Recent advances in treatment of acute organophosphorous nerve agents poisoning

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 79-87

  Balali Mood, Mahdi ^a   Balali Mood, Kia ^b   Hosseini Shirazi, Farshad ^c  

^a MASHHAD UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Acute poisoning; Antioxidants; Chemical warfare nerve agents; Magnesium sulfate; Organophosphorous; Sodium bicarbonate

Indexed keywords

EID: 39049085582     PISSN: 17350328     EISSN: 17266890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22037/IJPR.2010.659     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Dunn MA and Sidell FR. Progress in Medical defense against nerve agents. JAMA (1998) 262: 649-652
2. Sidell FR and Borak J. Nerve agents. Ann. Emerg. Med. (1992) 21: 865-871
3. Rickell DJ, Glenn JF and Houston WE. Medical defense against nerve agents: New direction. Milit. Med. (1987) 152: 35-41
4. Sidell FR and Borak J. Nerve agents. Ann. Emerg. Med. (1992) 21: 865-871
5. Morita H, Yanagisawa N, Nakajima T, Shimizu M, Hirabayashi H, Okudera H, Nohara M, Midorikawa Y and Mimura S. Sarin poisoning in Matsumoto, Japan. Lancet (1995) 346: 290-293
6. Liu DD, Watanabe HK, Ho IK and Hoskins B. Acute effects of soman, sarin and tabun on cyclic nucleotide metabolism in rat stratium. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (1986) 19: 23-32
7. Cao CJ, Mioduszewski RJ, Menking DE, Valdes JJ, Katz EJ, Eldefrawi ME and Eldefrawi AT. Cytotoxicity of organophosphate anticholinesterases. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. (1999) 35: 493-500
8. Ohbu S, Yamashina A, Takasu N, Yamaguchi T, Murai T, Nakano K, Matsui Y, Mikami R, Sakurai K and Hinohara S. Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway. Southern Med. J. (1997) 90: 587-593
9. Grob D. The manifestations and treatment of poisoning due to nerve gas and other organic phosphate anticholinesterase compounds. Arch. Intern. Med. (1956) 98: 221-239
10. Siddell FR. Soman and sarin: Clinical manifestations and treatment of accidental poisoning by organophosphates. Clin. Toxicol. (1974) 7: 1-17
11. Lockridge O and Masson P. Pesticides and susceptible populations: people with butyrylcholinestrase genetic variants may be at risk. Neurotoxicology (2000) 21:113-126
12. Mulchandani P, Mulchandani A, Kaneva I and Chen W. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents. 1. Potentiometric enzyme electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. (1999) 14: 77-85
13. Mulchandani A, Pan S and Chen W. Fiber-optic enzyme biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents. Biotechnol. Prog. (1999) 15:130-134
14. Polhuijs M, Langenberg JP and Benschop HP. New method for retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorous anticholinesterases:application to alleged sarin victims of Japanese terrorists. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1997) 146: 156-161
15. Nagao M, Takatori T, Matsuda Y, Nakajima M, Iwase H and Iwadate K. Definitive evidence for the acute sarin poisoning diagnosis in the Tokyo subway. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1997) 144: 198-203
16. Nozaki H, Aikawa N, Fujishima S, Suzuki M, Shinozawa Y, Hori S and Nogawa S. A case of VX poisoning and the difference from sarin. Lancet (1995) 346: 698-699
17. Klette KL, Levine B, Dreka C, Smith ML and Goldberger BA. Cholinesterase activity in postmortem blood as a screening test for organophosphate/chemical weapon exposure. J. Forensic Sci. (1993) 38: 950-955
18. Pope C, Dilorenzo K and Ehrich M. Possible involvement of a neurotrophic factor during the early stages of organophospahte-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. (1995) 75: 111-117
19. Munro N. Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: Implications for public protection. Environ. Health Perspect. (1994) 102: 18-37
20. Wolfe AD, Rush RS, Doctor BP, Koplovitz I and Jones D. Acetylcholinestrase prophylaxis against organophosphate toxicity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (1987) 9: 266-270
21. Raveh L, Grunwald J, Marcus D, Papier Y, Cohen E and Ashani Y. Human butyrylcholinesterase as a general prophylactic antidote for nerve agent toxicity. In vitro and in vivo quantitive characterization. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1993) 45: 2465-2474
22. Caranto GR, Waibel KH, Asher JM, Larrison RW, Brecht KM, Schutz MB, Raveh L, Ashani Y, Wolfe AD, Maxwell DM and Doctor BP. Amplification of the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase for detoxification of organophosphorous compounds by bis-quartenary oximes. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1994) 47: 347-357
23. Saxena A, Maxwell DM, Quinn DM, Radic Z, Taylor P and Doctor BP. Mutant acetylcholinestrase as potential detoxification agents for organophosphate poisoning. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1997) 54: 269-274
24. Mulchandani A, Kaneva I and Chen V. Detoxification of organophosphate nerve agents by immobilized Escherichia coli with surface expressed organophosphate hydrolase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1999) 63: 216-223
25. Broomfield CA, Lockridge O and Millard CB. Protein engineering of a human enzyme that hydolyzes V and G nerve agents: design, construction and characterization. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1999) 119-120: 413-418
26. Cheng TC, DeFrank JJ and Rastogi VK. Alteromonas prolidase for organophosphorous G-agent decontamination. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1999) 119-120: 455-462
27. Gordon RK, Feaster SR, Russell AJ, LeJeune KE, Maxwell DM, Lenz DE, Ross M and Doctor BP. Organophosphate skin decontamination using immobilized enzymes. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1999) 119-120: 463-470
28. Sawyer TW, Parker D, Thomas N, Weiss MT and Bide RW. Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology (1991) 67: 267-277
29. Tuovinen K and Hannien O. Protection of mice against soman by pre-treatment with eptastigmine and physostigmine. Toxicology (1999) 139: 233-241
30. Kassa J and Fusek J. The positive influence of a cholinergic-anticholinergic pretreatment and antidotal treatment on rats poisoned with supralethal doses of soman. Toxicology (1998) 128: 1-7
31. Munro NB, Watson AP, Ambrose KR and Griffin GD. Treating exposure to chemical warfare agents: implications for health care providers and community emergency planning. Environ. Health Perspect. (1990) 89: 205-215
32. Holstege CP, Kirk M and Sidell FR. Chemical warfare. Nerve agent poisoning. Crit. Care Clin. (1997) 13: 923-942
33. Orma PS and Middleton RK. Aerosolized atropine as an antidote to nerve gas. Ann. Pharmacother. (1992) 26: 937-938
34. Van Helden HP, Busker RW, Melchers BP and Bruijnzeel PL. Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they? Arch. Toxicol. (1996) 70: 779-786
35. Dawson RM. Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning J. Appl. Tox. (1994) 14: 317-331
36. Boskovic B, Kovacevic V and Jovanovic D. PAM-2, HI-6 and HGG-12 in soman and tabun poisoning. Fundam. Appl. Tox. (1984) 4: S106-115
37. Clement JG, Hansen AS and Boulet CA. Efficacy of HLo-7 and pyrimidoxime as antidotes of nerve agent poisoning in mice. Toxicology (1992) 66: 216-219
38. Lundy PM, Hansen AS, Hand BT and Boulet CA. Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Toxicology (1992) 72, 99-105
39. Melchers BP, Philippens IH and Wolthuis OL. Efficacy of HI-6 and Hlo-7 in preventing incapacitation following nerve agent poisoning. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (1994) 49: 781-788
40. Cassel G, Karlsson L, Waara L, Ang KW and Goransson-Nyberg A. Pharmacokinetics and effects of HI-6 in blood and brain of soman-intoxicated rats: a microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 332: 43-52
41. Worek F, Widmann R, Knopff O and Szinicz L. Reactivating potency of obidoxime, pralidoxime, HI 6 and Hlo7 in human erythrocyte acetylcholinestrase inhibited by highly toxic organophosphorous compounds. Arch. Toxicol. (1998) 72: 237-243
42. Kopolovitz I, Menton R and Matthews C. Dose-response effects of atropine and HI-6 treatment of organophosphorous poisoning in guinea pigs. Drug Chem. Toxicol. (1995) 18: 119-136
43. Balali-Mood M and Shariat M. Treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Experience of nerve agents and acute pesticide poisoning on the effects of oximes. J. Physiology (Paris) (1998) 92: 375-378
44. Castro CA, Larsen T, Finger AV, Solana RP and McMaster SB. Behavioral efficacy of diazepam against nerve agent exposure in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (1992) 41: 159-164
45. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Masqueliez C, Baubichon D, Galonnier M, Burckhart MF, Peoc’h M and Mestries JC. Nerve agent poisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11. Arch. Toxicol. (1998) 72: 84-92
46. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Galonnier M, Baubichon D, Burckhart MF and Peoc’h M. Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy; value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. Arch. Toxicol. (1999) 73: 115-122
47. rd International Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment Symposium. May 7-12 2000, Switzerland (2000)
48. Balali-Mood M, Ayati MH and Ali-Akbarian H. Effects of high doses of sodium bicarbonate in organophosphorous poisoning. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. (2005) 43: 571-574
49. Pajoumand A, Shadnia S, Rezaie A, Abdi M and Abdollahi M. Benefits of magnesium sulfate in the management of acute human poisoning by organophosphorous insecticides. Human Exp. Toxicol. (2004) 23: 565-569
50. Ranjbar A, Solhi H, Mashayekhi FJ, Susanabdi A, Rezaie A and Abdollahi M. Oxidative stress in acute human poisoning with organophosphorous insecticides: a case control study. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. (2005) 20: 88-91
51. Pena-Llopis S. Antioxidants as potentially safe antidotes for organophosphorous poisoning. Curr. Enzyme Inhib. (2005) 1: 147-156