Continuous and semicontinuous monitoring techniques for particulate matter mass and chemical components: A synthesis of findings from EPA's particulate matter supersites program and related studies

Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 164-195

  Solomon, Paul A ^a,c   Sioutas, Constantinos ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b University of Southern California ^*  (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; FILTERS (FOR FLUIDS); MASS SPECTROMETERS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS; PARTICULATE MATTER; REGIONAL SCALES;

PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER);

AMMONIA; NITRATE; ORGANIC CARBON; SULFATE; TRACE ELEMENT; WATER;

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; GOVERNMENT; GRAVIMETRY; MONITORING; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECTROMETER;

EID: 39449136581     PISSN: 10962247     EISSN: 21622906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.164     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Volumes I and 2, Fourth External Review Draft; EPA/600/P-99/002aF; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Environmental Assessment-RTP Office; Office of Research and Development: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004; available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/partmatt.cfm (accessed 2006).
2. Davidson, C.I.; Phalen, R.F.; Solomon, P.A. Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health; a Review; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 737-749.
3. PM Supersites Program Background; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2000; available at www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/supersites.html (accessed 2006).
4. Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Bowen, D.H.; Lowenthal, J.L.; Hering, S.; Ouchida, P.; Oslund, W. Air Quality Measurements from the Fresno Supersite; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1321-1334.
5. Solomon, P.A.; Chameides, W.; Weber, R.; Middlebrook, A.; Kiang, C.S.; Russell, A.G.; Butler, A.; Turpin, B.; Mikel, D.; Scheffe, R.; Cowling, E.; Edgerton, E.; St. John, J.; Jansen, J.; McMurry, P.; Hering, S.; Bahadori, T. Overview of the 1999 Atlanta Supersites Project; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 8413.
6. Solomon, P.A.; Allen, D. Preface: Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program; Allen, D., Pandis, S., Sioutas, C., Solomon, P.A., Eds.; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (S1), 1-4.
7. Solomon, P.A. Preface: Special Issue of Atmospheric Environment on Findings from EPA's Particulate Matter Supersites Program; Sioutas, C; Pandis, S.; Allen, D.; Solomon, P.A., Eds.; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3101-3106.
8. Wittig, B.; Solomon, P.A., Eds.; Preface: Special Issue of Atmospheric Environment for Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies; 2005 AAAR Specialty Conference, February 7-11, Atlanta, GA; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (S2), S179-S181.
9. Pandis, S.; Solomon, P.A.; Scheffe, R., Eds.; Preface to Special Section on Particulate Matter Supersites Program; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S01, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005983.
10. Fehsenfeld, F.; Hastie, D.; Chow, J.; Solomon, P. Aerosol and Gas Measurements. In Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: a NARSTO Assessment; McMurry, P., Shepherd, M., Vickery, J., Eds.; Cambridge University: Cambridge, U.K., 2002; pp 159-189.
11. 10 Measurements Using the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1991, 41, 1079-1083.
12. Allen, G.; Sioutas, C.; Koutrakis, P.; Reiss, R.; Lurmann, F.W.; Roberts, P.T. Evaluation of the TEOM® Method for Measurement of Ambient Particulate Mass in Urban Areas; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 682-689.
13. 2.5 Mass, Including Semi-Volatile Species; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 1-8.
14. Eatough, D.J.; Long, R.W.; Modey, W.K.; Eatough, N.L. Semi-Volatile Secondary Organic Aerosol in Urban Atmospheres: Meeting a Measurement Challenge; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1277-1292.
15. 2.5; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2835-2844.
16. Sioutas, C.; Koutrakis, P.; Olson, B.A. Development and Evaluation of a Low Cutpoint Virtual Impactor; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994, 21, 223-235.
17. Eatough, D.J.; Wadsworth, A.; Eatough, D.A.; Crawford, J.W.; Hansen, L.D.; Lewis, E.A. A Multiple-System, Multichannel Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Determination of Fine-Particulate Organic Material in the Atmosphere; Atmos. Environ. Part A 1993, 27, 1213-1219.
18. 2.5, Including Semi-Volatile Components, in the EMPACT Program: Results from the Salt Lake City Study; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4407-4417.
19. Ding, Y.M.; Pang, Y.B.; Eatough, D.J. High-Volume Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Routine Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter: I. Design and Optimization of the PC-BOSS; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 369-382.
20. Meyer, M.B.; Patashnick, H.; Ambs, J.L.; Rupprecht, E. Development of a Sample Equilibration System for the TEOM Continuous PM Monitor; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1345-1349.
21. Schwab, J.J.; Hogrefe, O.; Demerjian, K.L.; Ambs, J.L. Laboratory Characterization of Modified Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Samplers; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004, 54, 1254-1263.
22. 2.5 Mass Monitor; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 32, 309-324.
23. Lee, J.H.; Hopke, P.K.; Holsen, T.M.; Polissar, A.V.; Lee, D.W.; Edgerton, E.S.; Ondov, J.M.; Allen, G. Measurements of Fine Particle Mass Concentrations Using Continuous and Integrated Monitors in Eastern U.S. Cities; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 261-275.
24. 2.5 Mass Concentration; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 290-303.
25. Patashnick, H.; Rupprecht, G.; Ambs, J.L.; Meyer, M.B. Development of a Reference Standard for Particulate Matter Mass in Ambient Air; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 42-45.
26. Yi, S.M.; Ambs, J.L.; Patashnick, H.; Rupprecht, G.; Hopke, P.K. Particle Collection Characteristics of a Prototype Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) for a Differential TEOM System; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 46-51.
27. Hering, S.; Fine, P.M.; Sioutas, C.; Jaques, P.A.; Ambs, J.L.; Hogrefe, O.; Demerjian, K.L. Field Assessment of the Dynamics of Particulate Nitrate Vaporization Using Differential TEOM and Automated Nitrate Monitors; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5183-5192.
28. 2.5 Mass Concentrations; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 49-59.
29. 2.5 Mass Concentration Monitors; J. Aerosol Sci. 2005, 36, 95-109.
30. Chang, M.; Sioutas, C.; Kim, S.; Gong, H.; Linn, W. Reduction of Nitrate Losses from Filter and Impactor Samplers by Means of Concentration Enrichment; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 85-98.
31. Stolzenburg, M.R.; Dutcher, D.D.; Kirby, B.W.; Hering, S.V. Automated Measurement of the Size and Concentration of Airborne Particulate Nitrate; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 537-546.
32. Koutrakis, P.; Thompson, K.; Wolfson, J.; Spengler, J.; Keeler, G.; Slater, J. Determination of Aerosol Strong Acidity Losses Due to Interactions of Collected Particles - Results from Laboratory and Field Studies; Atmos. Environ. Part A 1992, 26, 987-995.
33. Meyer, M.B.; Patashnick, H.; Ambs, J.L. Ongoing Development of a Continuous Reference Standard Particulate Matter Mass Monitor for Ambient Air; Presented at the Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology, San Francisco, CA; A&WMA, Pittsburgh, PA, 2002.
34. 2.5 Mass (Nonvolatile Plus Semi-Volatile) with the Filter Dynamic Measurement System Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Monitor; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S03, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004995.
35. Wen HY.; Lee, P.S.; Chou, P.S. On the Beta-Attenuation Technique in Aerosol Mass Detection; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1983, 2, 183-183.
36. Li, N.; Sioutas, C.; Cho, A.; Schmitz, D.; Misra, C.; Sempf, J.; Wang, M.; Oberley, T.; Froines, J.; Nel, A. Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage; Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 455-460.
37. Xia, T.; Korge, P.; Weiss, J.; Li, N.; Venkatesen, M.; Sioutas, C.; Nel, A. Quinones and Aromatic Chemical Compounds in Particulate Matter Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Implications for Ultrafine Particle Toxicity; Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 1347-1358.
38. Chakrabarti, B.; Singh, M.; Sioutas, C. Development of a Near-Continuous Monitor for Measurement of the Sub-150 nm PM Mass Concentration; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 239-252.
39. McMurry, P.H.; Wang, X.; Park, K.; Ehara, K. The Relationship Between Mass and Mobility for Atmospheric Particles: a New Technique for Measuring Particle Density; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 36, 227-238.
40. 2.5-10) Concentrations; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 3939-3950.
41. 2.5) Particle Monitor; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 1309-1317.
42. 10-2.5 Samplers (Background Info, for Sept. 21-22, 2005 Meeting, Attachment 2); Presented to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science Advisory Board, Clean Air Science Advisory Committee, Ambient Air Monitoring and Methods Subcommittee, September 21-22, 2005; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005; available on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/ casacinf.html (accessed 2006).
43. Allen, J.O.; Dookeran, K.M.; Smith, K.A.; Sarofim, A.F.; Taghizadeh, K.; Lafleur, A.L. Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Size-Segregated Atmospheric Aerosols in Massachusetts; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 1023-1031.
44. Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Pandis, S.N. Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions and Number Concentrations Measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS); Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3275-3284.
45. Westerdahl, D.; Fruin, S.; Sax, T.; Fine, P.M.; Sioutas, C. Mobile Platform Measurements of Ultrafine Particles and Associated Pollutant Concentrations on Freeways and Residential Streets in Los Angeles; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3597-3610.
46. Zhu, Y.F.; Hinds, W.C.; Shen, S.; Sioutas, C. Seasonal Trends of Concentration and Size Distribution of Ultrafine Particles Near Major Highways in Los Angeles; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5-13.
47. Khlystov, A.; Stanier, C.; Pandis, S.N. An Algorithm for Combining Electrical Mobility and Aerodynamic Size Distributions Data When Measuring Ambient Aerosol; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 229-238.
48. Sioutas, C.; Abt, E.; Wolfson, J.M.; Koutrakis, P. Evaluation of the Measurement Performance of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30, 84-92.
49. Armendariz, A.J.; Leith, D. Concentration Measurement and Counting Efficiency for the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer 3320; J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33, 133-148.
50. Kinney, P.; Pui, D. Inlet Efficiency Study for the TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer; Particle & Particle Systems Charact. 1995, 12, 188-193.
51. Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Stolzenburg, M.R.; Kreisberg, N.M.; Hering, S.V. Particle Size Relationships at the Fresno Supersite; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 822-827.
52. McMurry, P.H. A Review of Atmospheric Aerosol Measurements; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 1959-1999.
53. Hering, S.V.; Stolzenburg, M.R. A Method for Particle Size Amplification by Water Condensation in a Laminar, Thermally Diffusive Flow; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 428-436.
54. Hering, S.; Stolzenburg, M.R.; Quant, F.R.; Oberreit, D.R.; Ready, P.B. A Laminar-Flow, Water-Based Condensation Particle Counter (WCPC); Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 659-672.
55. Biswas, S.; Fine, P.M.; Geller, M.D.; Hering, S.V.; Sioutas, C. Performance Evaluation of a Recently Developed Water-Based Condensation Particle Counter; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 419-427.
56. Ristimaki, J.; Virtanen, A.; Marjamaki, M.; Rostedt, A.; Keskinen, J. On-Line Measurement of Size Distribution and Effective Density of Submicron Aerosol Particles; J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33, 1541-1557.
57. Ehara, K.; Hagwood, C.; Coakley, K.J. Novel Method to Classify Aerosol Particles According to Their Mass-to-Charge Ratio - Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer; J. Aerosol Sci. 1996, 27, 217-234.
58. Geller, M.; Biswas, S.; Sioutas, C.; Tuomenoja, H. Determination of Particle Effective Density in Urban Environments with an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer; Presented at the AAAR Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, October 17-21, 2005; A&WMA, Pittsburgh, PA, 2005; Paper 13A1.
59. Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Chan, W.R.; Mandiro, M.; Pandis, S.N. A Method for the In-Situ Measurement of Fine Aerosol Water Content of Ambient Aerosols: the Dry-Ambient Aerosol Size Spectrometer (DAASS); Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 215-228.
60. Crocker, D.R., III; Whitlock, N.E.; Flagan, R.C.; Seinfeld, J.H. Hygroscopic Properties of Pasadena, California Aerosol; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 637-647.
61. Khlystov, A.; Stanier, C.O.; Takahama, S.; Pandis, S.N. Water Content of Ambient Aerosol during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S10, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004651.
62. 2.5 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3305-3318.
63. 2.5 Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass; Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 602-610.
64. Stolzenburg, M.R.; Hering, S.V. Method for the Automated Measurement of Fine Particle Nitrate in the Atmosphere; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 907-914.
65. Meyer, M.B.; Patashnick, H.; Rupprecht, E. New Network-Ready Continuous Monitors for the Determination of Ambient Fine Particle Mass and Chemical Components. In Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition, Salt Lake City UT, June 18-22, 2000; A&WMA: Pittsburgh, PA, pp 2977-2986.
66. 2.5 Nitrate and Sulfate at the US Environmental Protection Agency Atlanta Supersite; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 8421.
67. 2.5 Inorganic Composition Measurements during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3201-3213.
68. Harrison, D.; Park, S.S.; Ondov, J.; Buckley, T.; Kim, S.R.; Jayanty, R.K.M. Highly Time Resolved Fine Particle Nitrate Measurements at the Baltimore Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5321-5332.
69. Hering, S.V.; Lawson, D.R.; Allegrini, I.; Febo, A.; Perrino, C.; Possanzini, M.; Sickles, J.E., II; Anlauf, K.G.; Wiebe, A.; Appel, B.R.; John, W.; Ondo, J.; Wall, S.; Braman, R.S.; Sutton, R.; Cass, G.R.; Solomon, P.A.; Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N.L.; Ellis, E.C., et al. The Nitric Acid Shootout: Field Comparison of Measurement Methods; Atmos. Environ. 1988, 22, 1519-1539.
70. Boswell, E. Performance Evaluation of R&P 8400 and Sunset Labs Ambient Air Monitors. Technical Memorandum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory, Montgomery, AL, September 20, 2005. Memo to Solomon Rick, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC; additional audit reports can be found at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/pmpep. html (accessed 2006).
71. 2.5 Nitrate, Sulfate, and Carbon Aerosols in The Five-Cities Study. Final report: STI-905104.04-2804-FR; Prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005.
72. 2.5 Nitrate; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 342-354.
73. 2.5 Mass and Composition; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1325-1341.
74. 2.5 Mass and Composition; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1325-1341.
75. Allen, G.A.; Harrison, D.; Koutrakis, P. A New Method for Continuous Measurement of Sulfate in the Ambient Atmosphere. Presented at the American Association for Aerosol Research 20th Annual Conference, Portland, OR, October 15-19, 2001; American Association for Aerosol Research: Mt. Laurel, NJ, 2001; Paper 12D1.
76. 2.5 Sulfate Instruments; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 3335-3350.
77. Schwab, J.J.; Hogrefe, O.; Demerjian, K.L.; Dutkiewicz, V.A.; Husain, L.; Rattigan, O.V.; Felton, H.D. Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Thermo Electron 5020 Sulfate Particulate Analyzer; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 744-752.
78. Allen, G.A.; Goodwin, B.P.; Turner, J.R. Real-Time Carbon and Sulfate Measurements from the MANE-VU Rural Aerosol Intensive Network (RAIN): Design, Methods, and Early Data; In Proceedings of A&WMA's Visibility Specialty Conference on "Regional and Global Perspectives on Haze: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies," Asheville, NC, October 25-29, 2004; A&WMA: Pittsburgh, PA, 2005; Paper 18.
79. Weber, R.J.; Orsini, D.; Daun, Y.; Lee, Y.N.; Klotz, P.J.; Brechtel, F.A Particle-into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 718-727.
80. Orsini, D.A.; Ma, Y.L.; Sullivan, A.; Sierau, B.; Baumann, K.; Weber, R.J. Refinements to the Particle-into-Liquid Sampler (PILS) for Ground and Airborne Measurements of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1243-1259.
81. Khlystov, A.; Wyers, G.; Slanina, J. The Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 2229-2234.
82. Slanina, J.; ten Brink, H.; Otjes, R.; Even, A.; Jongejan, P.; Khlystov, A.; Waijers-Ijpelaan, A.; Hu, M. The Continuous Analysis of Nitrate and Ammonium in Aerosols by the Steam Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC): Extension and Validation of the Methodology; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2319-2330.
83. Simon, P.; Dasgupta, P. Continuous Automated Measurement of the Soluble Fraction of Atmospheric Particulate Matter; Analyt. Chem. 1995, 67, 71-78.
84. Birch, M.E.; Cary, R.A. Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996, 25, 221-241.
85. 2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH Method; Presented at the A&WMA Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology - 2002, San Francisco, CA November 13-15, 2002.
86. Subramanian, R.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Cabada, J.C.; Robinson, A.L. Positive and Negative Artifacts in Particulate Organic Carbon Measurements with Denuded and Undenuded Sampler Configurations; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 27-48.
87. Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C. Comparison and Evaluation of In-Situ and Filter Carbon Measurements at the Fresno Supersite; J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, 8341.
88. Bae, M.S.; Schauer, J.J.; DeMinter, J.T.; Turner, J.R.; Smith, D.; Cary, R.A. Validation of a Semi-Continuous Instrument for Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon Using a Thermal-Optical Method; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 2885-2893.
89. Mader, B.T.; Schauer, J.J.; Seinfeld, J.H.; Flagan, R.C.; Yu, J.Z.; Yang, H.; Lim, H.J.; Turpin, B.J.; Deminter, J.T.; Heidemann, G.; Bae, M.S.; Quinn, P.; Bate, T.; Eatough, D.J.; Huebert, B.J.; Bertram, T.; Howell, S. Sampling Methods Used for the Collection of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon during ACE-Asia; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1435-1449.
90. Arhami, M.; Kuhn, T.; Fine, P.M.; Delfino, R.J.; Sioutas, C. Effects of Sampling Artifacts and Operating Parameters on the Performance of a Semi-Continuous Particulate EC/OC Monitor; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 945-954.
91. Misra, C.; Singh, M.; Shen, S.; Sioutas, C.; Hall, P.A. Development and Evaluation of a Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS); J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33, 1027-1047.
92. Rupprecht, E.G.; Patashnick, H.; Beeson, D.E.; Green, R.E.; Meyer, M.B. A New Automated Monitor for the Measurement of Particulate Carbon in the Atmosphere. In Proceedings, Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory Issues; Cooper, J.A.; Grant, L.D., Eds.; A&WMA: Pittsburgh, PA, 1995; pp 262-267.
93. Rice, J. Comparison of Integrated Filter and Automated Carbon Aerosol Measurements at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 23-26.
94. Sullivan, A.P.; Weber, R.J.; Clements, A.L.; Turner, J.R.; Bae, M.S.; Schauer, J.J. A Method for On-Line Measurement of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Ambient Aerosol Particles: Results from an Urban Site; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, L13105, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019681.
95. Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Fukuda, M., Kawamura, K., Mochida, M., Okuzawa, K., Weber, R.J. Time-Resolved Measurements of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Tokyo; J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, D23206, doi:10.1029/2006JD00712.
96. Kondo, Y.; Miyazaki, Y.; Takegawa, N.; Miyakawa, T.; Weber, R.J.; Jimenez, J.L.; Zhang, Q.; Worsnop, D.R. Oxygenated and Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols in Tokyo; J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, D01203, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007056.
97. Sullivan, A.P.; Weber, R.J. Chemical Characterization of the Ambient Organic Aerosol Soluble in Water: 2. Isolation Of Acid, Neutral, and Basic Fractions by Modified Size-Exclusion Chromatography; J. Geophys. Res. 2006; 111, D05315, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006486.
98. Hansen, A.D.A., Rosen, H.; Novakov, T. The Aethalometer - an Instrument for the Real-Time Measurement of Optical-Absorption by Aerosol-Particles; Sci. Total Environ. 1984, 36, 191-196.
99. Jeong, C.-H.; Hopke, P.K.; Kim, E.; Lee, D.-W. The Comparison between Thermal-Optical Transmittance Elemental Carbon and Aethalometer Black Carbon Measured at Multiple Monitoring Sites; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5193-5204.
100. Arnott, W.P.; Hamasha, K.; Moosmüller, H.; Sheridan, P.J.; Ogren, J.A. Towards Aerosol Light-Absorption Measurements with a 7-Wavelength Aethalometer: Evaluation with a Photoacoustic Instrument and 3-Wavelength Nephelometer; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 17-29.
101. Weingartner, E.; Saatho, H.; Schnaiterb, M.; Streita, N.; Bitnarc, B.; Baltenspergera, U. Absorption of Light by Soot Particles: Determination of the Absorption Coefficient by Means of Aethalometers; J. Aerosol Sci. 2003, 34, 1445-1463.
102. Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Crow, D.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Merrifield, T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 23-34.
103. Schmid, H.P.; Laskus, L.; Abraham, H.J.; Baltensperger, U.; Lavanchy, V.M.H.; Bizjak, M.; Burba, P.; Cachier, H.; Crow, D.J.; Chow, J.C.; Gnauk, T.; Even, A.; ten Brink, H.M.; Giesen, K.P.; Hitzenberger, R.; Hueglin, C.; Maenhaut, W.; Pio, C.A.; Puttock, J.; Putaud, J.P.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Puxbaum, H. Results of the Carbon Conference International Aerosol Carbon Round Robin Test: Stage 1; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2111-2121.
104. Venkatachari, P.; Zhou, L.; Hopke, P.K.; Schwab, J.J.; Demerjian, K.L.; Weimer, S.; Hogrefe, O.; Felton, D.; Rattigan, O. An Intercomparison of Measurement Methods for Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Ambient Air in New York City; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 788-795.
105. Adams, K.M. Real-Time In-Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Optical Absorption in the Visible via Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 1, Evaluation of Photoacoustic Cells; Appl. Opt. 1989, 27, 4052-4056.
106. Arnott, W.P.; Moosmüller, H.; Rogers, C.F.; Jin, T.; Bruch, R. Photo-acoustic Spectrometer for Measuring Light Absorption by Aerosol: Instrument Description; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2845-2852.
107. Arnott, W.P.; Moosmüller, H.; Walker, J.W. Nitrogen Dioxide and Kerosene-Flame Soot Calibration of Photoacoustic Instruments for Measurement of Light Absorption by Aerosols; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2000, 71, 4545-4552.
108. Moosmüller, H.; Arnott, W.P.; Rogers, C.F.; Chow, J.C.; Frazier, C.A.; Sherman, L.E.; Dietrich, D.L. Photoacoustic and Filter Measurements Related to Aerosol Light-Absorption during the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (Colorado 1996/1997); J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 28149-28157.
109. Horvath, H. Atmospheric Light Absorption - a Review; Atmos. Environ. Part A; 1993, 27, 293-317.
110. Liousee, C.; Cachier, H.; Jennings, S.G. Optical and Thermal Measurements of Black Carbon Aerosol Content in Different Environments: Variation of the Specific Attenuation Cross Section, Sigma (σ); Atmos. Envron. Part A 1993, 27, 1203-1211.
111. Arnott, W. P.; Moosmüller, H.; Sheridan, P.J.; Ogren, J.A.; Raspet, R.; Slaton, W.V.; Hand, J.L.; Kreidenweis, S.M.; Collett, J.L. Photoacoustic and Filter-Based Ambient Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements: Instrument Comparisons and the Role of Relative Humidity; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 4034.
112. Kidwell, C.B.; Ondov, J.M. Development and Evaluation of a Prototype System for Collecting Sub-Hourly Ambient Aerosol for Chemical Analysis; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 596-601.
113. Kidwell, C.B.; Ondov, J.M. Elemental Analysis of Sub-Hourly Ambient Aerosol Collections; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 205-218.
114. Paneras, J.P.; Ondov, J.M.; Zeisler, R. Multi-Element Electrothermal AAS Determination of 11 Marker Elements in Fine Ambient Aerosol Slurry Samples Collected with SEAS-II; Analyt. Chem. Acta 2005, 538, 303-312.
115. Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.M.; Poor, N. Identification of Sources and Estimation of Emission Profiles from Highly Time-Resolved Measurements in Tampa, FL. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S467-S481.
116. Park, S.S.; Paneras P.J.; Ondov, J.M.; Poor, N.A New Pseudo-Deterministic Multivariate Receptor Model for Accurate Individual Source Apportionment Using Highly Time-Resolved Ambient Concentrations; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S15, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004664.
117. Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Onasch, T.B.; Williams, L.R.; Trimborn, A.M.; Northway, M.J.; Kolb, C.E.; Worsnop, D.R.; Jimenez, J.L.; Allan, J.D.; Coe, H.; Alfarra, M.R.; Zhang, Q.; Drewnick, F.; Davidovits, P. Chemical and Microphysical Characterization of Ambient Aerosols with the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer; Mass Spec. Rev. 2007, 26, 185-222.
118. Sullivan, R.C.; Prather, K.A. Recent Advances in our Understanding of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Made Possible by On-Line Aerosol Analysis Instrumentation; Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 3861-3886.
119. Middlebrook, A.M.; Murphy, D.M.; Lee, S.H.; Thomson, D.S.; Prather, K.A.; Wenzel, R.J.; Liu, D.Y.; Phares, D.J.; Rhoads, K.P.; Wexler, A.S.; Johnston, M.V.; Jimenez, J.L.; Jayne, T.J.; Worsnop, D.R.; Yourshaw, I.; Seinfeld, J.H.; Flagan, R.C. A Comparison of Particle Mass Spectrometers during the 1999 Atlanta Supersites Project; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 8424.
120. Wexler, A.; Johnston, M. What Have We Learned from Highly Time-Resolved Measurements during EPA's Supersites Program and Related Studies?; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 303-319.
121. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, Final Rule 40. Fed. Regist. 1997, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Vol. 62, No. 138, p 38697.
122. OAQPS Response to the Health Effects Institute Letter on Organic Carbon Measurements, available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/specdat. htm (accessed 2006).
123. Zhang, Q.; Stanier, C.O.; Canagaratna, M.C.; Jayne, J.T.; Worsnop, D.R.; Pandis, S.N.; Jimenez, J.L. Insights into the Chemistry of Nucleation Bursts and New Particle Growth Events in Pittsburgh Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4797-4809.
124. Zhang, Q.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Worsnop, D.R.; Jimenez, J.L. Time and Size-Resolved Chemical Composition of Submicron Particles in Pittsburgh - Implications for Aerosol Sources and Processes; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S09, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004649.
125. Williams, B.J.; Goldstein, A.H.; Kreisberg, N.M.; Hering, S.V. An InSitu Instrument for Speciated Organic Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols: Thermal Desorption Aerosol GC/MS-fid (tag); Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 627-638.
126. McMurry, P.H., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; personal communication.
127. Hinds, W.C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles; John Wiley: New York, 2002; pp 44-50.