Hormone-dependent gynaecological disorders: a pathophysiological perspective for appropriate treatment

Best Practice and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 235-249

  Petraglia, Felice ^a   Musacchio, Concetta ^a   Luisi, Stefano ^a   De Leo, Vincenzo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

adenomyosis; amenorrhoea; endometriosis; gonadotrophins; oestrogens; polycystic ovary syndrome; premenstrual syndrome; progesterone; prolactin; uterine fibromatosis

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CLOMIFENE; DIURETIC AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; GONADORELIN; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GONADOTROPIN; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; SPIRONOLACTONE; THYROID HORMONE;

ACNE; ADENOMYOSIS; BLOATING; BREAST TENDERNESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE INFERTILITY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HIRSUTISM; HORMONAL THERAPY; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; OVULATION INDUCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE; PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME; PRIMARY AMENORRHEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN BLOOD LEVEL; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SECONDARY AMENORRHEA; SIDE EFFECT; UTERUS MYOMA;

ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE; FIBROMA; GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; MENSTRUATION DISTURBANCES; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; UTERINE NEOPLASMS;

EID: 39749098765     PISSN: 15216934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.07.005     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhoea. Fertil Steril 82 (2004) S33-S39
2. Speroff L., and Fritz M.A. Amenorrhoea. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th edn. (2005), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 401-464
3. Simpson J., and Rajkovic A. Ovarian differentiation and gonadal failure. Am J Med Genet 89 (1999) 186-200
4. Yanase T., Simpson E.R., and Waterman M.R. 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency: from clinical investigation to molecular definition. Endocr Rev 12 (1991) 91-108
5. Hughes I., and Deeb A. Androgen resistance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20 (2006) 577-598
6. Iovane A., Aumas C., and De Roux N. New insights in the genetics of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol 151 (2004) 83-88
7. Master-Hunter T., and Heiman D.L. Amenorrhoea: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician 73 (2006) 1374-1382
8. Chan J.L., Heist K., DePaoli A.M., et al. The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest 111 (2003) 1409-1421
9. Hashimoto K., Nishiyama M., Tanaka Y., et al. Urocortins and corticotropin releasing factor type 2 receptors in the hypothalamus and the cardiovascular system. Peptides 25 (2004) 1711-1721
10. Frisch R.E. The right weight: body fat, menarche and ovulation. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 4 (1990) 419-439
11. Kalantaridou S., Makrigiannakis A., Zoumakis E., et al. Stress and the female reproductive system. J Reprod Immunol 62 (2004) 61-68
12. Milenkovic L., D'Angelo G., Kelly P.A., et al. Inhibition of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone release by prolactin from GT1 neuronal cell lines through prolactin receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91 (1994) 1244-1247
13. Ascoli P., and Cavagnini F. Hypopituitarism. Pituitary 9 (2006) 335-342
14. Conway G.S. Premature ovarian failure. Br Med Bull 56 (2000) 643-649
15. Laml T., Schulz-Lobmeyr I., Obruca A., et al. Premature ovarian failure: etiology and prospects. Gynecol Endocrinol 14 (2000) 292-302
16. Laml T., Preyer O., Umek W., et al. Genetic disorders in premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod Update 8 (2002) 483-491
17. Petraglia F., Hartmann B., Luisi S., et al. Low levels of serum inhibin A and inhibin B in women with hypergonadotropic amenorrhoea and evidence of high levels of activin A in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Fertil Steril 70 (1998) 907-912
18. Carmina E., and Lobo R.A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999) 1897-1899
19. Franks S., McCarthy M., and Hardy K. Development of polycystic ovary syndrome: involvemen of genetic and environmental factors. Int J Androl 29 (2006) 278-285
20. Kalro B.N., Loucks T.L., and Berga S.L. Neuromodulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 28 (2001) 35-62
21. Ehrmann D.A., Barnes R.B., and Rosenfield R.L. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion. Endocr Rev 16 (1995) 322-353
22. Rosenfield R.L., Barnes R.B., and Ehrmann D.A. Studies of the nature of 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresponsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist challenge in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 (1994) 1686-1692
23. la Marca A., Egbe T.O., Morgante G., et al. Metformin treatment reduces ovarian cytochrome P-450c17 response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 15 (2000) 21-23
24. De Leo V., Lanzetta D., D'Antona D., et al. Hormonal effects of flutamide in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 99-102
25. Vrbikova J., and Cibula D. Combined oral contraceptives in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 11 (2005) 277-291
26. Morales A.J., Laughlin G.A., Butzow T., et al. Insulin, somatotropic, and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: common distinct features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996) 2854-2859
27. De Leo V., La Marca A., and Petraglia F. Insulin-lowering agents in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 24 (2003) 633-667
28. Nestler J.E., Jakubowicz D.J., de Vargas A.F., et al. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 2001-2005
29. Duleba A.J., Spaczynski R.Z., and Olive D.L. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I stimulate the proliferation of human ovarian theca-interstitial cells. Fertil Steril 69 (1998) 335-340
30. Kristiansen S.B., Endoh A., Casson P.R., et al. Induction of steroidogenic enzyme genes by insulin and IGF-I in cultured adult human adrenocortical cells. Steroids 62 (1997) 258-265
31. Mesiano S., Katz S.L., Lee J.Y., et al. Insulin-like growth factors augment steroid production and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human fetal adrenal cortical cells: implications for adrenal androgen regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997) 1390-1396
32. Homburg R., Pariente C., Lunenfeld B., et al. The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 7 (1992) 1379-1383
33. De Leo V., La Marca A., Ditto A., et al. Effects of metformin on gonadotropin-induced ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 72 (1999) 282-285
34. Schmidt P.J., Nieman L.K., Danaceao M.A., et al. Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 209-216
35. Backstrom T. Neuroendocrinology of premenstrual syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 35 (1992) 612-628
36. Gruber C.J., and Huber J.C. Differential effects of progestins on the brain. Maturitas 46 (2003) 71-75
37. Nyberg S., Andersen A., Zingmark E., et al. The effect of low dose of alcohol on allopregenenolone serum concentrations across the menstrual cycle in women with severe premenstrual syndrome and controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 (2005) 892-901
38. Milewicz A., and Jedrzejuk D. Premenstrual syndrome: from etiology to treatment. Maturitas 55 (2006) 47-54
39. Rapkin A. A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (2003) 39-53
40. Peters F. Clinical significance of serum prolactin levels in cyclic mastalgia. In: Peters F. (Ed). An Update of Cyclic Mastalgia (1988), Parthenon Publishing Group, New Jersey 31-34
41. Girman A., Lee R., and Kligler B. An integrative medicine approach to premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 (2003) 56-65
42. Olive D.L., and Schwartz L.B. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1759-1769
43. Farquar C.M. Endometriosis. BMJ 320 (2000) 1449-1452
44. Wu M.H., Shoji Y., Chuang P.C., et al. Endometriosis: disease pathophysiology and the role of prostaglandins. Expert Rev Mol Med 9 (2007) 1-20
45. Luisi S., Galleri L., Marini F., et al. Estrogen receptor gene polymorphism are associated with recurrence of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 85 (2006) 764-766
46. Taylor R.N., Lebovic D.I., and Mueller M.D. Angiogenic factors in endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 955 (2002) 89-100
47. McLaren J. Vascular endothelial growth factor and endometriotic angiogenesis. Hum Reprod Update 6 (2000) 45-55
48. Vignali M., Infantino M., Matrone R., et al. Endometriosis: novel etiopathogenetic concepts and clinical perspectives. Fertil Steril 78 (2002) 665-678
49. Ascher-Walsh C.J., Tu J.L., Du Y., et al. Location of adenomyosis in total hysterectomy specimens. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10 (2003) 360-362
50. Peric H., and Fraser I.S. The symptomatology of adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 20 (2006) 547-555
51. Devlieger R., D'Hooghe T., and Timmerman D. Uterine adenomyosis in the infertility clinic. Hum Reprod Update 9 (2003) 139-147
52. Uduwela A.S., Perera M.A.K., Aiquig L., et al. Endometrial-myometrial interface: relationship to adenomyosis and changes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 55 (2000) 390-400
53. Ueki K., Kumagai K., Yamashita H., et al. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in adenomyotic uteri treated with danazol and GnRH agonists. Int J Gynecol Pathol 23 (2004) 248-258
54. Sahin A.A., Silva E.G., Landon G., et al. Endometrial tissue in myometrial vessels not associated with menstruation. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8 (1989) 139-146
55. Moll R., Levy R., Czernobilsky B., et al. Cytokeratins of normal epithelial and some neoplasms of the female genital tract. Lab Invest 49 (1983) 599-610
56. Nikkanen V., and Punnonen R. Clinical significance of adenomyosis. Ann Chir Gynaecol 69 (1980) 278-280
57. Prayson R.A., and Hart W.R. Pathologic considerations of uterine smooth muscle tumors. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 22 (1995) 637-657
58. Hutchins Jr. F.L. Uterine fibroids. Diagnosis and indications for treatment. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 22 (1995) 659-665
59. Stovall D.W. Clinical symptomatology of uterine leiomyomas. Clin Obstet Gynecol 44 (2001) 364-371
60. Payson M., Leppert P., and Segars J. Epidemiology of myomas. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 33 (2006) 1-11
61. Cramer D.W. Epidemiology of myomas. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 10 (1992) 320-324
62. Maggino T., Pirrone F., Velluti F., et al. The role of the endocrine factors and obesity in hormone-dependent gynecological neoplasias. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 14 (1993) 119-126
63. Parazzini F., Negri E., La Vecchia C., et al. Reproductive factors and risk of uterine fibroids. Epidemiology 7 (1996) 440-442
64. Murphy A.A., Kettel L.M., Morales A.J., et al. Regression of uterine leiomyomata in response to the antiprogesterone RU 486. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 (1993) 513-517
65. Rein M.S. Advances in uterine leiomyoma research: the progesterone hypothesis. Environ Health Perspect 108 (2000) 791-793
66. Rosati P., Exacoustos C., and Mancuso S. Longitudinal evaluation of uterine myoma growth during pregnancy. A sonographic study. J Ultrasound Med 11 (1992) 511-515
67. Vollenhoven B.J., Lawrence A.S., and Healy D.L. Uterine fibroids: a clinical review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97 (1990) 285-298
68. Sozen I., and Arici A. Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix in the cellular biology of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 78 (2002) 1-12