The immune status of the bovine uterus during the peripartum period

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 175, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 301-309

  Singh, J ^a   Murray, R D ^a   Mshelia, G ^a   Woldehiwet, Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bovine uterus; Immune status; Infection; Peripartum period

Indexed keywords

BETA2 INTEGRIN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; ESCHERICHIA COLI LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; L SELECTIN; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CATTLE DISEASE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL POPULATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOMETRIUM CELL; EOSINOPHIL; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE STATUS; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFECTION RISK; INNATE IMMUNITY; LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MAST CELL; METRITIS; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PROSTAGLANDIN RELEASE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; ENDOMETRITIS; FEMALE; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, ANIMAL; PUERPERAL DISORDERS; UTERUS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOS; BOVINAE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 40449106691     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Aknazarov B.K. Study of humoral factors of local protective function in cows. Veterinariya 8 (1988) 41-43
2. Anderson D.J., and Alexander N.J. Induction of uterine leucocytosis and its effect on pregnancy in rats. Biology of Reproduction 21 (1979) 1143-1152
3. Arosh J.A., Parent J., Chapdelaine P., Sirois J., and Fortier M.A. Expression of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 and prostaglandin E synthase in bovine endometrial tissue during the oestrous cycle. Biology of Reproduction 67 (2002) 161-169
4. Baumann H., and Gauldie J. The acute phase response. Immunology Today 15 (1994) 74-80
5. Beutler B. Inferences, questions and possibilities in toll like receptor signaling. Nature 430 (2004) 257-263
6. Beutler B. Innate immunity: an overview. Molecular Immunology 40 (2004) 845-859
7. Beutler B., Hoebe K., Du X., and Ulevitch R.J. How we detect microbes and respond to them: toll-like receptors and their transducers. Journal of Leucocyte Biology 74 (2003) 479-485
8. Blobel H., and Katsube Y. Effects of experimentally induced leucocytes in bovine mammary glands upon infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia and Aerobacter aerogenes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 25 (1964) 1085-1089
9. Bondurant R.H. Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. Journal of Animal Science 77 (1999) 101-110
10. Bonnett B.N., Martin S.W., Gannon V.P., Miller R.B., and Etherington W.G. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal Veterinary Research 55 (1991) 168-173
11. Borsberry S., and Dobson H. Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds. Veterinary Record 124 (1989) 217-219
12. Bretzlaff K. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in the dairy cow. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 3 (1987) 593-607
13. Butler J.E. Bovine immunoglobulins: an augmented review. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 43 (1983) 43-52
14. Butt B.M., Besser T.E., Senger P.L., and Windders P.R. Specific antibody to Haemophilus somnus in the bovine uterus following intramuscular immunization. Infection and Immunity 61 (1993) 2558-2562
15. Cai T.Q., Weston P.G., Lund L.A., Brodie B., McKenna D.J., and Wagner W.C. Association between neutrophil functions and periparturient disorders in cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 55 (1994) 934-943
16. Cairoli F., Battocchio M., Veronesi M.C., Brambilla D., Conserva F., Eberini I., Wait R., and Gianazza E. Serum protein pattern during cow pregnancy: acute-phase proteins increase in the peripartum period. Electrophoresis 27 (2006) 1617-1625
17. Chacin M., Hansen P.J., and Drost M. Effects of the stage of estrous cycle and steroid treatment on uterine immunoglobulin content and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in cattle. Theriogenology 34 (1990) 1169-1184
18. Cobb S.P., and Watson E.D. Immunohistochemical study of immune cells in the bovine endometrium at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Research in Veterinary Science 59 (1995) 238-241
19. Corbeil L.B., Duncan J.R., Schurig G.G., Hall C.E., and Winter A.J. Bovine venereal vibriosis: variation in immunoglobulin calls of antibodies in genital secretions and serum. Infection and Immunity 10 (1974) 1084-1090
20. Corbeil L.B., Schurig J.R., Duncan J.R., Corbeil R.R., and Winter A.J. Immunoglobulin classes and biological function of Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus antibodies in serum and cervicovaginal mucus. Infection and Immunity 10 (1974) 422-429
21. Corbeil L.B., Campero C.M., Rhyan J.C., Anderson M.L., Gershwin L.J., Agnew D.W., Munson L., and Bondurant R.H. Uterine mast cells and immunoglobulin-E antibody responses during clearance of Tritrichomonas fetus. Veterinary Pathology 42 (2005) 282-290
22. Curtain C.C., Clark B.L., and Dufty J.H. The origins of the immunoglobulins in the mucus secretions of cattle. Clinical Experimental Immunology 8 (1971) 335-344
23. Davidson J.A., Betts J.G., Tiemann U., Kamwanja L.A., Monterroso V.H., and Hansen P.J. Effects of interferon -τ and interferon - α on proliferation of bovine endometrial cells. Biology of Reproduction 51 (1994) 700-705
24. Davidson J.A., Tiemann U., Betts J.G., and Hansen P.J. DNA synthesis and prostaglandin secretion by bovine endometrial cells is regulated by IL-1. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7 (1995) 1037-1043
25. 2 a metabolite concentrations in post-partum dairy cows. Theriogenology 41 (1994) 413-421
26. Dhaliwal G.S., Murray R.D., Dobson H., Montgomery J., Ellis W.A., and Baker J. Presence of antigen and antibodies in serum and genital discharges of heifers after intrauterine inoculation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Research in Veterinary Science 60 (1996) 157-162
27. Dhaliwal G.S., Murray R.D., Dobson H., Montgomery J., Ellis W.A., and Baker J. Presence of antigen and antibodies in serum and genital discharges of cows from dairy herds naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Research in Veterinary Science 60 (1996) 163-167
28. Dhaliwal G.S., Murray R.D., and Woldehiwet Z. Some aspects of immunology of the bovine uterus related to treatments for endometritis. Animal Reproduction Science 67 (2001) 135-152
29. Dohmen M.J.W., Lohuis J.A.C.M., Huszenicza G., Nagy P., and Gacs M. The relationship between bacteriological and clinical findings in cows with subacute/chronic endometritis. Theriogenology 43 (1995) 1379-1388
30. Duncan J.R., Wilkie B.N., Hiestand F., and Winter A.J. The serum and secretory immunoglobulins of cattle: characterization and quantitation. Journal of Immunology 108 (1972) 965-976
31. Elliot L., McMohan K.J., Gier H.T., and Mrion G.B. Uterus of the cow after parturition with bacterial content. American Journal of Veterinary Research 29 (1968) 77-81
32. Estes D.M., and Brown W.C. Type 1 and type 2 responses in regulation of Ig isotypes expression in cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 90 (2002) 1-10
33. Fourichon C., Seegers H., and Malher X. Effect of disease on reproduction in dairy cows: a meta-analysis. Theriogenology 53 (2000) 1729-1759
34. Frank T., Anderson K., Smith A., Whitemore H., and Gustafsson B. Phagocytosis in the uterus: a review. Theriogenology 20 (1983) 103-110
35. French L.R., and Northey D.L. Inhibitory effect of the bovine conceptus on lymphocyte stimulation. Journal of Animal Science 57 (1983) 456-465
36. Gerald B.P., Jeffrey B.L., and Wetzler L.M. Immunology, Infection, and Immunity (2004), ASM Press, Washington, DC
37. Gier H.T., and Marion G.B. Uterus of the cow after parturition: involution changes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 29 (1968) 83-96
38. Gogolin-Ewens K.J., Lee C.S., Mercer W.R., and Brandon M.R. Site directed differences in the immune response to the fetus. Immunology 66 (1989) 312-317
39. Griffin J.F.T., Hartigan P.J., and Nunn W.R. Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first seven-weeks post-partum. Theriogenology 1 (1974) 91-106
40. Grohn Y.T., Eicker S.W., and Hertl J.A. The association between previous 305-day milk yield and disease in New York state dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 78 (1995) 1693-1702
41. Guidry A.J., Paape M.J., and Pearson R.E. Effect of parturition and lactation on blood and milk cell concentrations, corticosteroids, and neutrophil phagocytosis in cow. American Journal of Veterinary Research 37 (1976) 1195-1200
42. Hansen P.J. Interactions between the immune system and the bovine conceptus. Theriogenology 47 (1997) 121-130
43. Henson P. A complement to host defense. Nature 383 (1996) 25-26
44. Herath S., Bryant C.E., and Sheldon I.M. Bovine endometrial cells express toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and secrete prostaglandins in response to lipopolysaccharide. Endocrine Abstracts 10 (2005) OC24
45. Herath S., Dobson H., Bryant C.E., and Sheldon I.M. Use of the cow as a large animal model of uterine infection and immunity. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 69 (2006) 13-22
46. Herath S., Fischer D.P., Werling D., Williams E.J., Lilly S.T., Dobson H., Bryant C.E., and Sheldon I.M. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 562-570
47. Heuwieser W., Tenhagen B.A., Tischer M., Luhr J., and Blum H. Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. Veterinary Record 146 (2000) 338-341
48. Hochepied T., Van Molle W., Berger F.G., Baumann H., and Libert C. Involvement of the acute phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in non specific resistance to a lethal gram-negative infection. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (2000) 14903-14909
49. Hoeben D., Monfardini E., Opsomer G., Burvenich C., Dosogne H., and De Kruif A. Chemiluminescence of bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes during the periparturient period and relation with metabolic markers and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein. Journal of Dairy Research 67 (2000) 249-259
50. Hoedemaker M., Lund L.A., and Wagner W.C. Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites and steroids on function of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53 (1992) 1534-1543
51. Hussain A.M., and Daniel R.C.W. Phagocytosis by uterine fluid and blood neutrophils and haematological changes in post-partum cows following normal and abnormal parturition. Theriogenology 37 (1992) 1253-1267
52. Hussain A.M., Daniel R.C.W., and O'Boyle D. Post-partum uterine flora following normal and abnormal puerperium in cows. Theriogenology 34 (1990) 291-302
53. Iborra A., Mayorga M., Llobet N., and Martinez P. Expression of complement regulatory proteins [membrane cofactor protein (CD46), decay accelerating factor (CD55), and protectin (CD59)] in endometrial stressed cells. Cellular Immunology 223 (2003) 46-51
54. Ishikawa Y., Nakada K., Hagiwara K., Kirisawa R., Iwai H., Moriyoshi M., and Sawakukai Y. Changes in interleukin-6 concentration in peripheral blood of pre- and post-partum dairy cattle and its relationship to post-partum reproductive disease. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66 (2004) 1403-1408
55. Jain N.C., Jasper D.E., and Carrol E.J. Bactericidal activity for Aerobacter aerogenes of bovine serum and cell-free normal and mastitic milks. American Journal of Veterinary Research 28 (1967) 397-404
56. Kaidi R., Brown P.J., David J.S.E., Etherington D.J., and Robins S.P. Uterine collagen during involution in cattle. Matrix Biology 11 (1991) 101-107
57. Kehrli M.E., Nonnecke B.J., and Roth J.A. Alterations in the bovine neutrophil function during periparturient period. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50 (1989) 207-214
58. Keuther K., Audigae L., Kube P., and Well M. Bovine mast cells: distribution, density, heterogeneity, and influences of fixation techniques. Cell Research 293 (1998) 111-119
59. Kim I.H., Na K.J., and Yang M.P. Immune response during the peripartum period in dairy cows with post-partum endometritis. Journal of reproduction and Development 51 (2005) 757-764
60. Lamote I., Meyer E., Duchateau L., and Burvenich C. Influence of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and dexamethasone on diapedesis and viability of bovine blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Journal of Dairy Science 87 (2004) 3340-3349
61. Lamote I., Meyer E., De Ketelaere A., Duchateau L., and Burvenich C. Expression of the estrogen receptors in blood neutrophils of dairy cows during the periparturient period. Theriogenology 65 (2006) 1082-1098
62. Leung S.T., Derecka K., Mann G.E., Flint A.P.F., and Wathes D.C. Uterine lymphocyte distribution and interleukin expression during early pregnancy in cows. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 119 (2000) 25-33
63. Lewis G.S. Steroidal regulation of uterine immune defenses. Animal Reproduction Science 82-83 (2003) 281-294
64. Low B.G., Hansen P.J., and Drost M. Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens on the bovine placenta. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 90 (1990) 235-243
65. Mateus L., Lopes da Costa L., Carvalho H., Serra P., and Robalo Silva J. Blood and intrauterine leucocyte profile and function in dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from post-partum endometritis. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 37 (2002) 176-180
66. McLaughlin P.J., Holland S.J., Taylor C.T., Olah K.S., Lewis-Jones D.I., Hara T., Seya T., and Johanson P.M. Soluble CD46 (membrane cofactor protein, MCP) in human reproductive tract fluids. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 31 (1996) 209-219
67. Mestecky J., Moldoveanu Z., and Russell M.W. Immunological uniqueness of the genital tract: challenge for vaccine development. American Journal of Reproductive and Immunology 53 (2005) 208-214
68. Miller H.R. Mucosal mast cells and the allergic response against nematode parasites. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 54 (1996) 331-336
69. Moraitis S., Taitzoglou I.A., Tsantarliotou M.P., Boscos C.M., Kaldrimidou E., and Saratsis Ph. Involvement of the plasminogen activation system in cow endometritis. Theriogenology 61 (2004) 337-349
70. Moreira da Silva F., Burvenich C., Massart-Leen A.M., and Brosse L. Assessment of blood neutrophil oxidative burst activity in dairy cows during the period of parturition. Animal Science 67 (1998) 421-426
71. Nagahata H., Makino S., Takeda S., Takahashi H., and Noda H. Assessment of neutrophil function in the dairy cow during the perinatal period. Journal Veterinary Medicine B 35 (1988) 747-751
72. Nakao T., Gamal A., Osawa T., Nakada K., Moriyoshi M., and Kawata K. Post-partum plasma PGF metabolite profile in cows with dystocia and/or retained placenta, and effects of fenprostalene on uterine involution and reproductive performance. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59 (1997) 791-794
73. Noakes D.E., Wallace L., and Smith G.R. Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms. Veterinary Record 128 (1991) 440-442
74. Oliveira S.C., Soeurt N., and Splitter G. Molecular and cellular interactions between Brucella abortus antigens and host immune responses. Veterinary Microbiology 90 (2002) 417-424
75. Olson J.D., Ball L., Mortimer R.G., Farin P.W., Adney W.S., and Huffman E.M. Aspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained fetal membranes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45 (1984) 2251-2256
76. Paisley L.G., Mickelsen W.D., and Anderson P.B. Mechanisms and therapy for retained fetal membranes and uterine infections of cows: a review. Theriogenology 25 (1986) 353-381
77. Pontzer C.H., Torres B.A., Vallet J.L., Bazer F.W., and Johnson H.M. Antiviral activity of the pregnancy recognition hormone ovine trophoblast protein-1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 152 (1988) 801-807
78. Preisler M.T., Weber P.S., Tempelman R.J., Erskine R.J., Hunt H., and Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in neutrophils of periparturient cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61 (2000) 14-19
79. Regassa F., and Noakes D.E. Acute phase protein response of ewes and release of PGFM in relation to uterine involution and presence of intrauterine bacteria. Veterinary Record 144 (1999) 502-506
80. Roberts D.S. The pathogenic synergy of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes. I. Influence of the glucosidal exotoxin of F. necrophorum. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 48 (1967) 665-673
81. Ruder C.A., Sassar R.G., Williams R.J., Ely J.K., Bull R.C., and Butler J.E. Uterine infections in the post-partum cow: II possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes. Theriogenology 15 (1981) 573-580
82. Saad A.M., Concha C., and Astrom G. Alterations in neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte blastogenesis in dairy cows around parturition. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 36 (1989) 337-345
83. Saji F., Samejima Y., Kamiura S., Sawai K., Shimoya K., and Kimura T. Cytokine production in chorioamnionitis. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 47 (2000) 185-196
84. Salamonsen L.A. Tissue injury and repair in the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 125 (2003) 301-311
85. Schalm O.W., and Lasmanis J. The leucocytes: origin and function in mastitis. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 153 (1968) 1688-1694
86. Schurig G.G., Hall C.E., Corbell L.B., and Winter A.J. Bovine venereal vibriosis: cure of genital infection in females by systemic immunization. Infection and Immunity 138 (1975) 463-472
87. Schurig G.G., Duncan J.R., and Winter A.J. Elimination of genital vibriosis in female cattle by systemic immunization with killed cells or cell-free extracts of Campylobacter fetus. Journal Infectious Diseases 138 (1978) 463-472
88. Seals R.C., Matamoros I., and Lewis G.S. Relationship between post-partum changes in 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α concentrations in Holstein cows and their susceptibility to endometritis. Journal of Animal Science 80 (2002) 1068-1076
89. Seals R.C., Wulster-Radcliffe M.C., and Lewis G.S. Uterine response to infectious bacteria in estrous cyclic ewes. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 49 (2003) 269-278
90. Segerson E.C., and Gunsett F.C. Interference with the cytolytic activity of interleukin-2-treated lymphocytes by bovine uterine luminal protein. Biology of Reproduction 48 (1993) 1036-1041
91. Shafer-Weaver K.A., and Sordillo L.M. Bovine CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes alter immune responsiveness during the post-partum period. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 56 (1997) 53-64
92. Shafer-Weaver, K.A., Pighetti, G.M., Sordillo, L.M., 1996. Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the post-partum period. In: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 212, pp. 271-279.
93. Sheldon I.M. The post-partum uterus. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 20 (2004) 569-591
94. Sheldon I.M., and Dobson H. Post-partum uterine health in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science (2004) 295-306
95. Sheldon I.M., and Noakes D.E. Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis. Veterinary Record 142 (1998) 575-579
96. Sheldon I.M., Noakes D.E., Rycroft A., and Dobson H. Acute phase protein response to post-partum uterine bacterial contamination in cattle. Veterinary Record 148 (2001) 172-177
97. Sheldon I.M., Noakes D.E., Rycroft A.N., Pfeiffer D.U., and Dobson H. Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle. Reproduction 123 (2002) 837-845
98. Sheldon I.M., Noakes D.E., Rycroft A.N., and Dobson H. Effect of intrauterine administration of oestradiol on post-partum uterine bacterial infection in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science 81 (2004) 13-23
99. Sheldon I.M., Lewis G.S., LeBlanc S., and Gilbert R.O. Defining post-partum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology 65 (2006) 1516-1530
100. Skopets B., Li J., Thatcher W.W., Roberts R.M., and Hansen P.J. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by bovine trophoblast proteine-1 (type 1 trophoblast interferon) and bovine interferon α 1. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 34 (1992) 81-96
101. 2) and uterine involution in the cow. Theriogenology 36 (1991) 1071-1090
102. Stevenson J.S. Clinical reproductive physiology of the cow. In: Youngquist R.S. (Ed). Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology (1997), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA 257-267
103. Stossel T.P. Phagocytosis: recognition and ingestion. Hematology 12 (1975) 83-116
104. Szekeres-Bartho J., Barakonyi A., Par G., Polgar B., Palkovics T., and Szereday L. Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. International Immunopharmacology 1 (2001) 1037-1048
105. Takeda K., and Akira S. TLR signalling pathways. Seminars in Immunology 16 (2004) 3-9
106. Tibbits F.D., Formigli L., del Vecchio R.P., Foote W.D., Randel R.D., and Del Vecchio R.P. A suggested role for mast cell heparin in prostaglandin synthesis in bovine endometrium. Proceedings of Western Section 40 (1989), American Society of Animal Science 337-338
107. 2 synthase gene induced by the toll like receptor 4/MyD88/NF-IL6 pathway. Journal of Immunology 168 (2002) 5811-5816
108. Vagnoni K.E., Abbruzzese S.B., Christiansen N.D., and Holyoak G.R. The influence of the phase of the estrous cycle on sheep endometrial tissue response to lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Animal Science 79 (2001) 463-469
109. Vander Wielen A.L., and King G.J. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the bovine uterus during the oestrus cycle early gestation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 49 (1984) 15-28
110. Wagter L.C., Mallard B.A., Wilkie B.N., Leslie K.E., Boettcher P.J., and Dekkers J.C.M. A quantitative approach to classifying Holstein cows based on antibody responsiveness and its relationship to peripartum mastitis occurrence. Journal of Dairy Science 83 (2000) 488-498
111. Waites G.T., and Bell S.C. Glycogen-induced intrauterine leucocytosis and its effect on mouse blastocysts implantation in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 66 (1982) 563-569
112. Watson C., and Gametchu B. Membrane estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors-implications for hormonal control of immune function and autoimmunity. International Immunopharmacology 1 (2001) 1049-1063
113. Watson E.D., Diehl N.K., and Evans J.F. Antibody response in the bovine genital tract to intrauterine infusion of Actinomyces pyogenes. Research in Veterinary Science 48 (1990) 70-75
114. Williams E.J., Fischer D.P., Pfeiffer D.U., England G.C.W., Noakes D.E., Dobson H., and Sheldon I.M. Clinical evaluation of post-partum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 63 (2005) 102-117
115. Wooding F.B.P. Current topic: the synepitheliochorial placenta of ruminants: binucleate cell fusions and hormone production. Placenta 13 (1992) 101-113
116. Young A., Thomson A.J., Ledinghan M., Jordan F., Greer I.A., and Norman J.E. Immunolocalization of proinflammatory cytokines in myometrium, cervix, and fetal membranes during human parturition at term. Biology of Reproduction 66 (2002) 445-449
117. Zerbe H., Schneider N., Leibold W., Wensing T., Kruip T.A., and Schuberth H.J. Altered functional and immunophenotypical properties of neutrophilic granulocytes in post-partum cows associated with fatty liver. Theriogenology 54 (2000) 771-786
118. Zerbe H., Schuberth H.J., Engelke F., Frank J., Klug E., and Leibold W. Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares. Theriogenology 60 (2003) 209-223