Development of rostral prefrontal cortex and cognitive and behavioural disorders

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 168-181

  Dumontheil, Iroise ^a   Burgess, Paul W ^a   Blakemore, Sarah Jayne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CELL DENSITY; CELL MATURATION; CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COORDINATION; DENDRITIC SPINE; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL CAPACITY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL TASK; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECALL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYMPTOM; TASK PERFORMANCE; WHITE MATTER; WORKING MEMORY;

ADOLESCENT; CELL COUNT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION DISORDERS; DENDRITES; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEMORY DISORDERS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SYNAPSES;

EID: 39649112371     PISSN: 00121622     EISSN: 14698749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02026.x     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Brodmann K. Beitraege zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. VI. Mitteilung: Die Cortex-gliederung des Menschen. J Psychol Neurol (Lpz) 1908; 10: 231-46.
2. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Localisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren prinzipien Dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909.
3. Christoff K, Prabhakaran V, Dorfman J, et al. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 5136-49.
4. Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Van Hoesen G W. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001; 114: 324-41.
5. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and the macaque frontal cortex. In:
6. Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of Neuropsychology vol. 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1994: 17-58.
7. Jacobs B, Schall M, Prather M, et al. Regional dendritic and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: A quantitative golgi study. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11: 658-71.
8. Holloway RL. Brief communication: How much larger is the relative volume of area 10 of the prefrontal cortex in humans? Am J Phys Anthropol 2002; 118: 499-501.
9. Öngür D, Ferry AT, Price JL. Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 2003; 460: 325-49.
10. Carmichael ST, Price JL. Connectional networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 1996; 371: 279-307.
11. An X, Bandler R, Öngür D, Price JL. Prefrontal cortical projections to longitudinal columns in the midbrain periaqueductal gray in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 1998; 401: 455-79.
12. Öngür D, An X, Price JL. Prefrontal cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 1998; 401: 480-505.
13. Carmichael ST, Price JL. Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and amedial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1994; 346: 366-402.
14. Carmichael ST, Price JL. Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 1995; 363: 442-64.
15. Romanski LM, Bates JF, Goldman-Rakic PS. Auditory belt and parabelt projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1999; 403: 241-57.
16. Öngür D, Price JL. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 306-19.
17. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 3011-36.
18. Moran MA, Mufson EJ, Mesulam MM. Neural inputs into the temporopolar cortex of the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1987; 256: 88-103.
19. Arikuni T, Sako H, Murata A. Ipsilateral connections of the anterior cingulate cortex with the frontal and medial temporal cortices in the macaque monkey. Neurosci Res 1994; 21: 19-39.
20. Passingham RE, Stephan KE, Kotter R. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 806-16.
21. Ramnani N, Owen AM. Anterior prefrontal cortex: Insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 384-94.
22. Travis K, Ford K, Jacobs B. Regional dendritic variation in neonatal human cortex: A quantitative Golgi study. Dev Neurosci 2005; 27: 577-87.
23. Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res 1979; 163: 195-205.
24. Huttenlocher PR, Dabholkar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 1997; 387: 267-78.
25. Schade JP, van Groenigen GW. Structural organization of the human cerebral cortex. 1. Maturation of the middle frontal gyrus. Acta Anat (Basel) 1961; 47: 74-111.
26. Klingberg T, Vaidya CJ, Gabrieli JD, Moseley ME, Hedehus M. Myelination and organization of the frontal white matter in children: A diffusion tensor MRI study. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 2817-21.
27. Nagy Z, Westerberg H, Klingberg T. Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16: 1227-33.
28. Barnea-Goraly N, Menon V, Eckert M, et al. White matter development during childhood and adolescence: A cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cereb Cortex 2005; 15: 1848-54.
29. Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B 1996; 111: 209-19.
30. Woo J, Asato M, Terwilliger R, et al. White matter development from childhood to adulthood corresponding to cognitive development. CNS Conference: New York, 2007.
31. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Leonard CM, Welcome SE, Kan E, Toga AW. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 8223-31.
32. Konrad K, Neufang S, Thiel CM, et al. Development of attentional networks: An fMRI study with children and adults. Neuroimage 2005; 28: 429-39.
33. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 861-63.
34. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL, Toga AW. In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 859-61.
35. O'Donnell S, Noseworthy MD, Levine B, Dennis M. Cortical thickness of the frontopolar area in typically developing children and adolescents. Neuroimage 2005; 24: 948-54.
36. Gogtay N, Giedd JN, Lusk L, et al. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 8174-79.
37. Paus T. Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence. Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9: 60-68.
38. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW. Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 8819-29.
39. Amati D, Shallice T. On the emergence of modern humans. Cognition 2007; 103: 358-85.
40. Burgess PW, Simons JS, Dumontheil I. The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. In:
41. Duncan J, Philips L, McLeod PD, editors. Measuring the mind: Speed, control, and age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 217-48.
42. Shallice T, Burgess P W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 1991; 114: 727-41.
43. Metzler C, Parkin AJ. Reversed negative priming following frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 363-79.
44. Wood RL, Rutterford NA. Relationships between measured cognitive ability and reported psychosocial activity after bilateral frontal lobe injury: an 18-year follow-up. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2004; 14: 329-50.
45. Bird CM, Castelli F, Malik O, Frith U, Husain M. The impact of extensive medial frontal lobe damage on 'Theory of Mind'and cognition. Brain 2004; 127: 914-28.
46. Burgess PW. Strategy application disorder: The role of the frontal lobes in human multitasking. Psychol Res 2000; 63: 279-88.
47. Goldstein LH, Bernard S, Fenwick PB, Burgess PW, McNeil J. Unilateral frontal lobectomy can produce strategy application disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 274-76.
48. Goel V, Grafman J. Role of the right prefrontal cortex in ill-structured planning. Cogn Neuropsychol 2000; 17: 415-36.
49. Grafman J. The structured event complex and the human prefrontal cortex. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, ed. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 292-10.
50. Grady CL. Neuroimaging and activation of the frontal lobes. In: Miller BL, Cummings JL, ed. The human frontal lobes: Function and disorders. New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 196-230.
51. Blaxton TA, Zeffiro TA, Gabrieli JD, et al. Functional mapping of human learning: A positron emission tomography activation study of eyeblink conditioning. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4032-40.
52. Burgess N, Maguire EA, Spiers HJ, O'Keefe J. A temporoparietal and prefrontal network for retrieving the spatial context of lifelike events. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 439-53.
53. Burgess PW, Scott SK, Frith CD. The role of the rostral frontal cortex (area 10) in prospective memory: A lateral versus medial dissociation. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 906-18.
54. Frith U, Frith CD. Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Phil Trans R Soc B 2003; 358: 459-73.
55. Koechlin E, Basso G, Pietrini P, Panzer S, Grafman J. The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature 1999; 399: 148-51.
56. Gusnard DA, Akbudak E, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4259-64.
57. Gilbert SJ, Spengler S, Simons JS, et al. Functional specialization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10): A meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 2006; 18: 932-48.
58. Braver TS, Bongiolatti SR. The role of frontopolar cortex in subgoal processing during working memory. Neuroimage 2002; 15: 523-36.
59. Burgess PW, Quayle A, Frith CD. Brain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography. Neuropsychologia 2001; 39: 545-55.
60. Okuda J, Fujii T, Yamadori A, et al. Participation of the prefrontal cortices in prospective memory: Evidence from a PET study in humans. Neurosci Lett 1998; 253: 127-30.
61. Pollmann S, Weidner R, Muller HJ, von Cramon DY. A frontoposterior network involved in visual dimension changes. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 480-94.
62. Weidner R, Pollmann S, Muller HJ, von Cramon DY. Top-down controlled visual dimension weighting: An event-related fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2002; 12: 318-28.
63. Cabeza R, Nyberg L. Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 1-47.
64. Braver TS, Barch DM, Kelley WM, et al. Direct comparison of prefrontal cortex regions engaged by working and long-term memory tasks. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 48-59.
65. Christoff K, Ream JM, Geddes LP, Gabrieli JD. Evaluating self-generated information: Anterior prefrontal contributions to human cognition. Behav Neurosci 2003; 117: 1161-68.
66. Simons JS, Gilbert SJ, Owen AM, Fletcher PC, Burgess PW. Distinct roles for lateral and medial anterior prefrontal cortex in contextual recollection. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94: 813-20.
67. Rugg MD, Fletcher PC, Chua PM, Dolan RJ. The role of the prefrontal cortex in recognition memory and memory for source: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 1999; 10: 520-29.
68. Castelli F, Happe F, Frith U, Frith C. Movement and mind: A functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage 2000; 12: 314-25.
69. Zysset S, Huber O, Samson A, Ferstl EC, von Cramon DY. Functional specialization within the anterior medial prefrontal cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study with human subjects. Neurosci Lett 2003; 335: 183-86.
70. Zysset S, Muller K, Lohmann G, von Cramon DY. Color-word matching stroop task: Separating interference and response conflict. Neuroimage 2001; 13: 29-36.
71. Burgess PW, Gilbert SJ, Dumontheil I. Function and localization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10). Phil Trans R Soc B 2007; 362: 887-99.
72. Duncan J, Owen AM. Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: 475-83.
73. Tulving E. Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
74. Duzel E, Cabeza R, Picton TW, et al. Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 1794-99.
75. Kapur S, Craik FI, Jones C, Brown GM, Houle S, Tulving E. Functional role of the prefrontal cortex in retrieval of memories: A PET study. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 1880-84.
76. Nyberg L, McIntosh AR, Cabeza R, Habib R, Houle S, Tulving E. General and specific brain regions involved in encoding and retrieval of events: what, where, and when. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 11280-85.
77. Velanova K, Jacoby LL, Wheeler ME, McAvoy MP, Petersen SE, Buckner RL. Functional-anatomic correlates of sustained and transient processing components engaged during controlled retrieval. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 8460-70.
78. Dobbins IG, Foley H, Schacter DL, Wagner AD. Executive control during episodic retrieval: Multiple prefrontal processes subserve source memory. Neuron 2002; 35: 989-96.
79. Ranganath C, Johnson MK, D'Esposito M. Left anterior prefrontal activation increases with demands to recall specific perceptual information. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 1-5.
80. Ochsner KN, Knierim K, Ludlow DH, et al. Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16: 1746-72.
81. Amodio DM, Frith CD. Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 268-77.
82. den Ouden HE, Frith U, Frith C, Blakemore SJ. Thinking about intentions. Neuroimage 2005; 28: 787-96.
83. Simons JS, Schölvinck ML, Gilbert SJ, Frith CD, Burgess PW. Differential components of prospective memory?Evidence from fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44: 1388-97.
84. Coull JT, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Grasby PM. A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: A PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia 1996; 34: 1085-95.
85. Pollmann S. Switching between dimensions, locations, and responses: The role of the left frontopolar cortex. Neuroimage 2001; 14: S118-S24.
86. Pollmann S. Anterior prefrontal cortex contributions to attention control. Exp Psychol 2004; 51: 270-78.
87. Lepsien J, Pollmann S. Covert reorienting and inhibition of return: An event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14: 127-44.
88. Koechlin E, Ody C, Kouneiher F. The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science 2003; 302: 1181-85.
89. Christoff K, Gabrieli JDE. The frontopolar cortex and human cognition: Evidence for a rostrocaudal hierarchical organization within the human prefrontal cortex. Psychobiology 2000; 28: 168-86.
90. Burgess PW, Dumontheil I, Gilbert SJ. The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. Trends Cogn Sci 2007; 11: 290-98.
91. Burgess PW, Gilbert SJ, Okuda J, Simons JS. Rostral prefrontal brain regions (area 10): A gateway between inner thought and the external world? In: Sebanz N. Prinz W, eds. Disorders of volition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006: 373-96.
92. Hughes C. Executive functions and development: Emerging themes. Infant Child Dev 2002; 11: 201-09.
93. Hughes C. Executive functions and development: Why the interest? Infant Child Dev 2002; 11: 69-71.
94. Brocki KC, Bohlin G. Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Dev Neuropsychol 2004; 26: 571-93.
95. Diamond A. Development of the ability to use recall to guide action, as indicated by infants' performance on AB. Child Dev 1985; 56: 868-83.
96. Goldman-Rakic PS. Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function. Child Dev 1987; 58: 601-22.
97. Guajardo NR, Best DL. Do preschoolers remember what to do?Incentive and external cues in prospective memory. Cogn Dev 2000; 15: 75-97.
98. Ceci SJ, Bronfenbrenner U. 'Don't forget to take the cupcakes out of the oven': Prospective memory, strategic time-monitoring, and context. Child Dev 1985; 56: 152-64.
99. Kerns KA. The CyberCruiser: An investigation of development of prospective memory in children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6: 62-70.
100. Kvavilashvili L, Messer DJ, Ebdon P. Prospective memory in children: The effects of age and task interruption. Dev Psychol 2001; 37: 418-30.
101. Wang L, Kliegel M, Yang Z, Liu W. Prospective memory performance across adolescence. J Genet Psychol 2006; 167: 179-88.
102. Meacham JA, Colom JA. External retrieval cues facilitate prospective remembering in children. J Educ Res 1980; 73: 299-301.
103. Ward H, Shum D, McKinlay L, Baker-Tweney S, Wallace G. Development of prospective memory: Tasks based on the prefrontal-lobe model. Child Neuropsychol 2005; 11: 527-49.
104. Wimmer H, Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 1983; 13: 103-28.
105. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'? Cognition 1985; 21: 37-46.
106. Perner J, Wimmer H. 'John thinks that Mary thinks that...': attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 1985; 39: 437-71.
107. Sullivan K, Zaitchik D, Tager-Flusberg H. Preschoolers can attribute second-order beliefs. Dev Psychol 1994; 30: 395-402.
108. Tamm L, Menon V, Reiss AL. Maturation of brain function associated with response inhibition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1231-38.
109. Durston S, Thomas KM, Yang YH, Ulug AM, Zimmerman RD, Casey BJ. A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control. Dev Sci 2002; 5: F9-F16.
110. Casey BJ, Trainor RJ, Orendi JL, et al. A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a Go/No-go task. J Cogn Neurosci 1997; 9: 835-47.
111. Booth JR, Burman DD, Meyer JR, et al. Neural development of selective attention and response inhibition. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 737-51.
112. Levesque J, Eugene F, Joanette Y, et al. Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 502-10.
113. Levesque J, Joanette Y, Mensour B, et al. Neural basis of emotional self-regulation in childhood. Neuroscience 2004; 129: 361-69.
114. Casey BJ, Cohen JD, Jezzard P, et al. Activation of prefrontal cortex in children during a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI. Neuroimage 1995; 2: 221-29.
115. Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters on the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys 1974; 16: 143-49.
116. Adleman NE, Menon V, Blasey CM, et al. A developmental fMRI study of the Stroop color-word task. Neuroimage 2002; 16: 61-75.
117. Marsh R, Zhu H, Schultz RT, et al. A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27: 848-63.
118. Bunge SA, Dudukovic NM, Thomason ME, Vaidya CJ, Gabrieli JD. Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fMRI. Neuron 2002; 33: 301-11.
119. Kwon H, Reiss AL, Menon V. Neural basis of protracted developmental changes in visuo-spatial working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 13336-41.
120. Thomas KM, King SW, Franzen PL, et al. A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. Neuroimage, 1999; 10: 327-38.
121. Klingberg T, Forssberg H, Westerberg H. Increased brain activity in frontal and parietal cortex underlies the development of visuospatial working memory capacity during childhood. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14: 1-10.
122. Crone EA, Bunge SA, van der Molen MW, Ridderinkhof KR. Switching between tasks and responses: A developmental study. Dev Sci 2006; 9: 278-87.
123. Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, et al. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 2006; 440: 676-79.
124. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: The Psychological Corporation, 1955.
125. Passingham R. Cognitive science: Brain development and IQ. Nature 2006; 440: 619-20.
126. Reiss AL, Abrams MT, Singer HS, Ross JL, Denckla MB. Brain development, gender and IQ in children. A volumetric imaging study. Brain 1996; 119: 1763-74.
127. Wang AT, Lee SS, Sigman M, Dapretto M. Developmental changes in the neural basis of interpreting communicative intent. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2006; 1: 107-21.
128. Blakemore S-J, den Ouden H, Choudhury S, Frith C. Adolescent development of the neural circuitry for thinking about intentions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2007; 2: 130-39.
129. Yuan J, Lipinski M. Diversity in the mechanisms of neuronal cell death. Neuron 2003; 40: 401-13.
130. Goda Y, Davis GW. Mechanisms of synapse assembly and disassembly. Neuron 2003; 40: 243-64.
131. Low LK, Cheng HJ. Axon pruning: An essential step underlying the developmental plasticity of neuronal connections. Phil Trans R Soc B 2006; 361: 1531-44.
132. Kantor DB, Kolodkin AL. Curbing the excesses of youth: Molecular insights into axonal pruning. Neuron 2003; 38: 849-52.
133. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
134. Waiter GD, Williams JH, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. A voxel-based investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuroimage 2004; 22: 619-25.
135. Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study. Neurology 2001; 57: 245-54.
136. Bolton PF, Roobol M, Allsopp L, Pickles A. Association between idiopathic infantile macrocephaly and autism spectrum disorders. Lancet 2001; 358: 726-27.
137. Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology 2002; 59: 175-83.
138. Frith C. What do imaging studies tell us about the neural basis of autism? Novartis Found Symp 2003; 251: 149-66; discussion 166-76, 281-97.
139. Abell F, Krams M, Ashburner J, et al. The neuroanatomy of autism: A voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 1647-51.
140. Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T, et al. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain 2000; 123: 1838-44.
141. Waiter GD, Williams JH, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. Structural white matter deficits in high-functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder: A voxel-based investigation. Neuroimage 2005; 24: 455-61.
142. Schmitz N, Rubia K, Daly E, Smith A, Williams S, Murphy DG. Neural correlates of executive function in autistic spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 7-16.
143. Mackinlay R, Charman T, Karmiloff-Smith A. High functioning children with autism spectrum disorder: A novel test of multitasking. Brain Cogn 2006; 61: 14-24.
144. Hill EL, Bird CM. Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44: 2822-35.
145. Bowler DM, Gardiner JM, Grice SJ. Episodic memory and remembering in adults with Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2000; 30: 295-304.
146. Salmond CH, Ashburner J, Connelly A, Friston KJ, Gadian DG, Vargha-Khadem F. The role of the medial temporal lobe in autistic spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22: 764-72.
147. Millward C, Powell S, Messer D, Jordan R. Recall for self and other in autism: Children's memory for events experienced by themselves and their peers. J Autism Dev Disord 2000; 30: 15-28.
148. Gardiner JM, Bowler DM, Grice SJ. Further evidence of preserved priming and impaired recall in adults with Asperger's syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33: 259-69.
149. Toichi M, Kamio Y. Long-term memory in high-functioning autism: controversy on episodic memory in autism reconsidered. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33: 151-61.
150. Oie M, Sunde K, Rund BR. Contrasts in memory functions between adolescents with schizophrenia or ADHD. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37: 1351-58.
151. Turner MA. Generating novel ideas: Fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 189-201.
152. Channon S, Charman T, Heap J, Crawford S, Rios P. Real-life-type problem-solving in Asperger's syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31: 461-69.
153. Lopez BR, Lincoln AJ, Ozonoff S, Lai Z. Examining the relationship between executive functions and restricted, repetitive symptoms of autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2005; 35: 445-60.
154. Ozonoff S, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991; 32: 1081-1105.
155. Kleinman J, Marciano PL, Ault RL. Advanced theory of mind in high-functioning adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31: 29-36.
156. Colle L, Baron-Cohen S, Hill J. Do children with autism have a theory of mind?A non-verbal test of autism vs. specific language impairment. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37: 716-23.
157. Baron-Cohen S, Ring H, Moriarty J, Schmitz B, Costa D, Ell P. Recognition of mental state terms. Clinical findings in children with autism and a functional neuroimaging study of normal adults. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 640-49.
158. Brent E, Rios P, Happe F, Charman T. Performance of children with autism spectrum disorder on advanced theory of mind tasks. Autism 2004; 8: 283-99.
159. Farrant A, Boucher J, Blades M. Metamemory in children with autism. Child Dev 1999; 70: 107-31.
160. Durston S. A review of the biological bases of ADHD: What have we learned from imaging studies? Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2003; 9: 184-95.
161. Eliez S, Reiss AL. MRI neuroimaging of childhood psychiatric disorders: a selective review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000; 41: 679-94.
162. Krain AL, Castellanos FX. Brain development and ADHD. Clin Psychol Rev 2006; 26: 433-44.
163. Schneider M, Retz W, Coogan A, Thome J, Rosler M. Anatomical and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - a neurological view. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256 (Suppl. 1): I32-i41.
164. Clark C, Prior M, Kinsella GJ. Do executive function deficits differentiate between adolescents with ADHD and oppositional defiant/ conduct disorder?A neuropsychological study using the Six Elements Test and Hayling Sentence Completion Test. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28: 403-14.
165. Chan RC, Guo M, Zou X, Li D, Hu Z, Yang B. Multitasking performance of Chinese children with ADHD. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006; 12: 575-79.
166. Siklos S, Kerns KA. Assessing multitasking in children with ADHD using a modified Six Elements Test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004; 19: 347-61.
167. Kliegel M, Ropeter A, Mackinlay R. Complex prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2006; 12: 407-19.
168. Kerns KA, Price KJ. An investigation of prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2001; 7: 162-71.
169. Perner J, Kain W, Barchfeld P. Executive control and higher-order Theory of Mind in children at risk of ADHD. Infant Child Dev 2002; 11: 141-58.
170. Krauel K, Duezel E, Hinrichs H, Santel S, Rellum T, Baving L. Impact of emotional salience on episodic memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 1370-79.
171. Felton RH, Wood FB, Brown IS, Campbell SK, Harter MR. Separate verbal memory and naming deficits in attention deficit disorder and reading disability. Brain Lang 1987; 31: 171-84.
172. Oie M, Rund BR. Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent-onset schizophrenia compared with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1216-22.
173. Morrison PD, Murray RM. Schizophrenia. Curr Biol 2005; 15: R980.
174. Murray RM, McDonald C, Bramon E. Neurodevelopmental impairment, dopamine sensitisation, and social adversity in schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 2002; 1: 137-45.
175. Geddes JR, Verdoux H, Takei N, et al. Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labor: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 413-23.
176. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1080-92.
177. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398-1402.
178. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Rock D, Roberts SA, et al. Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: the New York High-Risk Project. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1416-22.
179. Murray GK, Jones PB, Moilanen K, et al. Infant motor development and adult cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 81: 65-74.
180. Cannon M, Jones P, Huttunen MO, et al. School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: A population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 457-63.
181. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res 1982; 17: 319-34.
182. Keshavan MS, Anderson S, Pettegrew JW. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res 1994; 28: 239-65.
183. Yamada M, Hirao K, Namiki C, et al. Social cognition and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: A voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage 2007; 35: 292-98.
184. Riffkin J, Yucel M, Maruff P, et al. A manual and automated MRI study of anterior cingulate and orbito-frontal cortices, and caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison with healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2005; 138: 99-113.
185. Narr KL, Toga AW, Szeszko P, et al. Cortical thinning in cingulate and occipital cortices in first episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 32-40.
186. Rose SE, Chalk JB, Janke AL, et al. Evidence of altered prefrontal-thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimized diffusion MRI study. Neuroimage 2006; 32: 16-22.
187. Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 1999; 122: 593-624.
188. Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: A circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 17-25.
189. Black JE, Kodish IM, Grossman AW, et al. Pathology of layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 742-44.
190. Vogeley K, Tepest R, Schneider-Axmann T, et al. Automated image analysis of disturbed cytoarchitecture in Brodmann area 10 in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003; 62: 133-40.
191. Harrington L, Siegert RJ, McClure J. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2005; 10: 249-86.
192. Brune M. 'Theory of mind'in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31: 21-42.
193. Frith CD, Corcoran R. Exploring 'theory of mind'in people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1996; 26: 521-30.
194. Sarfati Y, Hardy-Bayle MC, Besche C, Widlocher D. Attribution of intentions to others in people with schizophrenia: A nonverbal exploration with comic strips. Schizophr Res 1997; 25: 199-209.
195. Corcoran R, Cahill C, Frith CD. The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: A study of 'mentalizing'ability. Schizophr Res 1997; 24: 319-27.
196. Harrington L, Langdon R, Siegert RJ, McClure J. Schizophrenia, theory of mind, and persecutory delusions. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2005; 10: 87-104.
197. Greig TC, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: Diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004; 192: 12-18.
198. Pickup GJ, Frith CD. Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 207-20.
199. Turetsky BI, Moberg PJ, Mozley LH, et al. Memory-delineated subtypes of schizophrenia: Relationship to clinical, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological measures. Neuropsychology 2002; 16: 481-90.
200. Keri S, Janka Z. Critical evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110: 83-91.
201. Franck N, Rouby P, Daprati E, Dalery J, Michel M-C, Georgieff N. Confusion between silent and overt reading in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2000; 41: 357-64.
202. Garrett M, Silva R. Auditory hallucinations, source monitoring, and the belief that 'voices'are real. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 445-57.
203. Keefe RS, Arnold MC, Bayen UJ, McEvoy JP, Wilson WH. Source-monitoring deficits for self-generated stimuli in schizophrenia: Multinomial modeling of data from three sources. Schizophr Res 2002; 57: 51-67.
204. Moritz S, Woodward TS, Ruff CC. Source monitoring and memory confidence in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 131-39.
205. Woods SP, Twamley EW, Dawson MS, Narvaez JM, Jeste DV. Deficits in cue detection and intention retrieval underlie prospective memory impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 90: 344-50.
206. Kumar D, Nizamie HS, Jahan M. Event-based prospective memory in schizophrenia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005; 27: 867-72.
207. Shum D, Ungvari GS, Tang WK, Leung JP. Performance of schizophrenia patients on time-, event-, and activity-based prospective memory tasks. Schizophr Bull 2004; 30: 693-701.
208. Elvevåg B, Maylor EA, Gilbert AL. Habitual prospective memory in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3: 9.
209. Meissner F, Hacker W, Heilemann H. Memory performance and instruction effects in schizophrenia. A comparative study of chronic schizophrenic patients and healthy probands. Psychiatr Prax 2001; 28: 180-88. (In German).
210. Kondel T. Prospective memory and executive function in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2002; 48: 405-10.
211. Evans JJ, Chua SE, McKenna PJ, Wilson BA. Assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 635-46.
212. Chan RC, Chen EY, Cheung EF, Chen RY, Cheung HK. The components of executive functioning in a cohort of patients with chronic schizophrenia: A multiple single-case study design. Schizophr Res 2006; 81: 173-89.
213. Thoma P, Zoppelt D, Wiebel B, Daum I. Context processing and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007; 29: 428-35.
214. Chan RC, Chen EY, Cheung EF, Cheung HK. Executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Relationships to clinical manifestation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254: 256-62.
215. Katz N, Tadmor I, Felzen B, Hartman-Maeir A. The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) in schizophrenia and its relation to functional outcomes. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2007; 17: 192-205.