Skeletal physiology: Responses to exercise and training

Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 111-129

  Goodship, Allen E ^a   Smith, Roger K W ^a  

^a ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39749093799     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-2671-3.50011-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Hill WG Why aren't horses faster?. Nature 1988, 332(6166):678.
2. Currey JD Ontogenetic changes in compact bone material properties. Bone biomechanics handbook 2001, CRC Press, London, UK. S.C. Cowin (Ed.).
3. Vaughan LC, Mason BJE A clinico-pathological study of racing accidents in horses: a report of a study on equine fatal accidents on racecourses financed by the Horserace Betting Levy Board 1975, Bartholomew Press, Dorking, UK.
4. Holmstrom M, Magnusson LE, Philipsson J Variation in conformation of Swedish warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of elite sport horses. Equine Vet J 1990, 22(3):186-193.
5. Teitelbaum SL Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 2000, 289:1504-1508.
6. Chambers TJ Regulation of the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. J Pathol 2000, 192(1):4-13.
7. Boyde A, Dillon CE, Jones SJ Measurement of osteoclastic resorption pits with a tandem scanning microscope. J Microsc 1990, 158(2):261-265.
8. Vaananen HK, Horton M The osteoclast clear zone is a specialized cell-extracellular matrix adhesion structure. J Cell Sci 1995, 108(8):2729-2732.
9. Nesbitt SA, Horton MA Trafficking of matrix collagens through bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Science 1997, 276(5310):266-269.
10. Mason DJ, Suva LJ, Genever PG, et al. Mechanically regulated expression of a neural glutamate transporter in bone: a role for excitatory amino acids as osteotropic agents?. Bone 1997, 20(3):199-205.
11. Cochran GV, Wu DD, Lee BY, et al. Streaming potentials in gap osteotomy callus and adjacent cortex. A pilot study. Clin Orthop 1997, 337:291-301.
12. Cowin SC, Weinbaum S, Zeng Y A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials. J Biomech 1995, 28(11):1281-1297.
13. Donahue HJ Gap junctions and biophysical regulation of bone cell differentiation. Bone 2000, 26(5):417-422.
14. Bacon GE, Goodship AE The orientation of the mineral crystals in the radius and tibia of the sheep and its variation with age. J Anat 1991, 179:15-22.
15. Biewener AA, Thomason J, Goodship A, Lanyon LE Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. J Biomech 1983, 16(8):565-576.
16. Riggs CM, Vaughan LC, Evans GP, et al. Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1993, 187(3):239-248.
17. Mason MW, Skedros JG, Bloebaum RD Evidence of strain-mode-related cortical adaptation in the diaphysis of the horse radius. Bone 1995, 17(3):229-237.
18. Price JS, Jackson B, Eastell R, et al. The response of the skeleton to physical training: a biochemical study in horses. Bone 1995, 17(3):221-227.
19. Price JS, Jackson BF, Gray JA, et al. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing thoroughbreds: a longitudinal study. Res Vet Sci 2001, 71(1):37-44.
20. Bigot G, Bouzidi A, Rumelhart C, Martin-Rosset W Evolution during growth of the mechanical properties of the cortical bone in equine cannon-bones. Med Eng Phys 1996, 18(1):79-87.
21. Davies HM Dorsal metacarpal cortex ultrasound speed and bone size and shape. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:337-339. (suppl).
22. Fell HB Skeletal development in tissue culture. The biochemistry and physiology of bone 1956, Academic Press, London, UK. G.W. Bourne (Ed.).
23. Chalmers J, Ray RD The growth of transplanted foetal bones in different immunological environments. J Bone Joint Surg 1962, 44B:149-164.
24. Farnum CE, Wilsman NJ Cellular turnover at the chondro-osseous junction of growth plate cartilage: analysis by serial sections at the light microscopical level. J Orthop Res 1989, 7(5):654-666.
25. Adams CS, Shapiro IM The fate of the terminally differentiated chondrocyte: evidence for microenvironmental regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002, 13(6):465-473.
26. Byers S, Moore AJ, Byard RW, Fazzalari NL Quantitative histomorphometric analysis of the human growth plate from birth to adolescence. Bone 2000, 27(4):495-501.
27. Currey JD Differences in the blood supply of bone of different histological types. Q J Microsc Sci 1960, 101:351.
28. Lanyon LE, Smith RN Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand 1970, 41(3):238-248.
29. Van Cochran GB A method for direct recording of electromechanical data from skeletal bone in living animals. J Biomech 1974, 7(6):563-565.
30. Hartman W, Schamhardt HC, Lammertink JL, Badoux DM Bone strain in the equine tibia: an in vivo strain gauge analysis. Am J Vet Res 1984, 45(5):880-884.
31. Lanyon LE Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1974, 56(1):160-166.
32. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates; an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. J Theor Biol 1984, 107(2):321-327.
33. Goodship AE, Lanyon LE, McFie H Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1979, 61(4):539-546.
34. Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech 1982, 15(3):141-154.
35. O'Connor JA, Lanyon LE, MacFie H The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. J Biomech 1982, 15(10):767-781.
36. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1984, 66(3):397-402.
37. Prendergast PJ, Taylor D Prediction of bone adaptation using damage accumulation. J Biomech 1994, 27(8):1067-1076.
38. Lanyon LE, Rubin CT Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech 1984, 17(12):897-905.
39. Hillam RA, Skerry TM Inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of formation by mechanical loading of the modeling rat ulna in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10(5):683-689.
40. Mason DJ, Hillam RA, Skerry TM Constitutive in vivo mRNA expression by osteocytes of beta-actin, osteocalcin, connexin-43, IGF-I, c-fos and c-jun, but not TNF-alpha nor tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11(3):350-357.
41. Forwood MR, Turner CH Skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage: results from tibial loading studies in rats. Bone 1995, 17(4):197S-205S.
42. Boyde A, Jones SJ, Radcliffe R, et al. Nonexplosive fracture in a cannon bone: a case report. J Scanning Microsc 1997, 19(3):209-211.
43. Radin EL, Burr DB, Caterson B, et al. Mechanical determinants of osteoarthrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991, 21(3 suppl 2):12-21.
44. Chen WL, O'Connor JJ, Radin EL A comparison of the gaits of Chinese and Caucasian women with particular reference to their heelstrike transients. Clin Biomech 2003, 18(3):207-213.
45. Firth EC, Delahunt J, Wichtel JW, et al. Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1999, 31(2):111-115.
46. Firth EC, Goodship AE, Delahunt J, Smith T Osteoinductive response in the dorsal aspect of the carpus of young thoroughbreds in training occurs within months. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:552-554. (suppl).
47. Murray RC, Whitton RC, Vedi S, et al. The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:274-278. (suppl).
48. Iwamoto J, Yeh JK, Aloia JF Differential effect of treadmill exercise on three cancellous bone sites in the young growing rat. Bone 1999, 24(3):163-169.
49. Murray RC, Vedi S, Birch HL, et al. Subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by short-term exercise in a site-specific manner. J Orthop Res 2001, 19(6):1035-1042.
50. Bini F, Marinozzi A, Marinozzi F, Patane F Microtensile measurements of single trabeculae stiffness in human femur. J Biomech 2002, 35(11):1515-1519.
51. Reilly GC, Currey JD The development of microcracking and failure in bone depends on the loading mode to which it is adapted. J Exp Biol 1999, 202(5):543-552.
52. Fleck C, Eifler D Deformation behaviour and damage accumulation of cortical bone specimens from the equine tibia under cyclic loading. J Biomech 2003, 36(2):179-189.
53. Tomlin JL, Lawes TJ, Blunn GW, et al. Fractographic examination of racing greyhound central (navicular) tarsal bone failure surfaces using scanning electron microscopy. Calcif Tissue Int 2000, 67(3):260-266.
54. Bentolila V, Boyce TM, Fyhrie DP, et al. Intracortical remodeling in adult rat long bones after fatigue loading. Bone 1998, 23(3):275-281.
55. Jackson BF, Lonnell C, Verheyen K, et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in racehorses are influenced by training and gender. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17(7):1334.
56. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61(6):602-608.
57. Noble BS, Peet N, Stevens HY, et al. Mechanical loading: biphasic osteocyte survival and targeting of osteoclasts for bone destruction in rat cortical bone. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003, 284(4):C934-C943.
58. Tomkinson A, Gevers EF, Wit JM, et al. The role of estrogen in the control of rat osteocyte apoptosis. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13(8):1243-1250.
59. Ehrlich PJ, Noble BS, Jessop HL, et al. The effect of in vivo mechanical loading on estrogen receptor alpha expression in rat ulnar osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17(9):1646-1655.
60. Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, et al. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1977, 59(2):204-208.
61. Hoyt DF, Taylor CR Gait and energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature 1981, 292:239-240.
62. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J Exp Biol 1982, 101:187-211.
63. Reilly GC, Currey JD, Goodship AE Exercise of young thoroughbred horses increases impact strength of the third metacarpal bone. J Orthop Res 1997, 15(6):862-868.
64. Walter LJ, Davies HM Analysis of a radiographic technique for measurement of equine metacarpal bone shape. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:141-144. (suppl).
65. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res 1990, 8(4):604-611.
66. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Black J In vitro comparison of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone. Am J Vet Res 1991, 52(1):97-100.
67. Firth EC, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W Measurements of bone strain in foals with altered foot balance. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49(2):261-265.