The clinical implications of aldosterone escape in congestive heart failure

European Journal of Heart Failure

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 539-545

  Struthers, Allan D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; Aldosterone; Aldosterone escape; CHF, congestive heart failure; Congestive heart failure; Eplerenone; LMMA, NG monomethyl L arginine; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; NO, nitric oxide; Spironolactone

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CANRENOATE POTASSIUM; CAPTOPRIL; CYTOCHROME P450 INHIBITOR; DIGITALIS; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; EPLERENONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; N(G) METHYLARGININE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; SPIRONOLACTONE; TRANDOLAPRIL;

ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; BIOAVAILABILITY; BLOOD VESSEL; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIUM LESION; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GYNECOMASTIA; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART OUTPUT; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; MASTALGIA; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH; TISSUE INJURY; VASODILATATION;

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FIBROSIS; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIUM; SPIRONOLACTONE; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 4043184149     PISSN: 13889842     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.04.013     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Swedberg K., Eneroth P., Kjedhus J., et al. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation. 82:1990;1730-1736
2. MacFadyen R.J., Lee A.F., Morton J.J., Pringle S.D., Struthers A.D. How often are angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations raised during chronic ACE inhibitor treatment in cardiac failure? Heart. 82:1999;57-61
3. Sato A., Saruta T. Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Int Med Res. 29:2001;13-21
4. Cleland J.G., Dargie H.J., Hodsman G.P., et al. Captopril in heart failure: a double blind controlled trial. Br Heart J. 52:1984;5305
5. Borghi C., Boschi S., Ambrosioni E., Melandri G., Branzi A., Magnani I. Evidence of a partial escape of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ACE inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol. 33:1993;40-45
6. Sato A., Saruta T. Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Int Med Res. 29:2001;13-21
7. McKelvie R., Yusuf S., Pericak D., et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 100:1999;1056-1064
8. Lee A.F., MacFadyen R.J., Struthers A.D. Neurohormonal reactivation in heart failure patients on chronic ACE inhibitor therapy: a longitudinal study. Eur J Heart Fail. 1:1999;401-406
9. Brilla C.G., Weber K.T. Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium and myocardial fibrosis. J Lab Clin Med. 120:1992;893-901
10. Roig E., Perez-Villa F., Morales M., et al. Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 21:2002;53-57
11. Urata H., Nishimura H., Ganten D. Mechanisms of angiotensin II formation in humans. Eur Heart J. 16:(Suppl N):1995;79-85
12. MacKenzie S., Clark C., Fraser R., Gomez-Sanchez C., McConnell J., Davies E. Expression of 11ß-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase genes in the rat brain. J Mol Endocrinol. 24:2000;321-328
13. Farquharson C.A., Struthers A.D. Spironolactone increases nitric oxide bioactivity, improves endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and suppresses vascular angiotensin I/angiotensin II conversion in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 101:2000;594-597
14. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 316:1987;1429-1435
15. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 325:1991;293-302
16. Vantrimpont P., Rouleau J.L., Ciampi A., et al. Two-year time course and significance of neurohumoral activation in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Study. Eur Heart J. 19:1998;1552-1563
17. Cicoira M., Zanolla L., Franceschini L., et al. Relation of aldosterone 'escape' despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration to impaired exercise capacity in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 89:2002;403-407
18. Duprez D.A., De Buyzere M.L., Rietzschel E.R., et al. Inverse relationship between aldosterone and large artery compliance in chronically treated heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 19:1998;1371-1376
19. Tsuji H., Venditti F.J. Jr, Evan J.C., Larson M.G., Levy D. The association of levels of serum potassium and magnesium with ventricular premature complexes (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 74:1994;232-235
20. Gottlieb S.S., Baruch L., Kukin M.L., Bernstein J.L., Misher M.L., Packer M. Prognostic importance of the serum magnesium concentration in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 16:1990;827-831
21. Heitzer T., Schlinzig T., Krohn K., et al. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 104:2001;2673-2678
22. Farquharson C.A., Struthers A.D. Aldosterone induces acute endothelial dysfunction in vivo in humans: evidence for an aldosterone-induced vasculopathy. Clin Sci (Lond). 103:2002;425-431
23. Ikeda U., Kanbe T., Nakayama I., Kawahara Y., Yokoyama M., Shimada K. Aldosterone inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells induce by interleukin-1ß Eur J Pharmacol. 290:1995;69-73
24. Bauersachs J., Heck M., Fraccarollo D., et al. Addition of spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in heart failure improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction: role of vascular superoxide anion formation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 39:2002;351-358
25. Rocha R., Rudolph A.E., Frierdich G.E., et al. Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 283:2002;H1802-H1810
26. Rajogopalan S., Duquaine D., King S., Pitt B., Patel P. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in experimental atherosclerosis. Circulation. 105:2002;2212-2216
27. Barr C.S., Lang C.C., Hanson J., et al. Effects of adding spironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 76:1995;1259-1265
28. Brilla C.G., Zhou G., Matsubara L., Weber K.T. Collagen metabolism in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: response to angiotensin II and aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 26:1994;809-820
29. Brilla D.G., Pick R., Tan L.B., Janicki J.S., Weber K.T. Remodeling of the rat right and left ventricles in experimental hypertension. Circ Res. 67:1990;1355-1364
30. Frierdich G., Schuh J., Brown M., Nochowiak D., Blehm D., Delyani J.A. Effects of the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, eplerenone, in a model of aldosterone-induced hypertension and cardiac fibrosis. Am J Hypertens. 11:1998;94A
31. Suzuki G., Morita H., Mishima T., et al. Long-term monotherapy with eplerenone, a novel aldosterone blocker, on progression of left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with heart failure. Circulation. 106:2002;2967-2972
32. MacFadyen R.J., Barr C.S., Struthers A.D. Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Res. 35:1997;30-34
33. Rossi G.P., DiBello V., Ganzaroli C., et al. Excess aldosterone is associated with alterations of myocardial texture in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 40:2002;23-27
34. Modena M.G., Aveta P., Menozzi A., Rossi R. Aldosterone inhibition limits collagen synthesis and progressive left ventricular enlargement after anterior myocardial infarction. Am J Heart. 141:2001;41-46
35. Sato A., Suzuki Y., Saruta T. Effects of spironolactone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 22:1999;17-22
36. Weber K.T. A neuroendocrine-immune interface. The immunostimulatory state of aldosteronism. Herz. 28:2003;692-701
37. Wang W., McClaim J.M., Zucker I.H. Aldosterone reduces baroreceptor discharge in the dog. Hypertension. 19:1992;270-277
38. Wang W. Chronic administration of aldosterone depresses baroreceptor reflex function in the dog. Hypertension. 24:1994;571-575
39. Yee K.M., Struthers A.D. Aldosterone blunts the baroreflex response in man. Clin Sci. 95:1998;687-692
40. Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme W.J., et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 341:1999;709-717
41. Zannad F., Alla F., Dousett B., Perez A., Pitt B. Limitation of excessive matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 102:2000;2700-2706. on behalf of the RALES Investigators
42. Pitt B., Remme W., Zannad F., et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 348:2003;1309-1321