.N. Mechanisms of load compensation in insects, swaying and stepping strategies in posture and locomotion. Beer R., Ritzmann R., McKenna T. Biological Neural Networks in Invertebrate Neuroethology and Robotics. 1993;43-68 Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • (1993) Biological Neural Networks in Invertebrate Neuroethology and Robotics , pp. 43-68
    • Zill, S.N.1
  • 74
    • 0002285851 scopus 로고
    • The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. I. Responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to external and muscle regenerated forces in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
    • Zill S.N., Moran D.T. The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. I. Responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to external and muscle regenerated forces in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Journal of Experimental Biology. 91:1981;1-24
    • (1981) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.91 , pp. 1-24
    • Zill, S.N.1    Moran, D.T.2
  • 75
    • 0002285853 scopus 로고
    • The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. III. Activity of tibial campaniform sensilla during walking in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana
    • Zill S.N., Moran D.T. The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. III. Activity of tibial campaniform sensilla during walking in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Journal of Experimental Biology. 94:1981;57-75
    • (1981) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.94 , pp. 57-75
    • Zill, S.N.1    Moran, D.T.2
  • 76
    • 0025203414 scopus 로고
    • Responses of locusts in a paradigm which tests postural load compensatory reactions
    • Zill S.N., Frazier S.F. Responses of locusts in a paradigm which tests postural load compensatory reactions. Brain Research. 535:1990;1-8
    • (1990) Brain Research , vol.535 , pp. 1-8
    • Zill, S.N.1    Frazier, S.F.2
  • 77
    • 0002285850 scopus 로고
    • The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. II. Activity of tibial campaniform sensilla in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana
    • Zill S.N., Moran D.T., Varela F.G. The exoskeleton and insect proprioception. II. Activity of tibial campaniform sensilla in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Journal of Experimental Biology. 94:1981;43-55
    • (1981) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.94 , pp. 43-55
    • Zill, S.N.1    Moran, D.T.2    Varela, F.G.3
  • 79
    • 0028066518 scopus 로고
    • Stepping patterns in ants. III. Influence of load
    • Zollikofer C.P.E. Stepping patterns in ants. III. Influence of load. Journal of Experimental Biology. 192:1994;119-127
    • (1994) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.192 , pp. 119-127
    • Zollikofer, C.P.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.