Non-lethal polypeptide components in cobra venom

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 13, Issue 28, 2007, Pages 2906-2915

  Utkin, Yuri N ^a   Osipov, Alexey V ^a  

^a SHEMYAKIN OVCHINNIKOV INSTITUTE OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Cobra; Function; Loxins; Proteins; Structure; Venom

Indexed keywords

5' NUCLEOTIDASE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; AMINO ACID OXIDASE; ANCROD; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BATROXOBIN; COBROTOXIN; CYTOTOXIN; DIRECT LYTIC FACTOR; FASCICULIN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HANNAHPEP; HYALURONIDASE; HYDROLASE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTOXIN; NEW DRUG; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PEPTIDASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; POLYPEPTIDE; PROCAINE; PROCOAGULANT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; REPROLYSIN; SNAKE VENOM; TETRACAINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIPER VENOM; PEPTIDE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTICOAGULATION; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BLOOD CLOTTING; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; EDEMA; ENVENOMATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME BINDING; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; LD 50; LUNG INJURY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOSIS; TOXICITY TESTING; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY;

ANIMALS; COBRA NEUROTOXIN PROTEINS; COBRA VENOMS; HUMANS; PEPTIDES;

EID: 38449120469     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161207782023757     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Tsetlin V. Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins. Eur J Biochem 1999; 264: 281-6.
2. Nirthanan S, Gwee MC. Three-finger alpba-neurotoxins and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, forty years on. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94: 1-17.
3. Fletcher JE, Jiang MS. Possible mechanisms of action of cobra snake venom cardiotoxins and bee venom melittin. Toxicon 1993, 31: 669-95.
4. Kumar TK, Jayaraman G, Lee CS, Arunkumar AI, Sivaraman T, Samuel D, et al. Snake venom cardiotoxins-structure, dynamics, function and folding. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1997; 15: 431-63.
5. Kini RM. Excitement ahead: structure, function and mechanism of snake venom phospholipase A2 enzymes. Toxicon 2003; 42: 827-40.
6. Chioato L, Ward RJ. Mapping structural determinants of biological activities in snake venom phospholipases A2 by sequence analysis and site directed mutagenesis. Toxicon 2003; 42: 869-83.
7. Li S, Wang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Wang N, Zhao K, et al. Proteomic characterization of two snake venoms: Naja naja atra and Agkistrodon halys. Biochem J 2004; 3 84: 119-27.
8. Cohen S. Purification and metabolic effects of a nerve growth-promoting protein from snake venom. J Biol Chem 1959; 234: 1129-37.
9. Pung YF, Wong PT, Kumar PP, Hodgson WC, Kini RM. Ohanin, a novel protein from king cobra venom, induces hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mice. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 13137-47.
10. Banerjee Y, Mizuguchi J, Iwanaga S, Kini RM. Hemextin AB complex, a unique anticoagulant protein complex from Hemachatus haemachatus (African Ringhals cobra) venom that inhibits clot initiation and factor VIIa activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 42601-11.
11. Tan NH, Swaminathan S. Purification and properties of the L-amino acid oxidase from monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom. Int J Biochem 1992; 24: 967-73.
12. Tan NH, Saifuddin MN. Isolation and characterization of an unusual form of L-amino acid oxidase from King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom. Biochem Int 1989; 19: 937-44.
13. Li ZY, Yu TF, Lian EC. Purification and characterization of L-amino acid oxidase from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom and its effects on human platelet aggregation. Toxicon 1994; 32: 1349-58.
14. Ahn MY, Lee BM, Kim YS. Characterization and cytotoxicity of L-amino acid oxidase from the venom of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29: 911-9.
15. Tan NH, Tan CS. Enzymatic activities of Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venoms. Toxicon 1987; 25: 1249-53.
16. Tan NH, Saifuddin MN. Substrate specificity of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom L-amino acid oxidase. Int J Biochem 1991; 23: 323-7.
17. Sakurai Y, Takatsuka H, Yoshioka A, Matsui T, Suzuki M, Titani K, et al. Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by L-amino acid oxidase purified from Naja naja kaouthia venom. Toxicon 2001; 39: 1827-33.
18. Du XY, Clemetson KJ. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases. Toxicon 2002; 40: 659-65.
19. Ahmad T, Lawrence AJ. Purification and activation of phospholipase A2 isoforms from Naja mossambica mossambica (spitting cobra) venom. Toxicon 1993; 31: 1279-91.
20. Doley R, Mukherjee AK. Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant phospholipase A(2) from Indian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom. Toxicon 2003; 41: 81-91.
21. Louw AI, Visser L. The synergism of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A2 in hemolysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978; 521: 163-71.
22. Bougis PE, Marchot P, Rochat H. In vivo synergy of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A2 from the elapid snake Naja mossambica mossambica. Toxicon 1987; 25: 427-31.
23. Raba R, Aaviksaar A, Raba M, Siigur J. Cobra venom acetylcholinesterase. Purification and molecular properties. Eur J Biochem 1979; 96: 151-8.
24. Grossmann H, Lieflander M. Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of the acetylcholinesterase of formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom. J Chromatogr 1979; 177: 99-107.
25. Duhaiman AS, Alhomida AS, Rabbani N, Kamal MA, al-Jafari AA, Purification and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from desert cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) venom. Biochimie 1996; 78: 46-50.
26. Frobert Y, Creminon C, Cousin Y, Remy MH, Chatel JM, Bon S, et al. Acetylcholinesterases from Elapidae snake venoms: biochemical, immunological and enzymatic characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1339: 253-67.
27. Raba R, Aaviksaar A. Cobra venom acetylcholinesterase: nature of change isoforms. Eur J Biochem 1982; 127: 507-12.
28. Weise C, Kreienkamp HJ, Raba R, Aaviksaar A, Hucho F. The active site and partial sequence of cobra venom acetylcholinesterase. J Protein Chem 1990; 9: 53-7.
29. Duran F, Cervenansky C, Karlsson E. Effect of fasciculin on hydrolysis of neutral and choline esters by butyrylcholinesterase, cobra venom and chicken acetylcholinesterases. Toxicon 1996; 34: 959-63.
30. al-Jafari AA, Kamal MA, Duhaiman AS, Alhomida AS. Kinetics of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase from desert cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) venom by local anesthetics: procaine and tetracaine. J Enzyme Inhib 1996; 11: 123-34.
31. Cousin X, Bon C. Acetylcholinesterase from snake venom as a model for its nerve and muscle counterpart. J Nat Toxins 1999; 8: 285-94.
32. Tan NH, Tan CS. A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1988; 90: 745-50.
33. Vasilenko SK, Ryte VC. Isolation of highly purified ribonuclease from cobra (Naja oxiana) venom. Biokhimiia 1975; 40: 578-83.
34. Vasilenko SK, Butorin AS, Maev SP, Vitiugov FI, Boldyreva LG. Specificity of the nuclease from the venom of the Middle Asia cobra (Naja naja oxiana) to the macrostructure of polyribonucleotides. Mol Biol (Mosk) 1983; 17: 818-26.
35. Lockard RE, Kumar A. Mapping tRNA structure in solution using double-strand-specific ribonuclease V1 from cobra venom. Nucleic Acids Res 1981; 9: 5125-40.
36. Favorova OO, Fasiolo F, Keith G, Vassilenko SK, Ebel JP. Partial digestion of tRNA--aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes with cobra venom ribonuclease. Biochemistry 1981; 20:1006-11.
37. Lowman HB, Draper DE. On the recognition of helical RNA by cobra venom V1 nuclease. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 5396-403.
38. Mahalakshmi YV, Pandit MW. A new ribonuclease from cobra venom (Naja naja) showing specificity towards cytidylic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 145: 740-8.
39. Mahalakshmi YV, Jagannadham MV, Pandit MW. Ribonuclease from cobra snake venom: purification by affinity chromatography and further characterization. IUBMB Life 2000; 49: 309-16.
40. Aird SD. Ophidian envenomation strategies and the role of purines. Toxicon 2002; 40: 335-93.
41. Anderson LA, Dufton MJ. The action of Taiwan cobra venom on methionine enkephalin: a useful assay for oligopeptidase content. Toxicon 1997; 35: 1113-23.
42. Anderson L, Bussler B, Martins H, Dufton M. Enkephalin-processing oligopeptidases in cobra venom: inhibition by thiorphan and bestatin reveals co-operative actions. Toxicon 1998; 36: 719-28.
43. Boumrah D, Suckling CJ, Dufton MJ. Characteristics of the peptidase activity contained in Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom. Toxicon 1993; 31: 1293-303.
44. Girish KS, Shashidharamurthy R, Nagaraju S, Gowda TV, Kemparaju K. Isolation and characterization of hyaluronidase a "spreading factor" from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom. Biochimie 2004; 86: 193-202.
45. Girish KS, Kemparaju K. A low molecular weight isoform of hyaluronidase: purification from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom and partial characterization. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2005; 70: 708-12.
46. Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Snake venom hyaluronidase: a therapeutic target. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24: 7-12.
47. Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Inhibition of Naja naja venom hyaluronidase: Role in the management of poisonous bite. Life Sci 2006; 78: 1433-40.
48. Nok AJ, Abubakar MS, Adaudi A, Balogun E. Aryl sulfatase from Naja nigricolis venom: characterization and possible contribution in the pathology of snake poisoning. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17: 59-66.
49. Lee WH, Zhang Y, Wang WY, Xiong YL, Gao R. Isolation and properties of a blood coagulation factor X activator from the venom of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Toxicon 1995; 33: 1263-76.
50. Gerads I, Tans G, Yukulson LY. Activation of bovine factor V by an activator purified from the venom of Naja naja oxiana. Toxicon 1992; 30: 1065-79.
51. Zhang Y, Lee WH, Xiong YL, Wang WY, Zu SW. Characterization of OhS1, an arginine/lysine amidase from the venom of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Toxicon 1994; 32: 615-23.
52. Hamako J, Matsui T, Nishida S, Nomura S, Fujimura Y, Ito M, et al. Purification and characterization of kaouthiagin, a von Willebrand factor-binding and -cleaving metalloproteinase from Naja kaouthia cobra venom. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 499-505.
53. Ward CM, Vinogradov DV, Andrews RK, Berndt MC. Characterization of mocarhagin, a cobra venom metalloproteinase from Naja mocambique mocambique, and related proteins from other Elapidae venoms. Toxicon 1996; 34: 1203-6.
54. Ward CM, Andrews RK, Smith AI, Berndt MC. Mocarhagin, a novel cobra venom metalloproteinase, cleaves the platelet von Willebrand factor receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha. Identification of the sulfated tyrosine/ anionic sequence Tyr-276-Glu-282 of glycoprotein Ibalpha as a binding site for von Willebrand factor and alpha-thrombin. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 4929-38.
55. Evans HJ. Purification and properties of a fibrinogenase from the venom of Naja nigricollis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 802: 49-54.
56. Kini RM, Evans HJ. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a fibrinogenase from Naja nigricollis venom is independent of fibrinogen degenaration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1095: 117-21.
57. Wei JF, Mo YZ, Qiao LY, Wei XL, Chen HQ, Me H, et al. Potent histamine-releasing activity of atrahagin, a novel snake venom metalloproteinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1006; 38: 510-20.
58. Jagadeesha DK, Shashidhara murthy R, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. A non-toxic anticoagulant metalloprotease: purification and characterization from Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom. Toxicon 2002; 40: 667-75.
59. Lu X, Lu D, Scully MF, Kakkar VV. Snake venom metalloproteinase containing a disintegrin-like domain, its structure-activity relationships at interacting with integrins. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2005; 3: 249-60.
60. Gomes A, De P. Hannahpep: A novel fibrinolytic peptide from the Indian King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:488-91.
61. Parker CJ, White VF, Falk RJ. Site-specific activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Synthesis of a hybrid molecule consisting of antibody and cobra venom factor: Complement 1986; 3: 223-35.
62. Hensley P, O'Keefe MC, Spangler CJ, Osborne JC Jr, Vogel CW. The effects of metal ions and temperature on the interaction of Cobra venom factor and human complement factor B. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 11638-44.
63. Ward PA, Till GO, Hathcrill JR, Annesley TM, Kunkel RG. Systemic complement activation, lung injury, and products of lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 517-27.
64. Eggertsen G, Lind P, Sjoquist J. Molecular characterization of the complement activating protein in the venom of the Indian cobra (Naja n. siamensis). Mol Immunol 1981; 18: 125-33.
65. Muller-Eberhard HJ, Fjellstrom KE. Isolation of the anticomplementary protein from cobra venom and its mode of action on C3. J Immunol 1971; 107:1666-72.
66. Sharma S, Jabeen T, Singh RK, Bredhorst R, Vogel CW, Betzel C, et al. Structural studies on the cobra venom factor: isolation, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2001; 57: 596-8.
67. Takahashi H, Hayashis K. Purification and characterization of anticomplement factor (cobra venom factor) from the Naja naja atra venom. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 701: 102-10.
68. von Zabem I, Przyklenk H, Vogt W. Chain structure of cobra venom factor from Naja naja and Naja haje venom. Scand J Immunol 1982; 15: 357-62.
69. Osipov AV, Mordvintsev DY, Starkov VG, Galebskaya LV, Ryumina EV, Bel'tyukov PP, et al. Naja melanoleuca cobra venom contains two forms of complement-depleting factor (CVF). Toxicon 2005; 46: 394-403.
70. Cheung AK, Parker CJ, Wilcox L. Effects of two types of cobra venom factor on porcine complement activation and pulmonary artery pressure. Clin Exp Inummol 1989; 78: 299-306.
71. Van den Berg CW, Aerts PC, Van Dijk H. In vivo anti-complementary activities of the cobra venom factors from Naja naja and Naja haje. J Immunol Methods 1991; 136:287-94.
72. Rawal N, Pangburn MK. Functional role of the noncatalytic subunit of complement C5 convertase. J Immunol 2000; 164: 1379-85.
73. Gowda DC, Schultz M, Bredehorst R, Vogel CW. Structure of the major oligosaccharide of cobra venom factor. Mol Immunol 1992; 29: 335-42.
74. Vogt W. In: Stocker KF Ed, Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 1990; 79-96.
75. Von Zabern I, Przyklenk H, Damavau B, Zimmermann B. Isolation and properties of a complement inhibitor from Naja haje venom, distinct from known anticomplementary factors venom. Scand Journal of Immunology 1981; 14: 109-20.
76. Kozlov LV, Soliakov LS, Zinchenko AA. A new low molecular-weight protein effector of human complement from the venom of the Central Asian cobra Naja naja oxiana. Bioorg Khim 1984; 10: 323-32.
77. Kozlov LV, Shoibonov BB. A factor from the venom of the Central Asiatic cobra Naja naja oxiana, which inactivates component C4 of human complement. Mol Biol (Mosk) 1989; 23: 372-8.
78. Kozlov LV, Shoibonov BB, Antonov VK. Major complement inhibiting factors from the venom of the Central Asian cobra Naja naja oxiana. Biokhimiia 1989; 54: 1919-26.
79. Shoibonov BB, Osipov AV, Kryukova EV, Zinchenko AA, Lakhtin VM, Tsetlin VI, et al. Oxiagin from the Naja oxiana cobra venom is the first reprolysin inhibiting the classical pathway of complement. Mol Immunol 2005; 42: 1141-53.
80. Kobayashi T, Taniguchi S, Neethling FA, Rose AG, Hancock WW, Ye Y, et al. Delayed xenograft rejection of pig-to-baboon cardiac transplants after cobra venom factor therapy. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1255-61.
81. Meyer zu Vilsendorf A, Link C, Jorns A, Nagel E, Kohl J. Preconditioning with the prostacyclin analog epoprostenol and cobra venom factor prevents reperfusion injury and hyperacute rejection in discordant liver xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8: 41-7.
82. Sun QY, Chen G, Guo H, Chen S, Wang WY, Xiong YL. Prolonged cardiac xenograft survival in guinea pig-to-rat model by a highly active cobra venom factor. Toxicon 2003; 42: 257-62.
83. Kolln J, Bredehorst R, Spillner E. Engineering of human complement component C3 for catalytic inhibition of complement. Immunol Lett 2005; 98: 49-56.
84. Usami M, Ohno Y. Preparation of complement fragments C3b and C3a from purified rat complement component C3 by activated cobra venom factor. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2005; 52: 260-3.
85. Carlsson FH. Snake venom toxins. The primary structure of protein S4C11. A neurotoxin homologue from the venom of forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca). Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 400: 310-21.
86. Joubert FJ, Taljaard N. Snake venoms. The amino acid sequences of two Melanoleuca-type toxins. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1980; 361: 425-36.
87. Shafqat J, Siddiqi AR, Zaidi ZH, Jornvall H. Extensive multiplicity of the miscellaneous type of neurotoxins from the venom of the cobra Naja naja naja and structural characterization of major components. FEBS Lett 1991; 284: 70-2.
88. Nirthanan S, Gopalakrishnakone P, Gwee MC, Khoo HE, Kini RM. Non-conventional toxins from Elapid venoms. Toxicon 2003; 41: 397-407.
89. Utkin YN, Kukhtina VV, Maslennikov IV, Eletsky AV, Starkov VG, Weise C, et al. First tryptophan-containing weak neurotoxin from cobra venom. Toxicon 2001; 39: 921-7.
90. Utkin YN, Kukhtina VV, Kryukova EV, Chiodini F, Bertrand D, Methfessel C, et al. "Weak toxin" from Naja kaouthia is a nontoxic antagonist of alpha 7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 15810-5.
91. Chang L, Lin S, Wang J, Hu WP, Wu B, Huang H. Structure-function studies on Taiwan cobra long neurotoxin homolog. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1480: 293-301.
92. Poh SL, Mourier G, Thai R, Armugam A, Molgo J, Servent D, et al. A synthetic weak neurotoxin binds with low affinity to Torpedo and chicken alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269: 4247-56.
93. Ogay AY, Rzhevsky DI, Murashev AN, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Weak neurotoxin from Naja kaouthia cobra venom affects haemodynamic regulation by acting on acetylcholine receptors. Toxicon 2005; 45: 93-9.
94. Skok MV, Kalashnik EN, Koval LN, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN, Changeux JP, et al. Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed in B lymphocyte-derived cell lines. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64: 885-9.
95. Kukhtina VV, Weise C, Muranova TA, Starkov VG, Franke P, Hucho F, et al. Muscarinic toxin-like proteins from cobra venom. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267: 6784-9.
96. Osipov AV, Starkov VG, Utkin YN. Toxicity of cobra venom components to cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa. Toxicon 2002; 40: 1507.
97. Osipov AV, Astapova MV, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. The first representative of glycosylated three-fingered toxins. Cytotoxin from the Naja kaouthia cobra venom. Eur J Biochem 2004; 271: 2018-27.
98. Rudd PM, Wormald MR, Stanfield RL, Huang M, Mattsson N, Speir JA, et al. Roles for glycosylation of cell surface receptors involved in cellular immune recognition. J Mol Biol 1999; 293: 351-66.
99. Dufton MJ, Hider RC. Structure and pharmacology of elapid cytotoxins. Pharmacol Ter 1988; 36: 1-40.
100. Kostiza T, Dahinden CA, Rihs S, Otten U, Meier J. Nerve growth factor from the venom of the Chinese cobra Naja naja atra: purification and description of non-neuronal activities. Toxicon 1995; 33: 1249-61.
101. Furukawa S, Hayashi K. Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1976; 80: 1001-9.
102. Oda T, Ohta M, Inoue S, Ikeda K, Furukawa S, Hayashi K. Amino-acid sequence of nerve growth factor purified from the venom of the Formosan cobra Naja naja atra. Biochem Int 1989; 19: 909-17.
103. Hogue-Angeletti RA, Frazier WA, Jacobs JW, Niall HD, Bradshaw RA. Purification, characterization, and partial amino acid sequence of nerve growth factor from cobra venom. Biochemistry 1976; 15: 26-34.
104. Inoue S, Oda T, Koyama J, Ikeda K, Hayashi K. Amino acid sequences of nerve growth factors derived from cobra venoms. FEBS Lett 1991; 279: 38-40.
105. Siigur J, Arumae U, Neuman T, Siigur E, Saarma M. Monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography of the nerve growth factor from snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1987; 87: 329-34.
106. Koh DC, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Sputa nerve growth factor forms a preferable substitute to mouse 7S-beta nerve growth factor. Biochem J 2004; 383: 149-58.
107. Lipps BV. Biological and immunological properties of nerve growth factor from snake venoms. J Nat Toxins 1998; 7: 121-30.
108. Kostiza T, Meier J. Nerve growth factors from snake venoms: chemical properties, mode of action and biological significance. Toxicon 1996; 34: 787-806.
109. Kukhtina VV, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN, Inozemtseva LS, Grivennikov IA. Two forms of nerve growth factor from cobra venom prevent the death of PC12 cells in serum-free medium. J Nat Toxins 2001; 10: 9-16.
110. Katzir I, Shani J, Goshen G, Sela J, Ninary E, Dogonovski AM, et al. Characterization of nerve growth factors (NGFs) from snake venoms by use of a novel, quantitative bioassay utilizing pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells overexpressing human trkA receptors. Toxicon 2003; 42: 481-90.
111. Li XB, Chen MJ, Lei DQ, Yang B, Liao GS, Shu YY, et al. Bioactivities of nerve growth factor from Chinese cobra venom. J Nat Toxins 1999; 8: 359-62.
112. Xu TR, Wang WY, Huang YH, Meng QX, Li DS, Lu QM, et al. A nerve growth factor from the venom of Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) and its effects on male reproductive system in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1999; 124: 149-56.
113. Takahashi H, Iwanaga S, Suzuki T. Distribution of proteinase inhibitors in snake venoms. Toxicon 1974; 12: 193-7.
114. Hokama Y, Iwanaga S, Tatsuki T, Suzuki T. Snake venom proteinase inhibitors. III. Isolation of five polypeptide inhibitors from the venoms of Hemachatus haemachatus (Ringhal's corbra) and Naja nivea (Cape cobra) and the complete amino acid sequences of two of them. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1976; 79: 559-78.
115. Shafqat J, Zaidi ZH, Jornvall H. Purification and characterization of a chymotrypsin Kunitz inhibitor type of polypeptide from the venom of cobra (Naji naja naja). FEBS Lett 1990; 275: 6-8.
116. Shafqat J, Beg OU, Yin SJ, Zaidi ZH, Jornvall H. Primary structure and functional properties of cobra (Naja naja naja) venom Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. Eur J Biochem 1990; 194: 337-41.
117. Chang L, Chung C, Huang HB, Lin S. Purification and characterization of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:862-7.
118. Zhou XD, Jin Y, Lu QM, Li DS, Zhu SW, Wang WY, et al. Purification, characterization and primary structure of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from Naja atra venom. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 137: 219-24.
119. Brillard-Bourdet M, Nguyen V, Ferrer-di Martino M, Gauthier F, Moreau T. Purification and characterization of a new cystatin inhibitor from Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom. Biochem J 1998; 331: 239-44.
120. Mashiko H, Takahashi H. Cysteine proteinase inhibitors in elapid and hydrophiid snake venoms. Toxicon 2002; 40: 1275-81.
121. Mochca-Morales J, Martin BM, Possani LD. Isolation and characterization of helothermine, a novel toxin from Heloderma horridum horridum (Mexican beaded lizard) venom. Toxicon 19110; 28: 299-309.
122. Yamazaki Y, Hyodo F, Morita T. Wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 412: 133-41.
123. Jin Y, Lu Q, Zhou X, Zhu S, Li F, Wang W, et al. Purification and cloning of cysteine-rich proteins from Trimeresurus jerdonii and Naja atra venoms. Toxicon 2003; 42: 539-47.
124. Osipov AV, Levashov MY, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Cobra venom contains a pool of cysteine-rich secretory proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328: 177-82.
125. Osipov AV, Weise C, Franke P, Kukhtina VV, Frings S, Hucho F, et al. Cobra venom contains a prrotein belonging to the CRISP family. Bioorg Khim 2001; 27: 224-6.
126. Yamazaki Y, Koike H, Sugiyama Y, Motoyoshi K, Wada T, Hishinuma S, et al. Cloning and characterization of novel snake venom proteins that block smooth muscle contraction. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269: 2708-15.
127. Brown RL, Haley TL, West KA, Crabb JW. Pseudechetoxin: a peptide blocker of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 754-9.
128. Wang J, Shen B, Guo M, Lou X, Duan Y, Cheng XP, et al. Blocking effect and crystal structure of natrin-toxin, a cysteine-rich secretory protein from Naja atra venom that targets the BKCa channel. Biochemistry 2005; 44: 10145-52.
129. +-channel blocker derived from snake venom. J Mol Biol 2005; 350: 735-43.
130. Yamazaki Y, Morita T. Structure and function of snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins. Toxicon 2004; 44: 227-31.
131. Du XY, Clemetson JM, Navdaev A, Magnenat EM, Wells TN, Clemetson KJ, Ophioluxin, a convulxin-like C-type lectin from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) is a powerful platelet activator via glycoprotein VI. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 35124-32.
132. Torres AM, Wong HY, Desai M, Moochhala S, Kuchel PW, Kini RM. Identification of a novel family of proteins in snake venoms. Purification and structural characterization of nawaprin from Naja nigricollis snake venom. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 40097-104.
133. Henry J, Mather IH, McDermott MF, Pontarotti P. B-30.2-like domain proteins: update and new insights into a rapidly expanding family of proteins. Mol Biol Evol 1998; 15: 1696-705.
134. Xie JP, Yue J, Xiong YL, Wang WY, Yu SQ, Wang HH. In vitro activities of small peptides from snake venom against clinical isolates of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22: 172-4.
135. El-Saadani MA, El-Sayed MF. A bradykidin potentiating peptide from Egyptian cobra venom strongly affects rat atrium contractile force and cellular calcium regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 136: 387-95.
136. Gowda DS, Davidson EA. Isolation and characterization of novel mucin-like glycoproteins from cobra venom. J Biol Chem 1994; 169: 20031-9.