Plant assemblage composition explains and predicts how biodiversity affects salt marsh functioning

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 569-590

  Sullivan, Gary ^a   Callaway, John C ^b   Zedler, Joy B ^c  

^a Wetlands Initiative   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Assemblages; BEF theory; Biodiversity; Biomass; Complementarity; Function; Nitrogen; Root : shoot ratios; Salicornia virginica; Salt marsh; Selection effects

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMPLEMENTARITY; DICOTYLEDON; DOMINANCE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HABITAT RESTORATION; NITROGEN; PHYTOMASS; ROOT-SHOOT RATIO; SALTMARSH;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

FRANKENIA SALINA; SALICORNIA VIRGINICA; TRIGLOCHIN CONCINNUM;

EID: 40349101983     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: 15577015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/06-1947.1     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Aarssen, L. W. 1997. High productivity in grassland ecosystems: effected by species diversity or productive species? Oikos 80:183-184.
2. Balvanera, P., A. B. Pfisterer, N. Buchmann, J. S. He, T. Nakashizuka, D. Raffaelli, and B. Schmid. 2006. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters 9:1146-1156.
3. Caldeira, M. C., A. Hector, M. Loreau, and J. S. Pereira. 2005. Species richness, temporal variability and resistance of biomass production in a mediterranean grassland. Oikos 110:115-123.
4. 13C analysis in experimental Portuguese grassland plots. Ecology Letters 4:439-443.
5. Callaway, J. C., G. Sullivan, and J. B. Zedler. 2003. Species-rich plantings increase biomass and nitrogen accumulation in a wetland restoration experiment. Ecological Applications 13:1626-1639.
6. Cameron, T. 2002. The year of the 'diversity-ecosystem function' debate. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:495-496.
7. Cardinale, B. J., and M. A. Palmer. 2002. Disturbance moderates biodiversity ecosystem function relationships: evidence from suspension feeding caddisflies in stream mesocosms. Ecology 83:1915-1927.
8. Cardinale, B. J., M. A. Palmer, and S. L. Collins. 2002. Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation. Nature 415:426-429.
9. Cardinale, B. J., D. S. Srivastava, J. E. Duffy, J. P. Wright, A. L. Downing, M. Sankaran, and C. Jouseau. 2006. Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature 443:989-992.
10. Chapin, F. S., E.-D. Schulze, and H. A. Mooney. 1992. Biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:107-108.
11. Cottingham, K. L., B. L. Brown, and J. T. Lennon. 2001. Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems. Ecology Letters 4:72-85.
12. Darwin, C. 1859. The origin of species by means of natural selection. Sixth edition. D. Appleton, New York, New York, USA.
13. Diaz, S., and M. Cabido. 2001. Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16:646-655.
14. Duffy, J. E., K. S. Macdonald, J. M. Rhode, and J. D. Parker. 2001. Grazer diversity, functional redundancy, and productivity in seagrass beds: an experimental test. Ecology 82:2417-2434.
15. Dukes, J. S. 2001. Productivity and complementarity in grassland microcosms of varying diversity. Oikos 94:468-480.
16. Dukes, J. S. 2002. Species composition and diversity affect grassland susceptibility and response to invasion. Ecological Applications 12:602-617.
17. Ewel, J. J., M. J. Mazzarino, and C. W. Berish. 1991. Tropical soil fertility changes under monocultures and successional communities of different structure. Ecological Applications 1:289-302.
18. Fargione, J. E., and D. Tilman. 2005. Diversity decreases invasion via both sampling and complementarity effects. Ecology Letters 8:604-611.
19. Fox, J. W. 2005. Interpreting the 'selection effect' of biodiversity on ecosystem function. Ecology Letters 8:846-856.
20. Fridley, J. D. 2001. The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where, and why? Oikos 93:514-526.
21. Fridley, J. D. 2002. Resource availability dominates and alters the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity in experimental plant communities. Oecologia 132:271-277.
22. Fukami, T., and P. J. Morin. 2003. Productivity-biodiversity relationships depend on the history of community assembly. Nature 424:423-426.
23. Fukami, T., S. Naeem, and D. A. Wardle. 2001. On similarity among local communities in biodiversity experiments. Oikos 95:340-348.
24. Giller, P., et al. 2004. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: emerging issues and their experimental test in aquatic environments. Oikos 104:423-436.
25. Hector, A. 1998. The effect of diversity on productivity: detecting the role of species complementarity. Oikos 82:597-599.
26. Hector, A., E. Bazeley-White, M. Loreau, S. J. Otway, and B. Schmid. 2002. Overyielding in grassland communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments. Ecology Letters 5:502-511.
27. Hector, A., K. Dobson, B.A.Minns, E. Bazeley-White, and J. H. Lawton. 2001. Community diversity and invasion resistance: an experimental test in a grassland ecosystem and a review of comparable studies. Ecological Research 16:819-831.
28. Hector, A., et al. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.
29. Hector, A., et al. 2000. Response: no consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity. Science 289:1255a.
30. Hooper, D. U. 1998. The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity. Ecology 79:704-719.
31. Hooper, D. U., et al. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75:3-35.
32. Hooper, D. U., and J. S. Dukes. 2004. Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long-term experiment. Ecology Letters 7:95-105.
33. Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1302-1305.
34. Huston, M. A. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449-460.
35. Huston, M. A., et al. 2000. Technical comment: no consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity. Science 289:1255a.
36. Ibarra-Obando, S. E., and M. Poumian-Tapia. 1991. The effect of tidal exclusion on salt marsh vegetation in Baja California, México. Wetlands Ecology and Management 1:131-148.
37. Kahmen, A., C. Renker, S. B. Unsicker, and N. Buchmann. 2006. Niche complementarity for nitrogen: an explanation for the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Ecology 87:1244-1255.
38. Keer, G. H., and J. B. Zedler. 2002. Salt marsh canopy architecture differs with the number and composition of species. Ecological Applications 12:456-473.
39. Kennedy, T. A., S. Naeem, K. M. Howe, J. M. H. Knops, D. Tilman, and P. Reich. 2002. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature 417:636-638.
40. Knops, J. M. H., et al. 1999. Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity. Ecology Letters 2:286-293.
41. Kokkoris, G. D., V. A. A. Jansen, M. Loreau, and A. Y. Troumbis. 2002. Variability in interaction strength and implications for biodiversity. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:362-371.
42. Lambers, J. H. R., W. S. Harpole, D. Tilman, J. Knops, and P. B. Reich. 2004. Mechanisms responsible for the positive diversity-productivity relationship in Minnesota grasslands. Ecology Letters 7:661-668.
43. Lamont, B. B. 1995. Testing the effect of ecosystem composition/structure on its functioning. Oikos 74:283-295.
44. Leps, J., et al. 2001. Separating the chance effect from other diversity effects in the functioning of plant communities. Oikos 92:123-134.
45. Lindig-Cisneros, R., and J. B. Zedler. 2002. Halophyte recruitment in a salt marsh restoration site. Estuaries 26:1174-1183.
46. Loreau, M. 1998. Separating sampling and other effects in biodiversity experiments. Oikos 82:600-602.
47. Loreau, M., A. Downing, M. C. Emmerson, A. Gonzalez, J. Hughes, P. Inchausti, J. Joshi, J. Norberg, and O. Sala. 2002. A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability. Pages 79-91 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
48. Loreau,M., and A. Hector. 2001. Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412:72-76.
49. Loreau, M., et al. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808.
50. Mitchell, C. E., D. Tilman, and J. V. Groth. 2002. Effects of grassland plant species diversity, abundance, and composition on foliar fungal disease. Ecology 83:1713-1726.
51. Mittelbach, G. G., C. F. Steiner, S. M. Scheiner, K. L. Gross, H. L. Reynolds, R. B. Waide, M. R. Willig, S. I. Dodson, and L. Gough. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity. Ecology 82:2381-2396.
52. Morzaria-Luna, H. N. 2004. Determinants of plant species assemblages in the California marsh plain: implications for restoration of ecosystem function. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
53. Morzaria-Luna, H., J. C. Callaway, G. Sullivan, and J. B. Zedler. 2004. Relationship between topographic heterogeneity and vegetation patterns in a Californian salt-marsh. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:523-530.
54. Morzaria-Luna, H. N., and J. B. Zedler. 2007. Does seed availability limit plant establishment during salt marsh restoration? Estuaries and Coasts 30:12-25.
55. Mulder, C. P. H., D. D. Uliassi, and D. F. Doak. 2001. Physical stress and diversity-productivity relationships: the role of positive interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98:6704-6708.
56. Naeem, S. 2002a. Biodiversity equals instability? Nature 416:23-24.
57. Naeem, S. 2002b. Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss: the evolution of a paradigm. Ecology 83:1537-1552.
58. Naeem, S. 2006. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in restored ecosystems: extracting principles for a synthetic perspective. Pages 210-237 in D. Falk, M. Palmer, and J. Zedler, editors. Foundations of restoration ecology. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
59. Naeem, S., K. Hakansson, J. H. Lawton, J. H. Crawley, and L. J. Thompson. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 347:249-262.
60. Naeem, S., J. M. H. Knops, D. Tilman, K. M. Howe, T. Kennedy, and S. Gale. 2000. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos 91:97-108.
61. Naeem, S., and S. Li. 1997. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390:507-509.
62. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734-737.
63. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1996. Biodiversity and plant productivity in model assemblage of plant species. Oikos 76:259-264.
64. O'Connor, N. E., and T. P. Crowe. 2005. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem functioning: distinguishing between number and identity of species. Ecology 86:1783-1796.
65. Petchey, O. L. 2003. Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning. Oikos 101:323-330.
66. Petchey,O. L., and K. J. Gaston. 2006. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters 9:741-758.
67. Pfisterer, A. B., and B. Schmid. 2002. Diversity-dependent production can decrease the stability of ecosystem functioning. Nature 416:84-86.
68. Polley, H. W., B. J. Wilsey, and J. D. Derner. 2003. Do species evenness and plant density influence the magnitude of selection and complementarity effects in annual plant species mixtures? Ecology Letters 6:248-256.
69. Reich, P. B., et al. 2001. Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. Nature 410:809-812.
70. Roscher, C., V. M. Temperton, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, M. Schmitz, J. Schumacher, B. Schmid, N. Buchmann, W. W. Weisser, and E.-D. Schulze. 2005. Overyielding in experimental grassland communities - irrespective of species pool or spatial scale. Ecology Letters 8:419-429.
71. Schmid, B., and A. Hector. 2004. The value of biodiversity experiments. Basic and Applied Ecology 5:535-542.
72. Schwartz, M. W., C. A. Brigham, J. D. Hoeksema, K. G. Lyons, M. H. Mills, and P. J. van Mantgem. 2000. Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology. Oecologia 122:297-305.
73. Spaekova, I., and J. Leps. 2001. Procedure for separating the selection effect from other effects in diversity-productivity relationship. Ecology Letters 4:585-594.
74. Spehn, E. M., et al. 2005. Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grasslands. Ecological Monographs 75:37-63.
75. Srivastava, D. S., and M. Vellend. 2005. Biodiversity-ecosystem function research: Is it relevant to conservation? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:267-294.
76. Stevens, M. H. H., and W. P. Carson. 2001. Phenological complementarity, species diversity, and ecosystem function. Oikos 92:291-296.
77. Sullivan, G., and J. B. Zedler. 1999. Functional redundancy among tidal marsh halophytes: a test. Oikos 84:246-260.
78. Symstad, A. J. 2000. A test of the effects of functional group richness and composition on grassland invasibility. Ecology 81:99-109.
79. Tilman, D. 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.
80. Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367:363-365.
81. Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300-1302.
82. Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, and J. M. H. Knops. 2006. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441:629-632.
83. Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J. Knops, D. Wedin, T. Mielke, and C. Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294:843-845.
84. Underwood, A. J. 1997. Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
85. van Ruijven, J., and F. Berendse. 2003. Positive effects of plant species diversity on productivity in the absence of legumes. Ecology Letters 6:170-175.
86. Vitousek, P. M., and D. U. Hooper. 1993. Biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. Pages 3-14 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
87. Walker, B., and J. L. Langridge. 2002. Measuring functional diversity in plant communities with mixed life forms: a problem of hard and soft attributes. Ecosystems 5:529-538.
88. Wardle, D. A. 2001. No observational evidence for diversity enhancing productivity in Mediterranean shrublands. Oecologia 129:620-621.
89. Wardle, D. A., K. L. Bonner, and K. S. Nicholson. 1997. Biodiversity and plant litter: experimental evidence which does not support the view that enhanced species richness improves ecosystem function. Oikos 79:247-258.
90. Winer, B. J. 1971. Statistical concepts in experimental design. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
91. Worm, B., et al. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787-790.
92. Yachi, S., and M. Loreau. 1999. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 96:1463-1468.
93. Zedler, J. B. 1977. Salt marsh community structure in the Tijuana Estuary, California. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5:39-53.
94. Zedler, J. B., J. C. Callaway, J. S. Desmond, G. Vivian-Smith, G. D. Williams, G. Sullivan, A. E. Brewster, and B. K. Bradshaw. 1999. Californian salt marsh vegetation: an improved model of spatial pattern. Ecosystems 2:19-35.
95. Zedler, J. B., J. C. Callaway, and G. Sullivan. 2001. Declining biodiversity: why species matter and how their functions might be restored in Californian tidal marshes. BioScience 51:1005-1017.
96. Zedler, J. B., and J. M. West. In press. Declining diversity in natural and restored salt marshes: a 30-year study of Tijuana Estuary. Restoration Ecology.