Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in three alkaline Rift Valley lakes of Kenya - Lakes Bogoria, Nakuru and Elmenteita

Journal of Plankton Research

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 925-935

  Ballot, Andreas ^a   Krienitz, Lothar ^a   Kotut, Kiplagat ^b   Wiegand, Claudia ^a   Metcalf, James S ^c   Codd, Geoffrey A ^c   Pflugmacher, Stephan ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AND INLAND FISHERIES   (Germany)

^b KENYATTA UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYANOBACTERIUM; MASS MORTALITY; PHYTOPLANKTON; TOXIC ORGANISM;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; LAKE BOGORIA; LAKE ELMENTEITA; LAKE NAKURU; RIFT VALLEY; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

ANABAENA; ANABAENA SP.; ANABAENOPSIS; ANABAENOPSIS ARNOLDII; ARTHROSPIRA FUSIFORMIS; CYANOBACTERIA; PHOENICOPTERIDAE; PHOENICOPTERUS; PHOENICOPTERUS MINOR; PHORMIDIUM; SPIRULINA; SPIRULINA SUBSALSA;

EID: 4043164886     PISSN: 01427873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbh084     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ballot, A., Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C, Kotut, K., Krause, E., Metcalf, J. S., Morrison, L. F., Codd, G. A. and Krienitz, L. (2002) Cyanobacterial toxins, a further contributory cause of mass deaths of flamingos at Kenyan Rift Valley lakes. Abstracts of the Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae, Tradewinds Conference Center, St. Pete Beach Florida, p. 20.
2. Ballot, A., Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Kotut, K. and Krienitz, L. (2004) Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in the crater lakes Sonachi and Simbi, Kenya. Harmful Algae, (in press)
3. Carmichael, W. W. (1997) The cyanotoxins. Adv. Bot. Res., 27, 211-256.
4. Christoffersen, K. (1996) Ecological implications of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic food webs. Phycologia, 35, 42-50.
5. Ciferri, O. (1983) Spirulina the edible microorganism. Microbiol. Rev., 47, 551-578.
6. Cioni, R., Fanelli, G., Guidi, M., Kinyariro, J. K. and Marini, L. (1992) Lake Bogoria hot springs (Kenya): geochemical features and geothermal implications. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 50, 231-246.
7. Codd, G. A., Bell, S. G., Kaya, K., Ward, C. J., Beattie, K. A. and Metcalf, J. S. (1999) Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and human health. Eur. J. Phycol., 34, 405-415.
8. Edwards, C., Beattie, K. A., Scrimgeour, C. M. and Codd, G. A. (1992) Identification of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch Insh, Scotland. Toxicon, 30, 1165-1175.
9. Fastner, J., Flieger, I. and Neumann, U. (1998) Optimised extraction of microcystins from lyophilised field samples - a comparison of different solvents and procedures. Wat. Res., 32, 3177-3181.
10. Fastner, J., Wirsing, B., Wiedner, C., Heinze, R., Neumann, U. and Chorus, I. (2001) Microcystins and hepatocyte toxicity. In Chorus I. (ed.), Cyanotoxins, Ocurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 22-36.
11. Fawell, J. K., James, C. P. and James, H. A. (1994) Toxins from Blue-Green Algae: Toxicological Assessment of Microcystin-LR and a Method for its Determination in Water. Water Research Centre, Medmenham, UK, pp. 1-46.
12. Fitzgeorge, R. B., Clark, S. A. and Keevil, C. W. (1994) Routes of intoxication. In Codd, G. A., Jeffries, T. M., Keevil, C. W. and Potter, E. (eds), 1st International Symposium on Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp. 69-74.
13. Gilroy, D. J., Kauffman, K. W., Hall, R. A., Huang, X. and Chu, F. S. (2000) Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in blue-green algae dietary supplements. Env. Health Persp., 108, 435-439.
14. Harada, K.-I., Kimura, Y., Ogawa, K., Suzuki, M., Dahlem, A. M., Beasley, V. R. and Carmichael, W. W. (1989) A new procedure for the analysis and purification of naturally occurring anatoxin-a from the blue-green algae Anabaena flos-aquae. Toxicon, 27, 1289-1296.
15. Hegewald, E., Krienitz, L. and Schnepf, E. (1994) Studies on Scenedesmus costato-granulatus Skuja. Nova Hedwigia, 59, 97-127.
16. Hepperle, D. (2000) Opticount. available at http://www.gwdg.de/~dhepper/ software.htm
17. Hindák, F. (1985) Morphology of trichomes in Spirulina fusiformis Voronichin from Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 71, 201-218.
18. Hindák, F. (2001) Thermal microorganisms from a hot spring on the coast of Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft, 123, 77-93.
19. Iwasa, M., Yamamoto, M., Tanaka, Y., Kaito, M. and Adachi, Y. (2002) Spirulina-associated hepatotoxicity. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 97, 3212-3213.
20. Jassby, A. (1988) Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. In Lembi, C. A. and Waaland, J. R. (eds.), Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 149-179.
21. Jeeji-Bai, N., Hegewald, E. and Soeder, C. J. (1977) Revision and taxonomic analysis of the genus Anabaenopsis. Algol. Stud., 18, 3-24.
22. Jenkin, P. M. (1936) Reports on the Percy Sladen Expedition to some Rift Valley lakes in Kenya in 1929. 7. Summary of the ecological result with special reference to the alkaline lakes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 10, 18, 131-181.
23. Jensen, J. P., Jeppesen, E., Olrik, K. and Kristensen, P. (1994) Impact of nutrients and physical factors on the shift from cyanobacterial to chlorophyte dominance in shallow Danish lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 51, 1692-1699.
24. Kairu, J. K. (1996) Heavy metal residues in birds of Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol., 34, 397-400.
25. Kebede, E. (1997) Response of Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia, to salinity stress from sodium salts. J. Appl. Phycol., 9, 551-558.
26. Kebede, E. and Willén, E. (1996) Anabaenopsis abijatae, a new cyanophyte from Lake Abijata, an alkaline, saline lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Algol. Stud., 80, 1-8.
27. Kock, N. D., Kock, R. A., Wambua, J., Kamau, G. J. and Mohan, K. (1999) Mycobacterium avium-related epizootic in free ranging Lesser Flamingos in Kenya. J. Wildlife Dis., 35, 29-300.
28. Krienitz, L., Ballot, A., Kotut, K., Wiegand, C., Pütz, S., Metcalf, J. S., Codd, G. A. and Pflugmacher, S. (2003) Contribution of hot spring cyanobacteria to the mysterious deaths of Lesser Flamingos at Lake Bogoria, Kenya. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 43, 141-148.
29. Lanaras, T. and Cook, C. M. (1994) Toxin extraction from an Anabaenopsis milleri - dominated bloom. Sci. Total Env., 142, 163-169.
30. Melack, J. (1979) Photosynthesis and growth of Spirulina platensis (Cyanophyta) in an equatorial lake (Lake Simbi, Kenya). Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 753-760.
31. Melack, J. M. (1988) Primary producer dynamics associated with evaporative concentration in a shallow, equatorial soda lake (Lake Elmenteita, Kenya). Hydrobiologia, 158, 1-14.
32. Metcalf J. S., Bell, S. G. and Codd, G. A. (2000) Production of novel polyclonal antibodies against the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR and their application for the detection and quantification of microcystins and nodularin. Wat. Res., 34, 2761-2769.
33. Mez, K., Beattie, K. A., Codd, G. A., Hanselmann, K., Hauser, B., Naegeli, H. and Preisig, H. R. (1997) Identification of a microcystin in benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on alpine pastures in Switzerland. Eur. J. Phycol., 32, 111-117.
34. Mwaura, F. and Moore, T. R. (1991) Forest and woodland depletion in the Lake Elementeita Basin, Kenya. Geoforum, 22, 17-26.
35. Nelson, Y. M., Thampy, R. J., Motelin, G. K., Raini, J. A., DiSante, C. J. and Lion, L. W. (1998) Model for trace metal exposure in filter-feeding flamingos at alkaline Rift Valley lakes, Kenya. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2302-2309.
36. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (1982) Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Final Report. OECD Cooperative Programme on Monitoring of Inland Waters (Eutrophication Control), Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris, 154 p.
37. Oliver, R. L. and Ganf, G. G. (2000) Freshwater blooms. In Whitton, B, A. and Potts, M. (eds.), The Ecology of Cyanobacteria. Their Diversity in Time and Space. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, pp. 149-194.
38. Owino, A. O., Oyugi, J. O., Nasirwa, O. O. and Bennun, L. A. (2001) Patterns of variation in waterbird numbers on four Rift Valley lakes in Kenya, 1991-1999. Hydrobiologia, 458, 45-53.
39. Paerl, H. W. (1996) A comparison of cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Phycologia, 35, 25-35.
40. Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Beattie, K. A., Krause, E., Steinberg, C. E. W. and Codd, G. A. (2001) Upiake, effects and metabolism of cyanobacterial toxins in the emergent reed plant Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steud. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 846-852.
41. Reynolds, C. S. (1992) Eutrophication and the management of eutrophic algae: what Vollenweider couldn't tell us. In Sutcliff, D. W. and Jones, J. G. (eds), Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, pp. 4-29.
42. Robarts, R. D. and Zohary, T. (1987) Temperature effects on photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and growth rates of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 21, 391-399.
43. Ruttner, F. (1938) Limnologische Studien an einigen Seen der Ostalpen. Arch. Hydrobiol., 32, 167-319.
44. Salazar, M., Martinez, E., Madrigal, E., Ruiz, L. E. and Chamorro, G. A. (1998) Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima. J. Ethnopharmacol., 62, 235-241.
45. Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Gragnani, A., Mur, L. R. and van Nes, E. H. (1997) On the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in shallow, turbid lakes. Ecology, 78, 272-282.
46. Schlüter, T. (1993) Comparison of the mineral composition of the lakes of the East African Rift. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geoscientific Research in northeast Africa/Berlin/Germany/17-19 June, pp. 657-662.
47. Shivoga, W. A. (2001) The influence of hydrology on the structure of invertebrate communities in two streams flowing into Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Hydrobiologia, 458, 121-130.
48. Sivonen, K. (1996) Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production. Phycologia, 35, 12-24.
49. Sivonen, K. and Jones, J. (1999) Cyanobacterial toxins. In Chorus, I. and Bartram, J. (eds), Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, a Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. Published on the behalf of the World Health Organization by E. and F. N. Spon, London, pp. 41-112.
50. Smith, V. H. (1983) Low nitrogen to phosphorous ratios favour dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton. Science, 221, 669-671.
51. Talling, J. F. and Talling, I. B. (1965) The chemical composition of African Lake Water. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol., 50, 421-463.
52. Tomaselli, L. (1997) Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima and Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. In Vonshak, A. (ed.), Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira), Physiology, Cell-Biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 1-17.
53. Utermöhl, H. (1958) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol., 9, 1-38.
54. Vareschi, E. (1978) The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). I. Abundance and feeding of the Lesser Flamingo. Oecologia, 32, 11-35.
55. Vareschi, E. (1982) The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). III. Abiotic factors and primary production. Oecologia, 55, 81-101.
56. Vonshak, A. (1987) Strain selection of Spirulina suitable for mass production. Hydrobiologia, 151/152, 75-77.
57. Vonshak, A. (1997) Spirulina: growth, physiology and biochemistry. In Vonshak, A. (ed.), Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira). Physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 43-65.
58. Walsby, A. E. (1994) Gas vesicles. Microbiol. Rev., 58, 94-144.
59. Wanjiru, J. (2001) Kenya's pink flamingos weighted down by heavy metals. Environment News Service, July 16, 2001. http://www.ens-news.com/
60. Yoshida, T., Makita, Y., Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Yoshida, F., Sekijima, M., Tamura, S.-I. and Ueno, Y. (1997) Acute oral toxicity of microcystin-LR, a Cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, in mice. Nat. Toxins, 5, 91-95.