Dynamics of parathyroid hormone secretion in health and secondary hyperparathyroidism

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1283-1305

  Felsenfeld, Arnold J ^a   Rodríguez, Mariano ^b   Aguilera Tejero, Escolástico ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO REINA SOFÍA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT;

ACIDOSIS; AGING; ANIMAL; BLOOD; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; METABOLISM; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SECRETION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

ACIDOSIS; AGING; ANIMALS; CALCIUM; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, SECONDARY; HYPOCALCEMIA; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; RENAL DIALYSIS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 38449103879     PISSN: 15559041     EISSN: 1555905X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01520407     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Parfitt AM: Bone and plasma calcium homeostasis. Bone 8[Suppl 1]: S1-S8, 1987
2. Berdud I, Martin Malo A, Almaden Y, Aljama P, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: The PTH-calcium relationship during a range of infused PTH doses in the parathyroidectomized rat. Calif Tissue Int 62: 457-461, 1998
3. Albright F, Bauer W, Cockrill JR, Ellsworth R: Studies on the physiology of the parathyroid glands. II. The relation of the serum calcium to the serum phosphorus at different levels of parathyroid activity. J Clin Invest 9: 659-677, 1931
4. Jara A, Chacon C, Felsenfeld AJ: How dietary phosphate, renal failure, and calcitriol administration affect the serum calcium-phosphate relationship in the rat. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17: 765-771, 2002
5. D'Amour P: Effects of acute and chronic hypercalcemia on parathyroid function and circulating parathyroid hormone molecular forms. Eur J Endocrinol 146: 407-410, 2002
6. D'Amour P, Rakel A, Brossard J-H, Rousseau L, Albert C, Cantor T: Acute regulation of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) molecular forms by calcium: Utility of PTH fragments/PTH (1-84) ratios derived from three generations of PTH assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 283-289, 2006
7. Slatopolsky E, Finch J, Clay P, Martin D, Sicard C, Singer G, Gao P, Cantor T, Dusso A: A novel mechanism for skeletal resistance in uremia. Kidney Int 58: 753-761, 2000
8. Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Rousseau L, Brossard J-H, Lepage R, D'Amour P: Synthetic carboxyl-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone (PTH) decrease ionized calcium concentrations in rats by acting on a receptor different from the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor. Endocrinology 142: 1386-1392, 2001
9. Divieti P, John MR, Juppner H, Bringhurst FR: Human PTH-(7-84) inhibits bone resorption in vitro via actions independent of the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor. Endocrinology 143: 171-176, 2002
10. Friedman PA, Goodman WG: PTH (1-84)/PTH (7-84): A balance of power. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F975-F984, 2006
11. Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS: Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 641-654, 2006
12. Portale AA, Booth BE, Halloran B, Morris RC Jr: Effect of dietary phosphorus on circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in children with moderate renal insufficiency. J Clin Invest 73:1580-1589, 1984
13. Jara A, Lee E, Stauber D, Felsenfeld AJ, Kleeman CR: Phosphate depletion in the rat: The effect of bisphosphonates and the calcemic response to PTH. Kidney Int 55: 1434-1443, 1999
14. Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M: Phosphorus, regulation of plasma calcium, and secondary hyperparathyroidism: A hypothesis to integrate a historical and modern perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 878-890, 1999
15. Bover J, Rodriguez M, Trinidad P, Jara A, Martinez ME, Machado L, Llach F, Felsenfeld AJ: Factors in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism during graded renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int 45: 953-961, 1994
16. Tallon S, Berdud I, Hernandez A, Concepcion MT, Almaden Y, Torres A, Martin Malo A, Felsenfeld AJ, Aljama P, Rodriguez M: The relative effects of PTH and dietary phosphorus on calcitriol production in normal and azotemic rats. Kidney Int 49: 1441-1446, 1996
17. Krapf R, Glatz M, Hulter HN: Neutral phosphate administration generates and maintains renal metabolic alkalosis and hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol 268: F802-F807, 1995
18. Messa F, Vallone C, Mioni G, Geatti O, Turrin D, Passoni N, Cruciatti A: Direct in vivo assessment of parathyroid hormone-calcium relationship curve in renal patients. Kidney Int 46: 1713-1720, 1994
19. Cloutier M, Gascon-Barre M, D'Amour P: Chronic adaptation of dog parathyroid function to a low-calcium-high-sodium-Vitamin D-deficient diet. J Bone Miner Res 7: 1021-1028, 1992
20. Nussbaum SR, Zahradnik RJ, Lavigne JR, Brennan GL, Nozawa-Ung K, Kim LY, Keutmann HT, Wang CA, Potts JT Jr. Segre GV: Highly sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin, and its clinical utility in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia. Clin Chem 33: 1364-1367, 1987
21. D'Amour P, Palardy J, Bahsali G, Mallette LE, DeLean A, Lepage R: The modulation of circulating parathyroid hormone immunoheterogeneity in man by ionized calcium concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74: 525-532, 1992
22. Brossard JH, Cloutier M, Roy L, Lepage R, Gascon-Barre M, D'Amour P: Accumulation of a non-(1-84) molecular form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) detected by intact PTH assay in renal failure: Importance in the interpretation of PTH values. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3923-3929, 1996
23. Brossard J-H, Lepage R, Cardinal H, Roy L, Rousseau L, Dorais C, D'Amour P: Influence of glomerular filtration rate on non-(1-84) parathyroid hormone (PTH) detected by intact PTH assays. Clin Chem 46: 697-703, 2000
24. John MR, Goodman WG, Gao F, Cantor TL, Salusky IB, Juppner H: A novel immunoradiometric assay detects full-length human PTH but not amino-terminally truncated fragments: Implications for PTH measurements in renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 4287-4290, 1999
25. D'Amour P, Brossard J-H, Rousseau L, Roy L, Gao P, Cantor T: Amino-terminal form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with immunological similarities to hPTH (1-84) is overproduced in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Chem 49: 2037-2044, 2003
26. Santamaria R, Almaden Y, Felsenfeld A, Martin-Malo A, Gao P, Cantor T, Aljama P, Rodriguez M: Dynamics of PTH secretion in hemodialysis patients as determined by the intact and whole PTH assays. Kidney Int 64: 1867-1873, 2003
27. Murray TM, Rao LG, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR: Parathyroid hormone secretion and action: Evidence for discrete receptors for the carboxyl-terminal region and related biological actions of carboxy-terminal ligands. Endocr Rev 26: 78-113, 2005
28. Reichel H, Esser A, Roth HJ, Schmidt-Gayk H: Influence of PTH assay methodology on differential diagnosis of renal bone disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 759-768, 2003
29. Brent GA, LeBoff MS, Seely EW, Conlin PR, Brown EM: Relationship between the concentration and rate of change of calcium and serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in normal humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67: 944-950, 1988
30. Ramirez JA, Goodman WG, Gornbein J, Menezes C, Moulton L, Segre GV, Salusky IB: Direct in vivo comparison of calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone secretion in normal volunteers and patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 1489-1494, 1993
31. 3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 211-216, 1994
32. Portale AA, Lonergan ET, Tanney DM, Halloran BP: Aging alters calcium regulation of serum concentration of parathyroid hormone in healthy men. Am J Physiol 272: E139-E146, 1997
33. Cardinal H, Brossard J-H, Roy L, Lepage R, Rousseau L, D'Amour F: The set point of parathyroid hormone stimulation by calcium is normal in progressive renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3839-3844, 1998
34. Haden ST, Brown EM, Hurwitz S, Scott J, El-Hajj Fuleihan G: The effects of age and gender on parathyroid hormone dynamics. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52: 329-338, 2000
35. Warren HB, Lausen NC, Segre GV, El-Hajj G, Brown EM: Regulation of calcitropic hormones in vivo in the New Zealand white rabbit. Endocrinology 125: 2683-2690, 1989
36. Butters RR Jr. Chattopadhyay N, Nielsen F, Smith CP, Mithal A, Kifor O, Bai M, Quinn S, Goldsmith P, Hurwitz S, Krapcho K, Busby J, Brown EM: Cloning and characterization of a calcium-sensing receptor from the hypercalcemic New Zealand white rabbit reveals unaltered responsiveness to extracellular calcium. J Bone Miner Res 12: 568-579, 1997
37. Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Mayer-Valor R, Almaden Y, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M: Measurement of parathyroid hormone in horses. Equine Vet J 30: 476-481, 1998
38. Aguilera-Tejero E, Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mayer-Valor R, Almaden Y, Concepcion MT, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M: Mineral metabolism in healthy geriatric dogs. Res Vet Sci 64: 191-194, 1998
39. Bas S, Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Garfia B, Lopez I, Rodriguez M: The influence of acute and chronic hypercalcemia on the parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia in rabbits. Eur J Endocrinol 146: 411-418, 2002
40. Rodriguez M, Martin Malo A, Martinez ME, Torres A, Felsenfeld AJ, Llach F: Calcemic response to parathyroid hormone in renal failure: Role of phosphorus and its effect on calcitriol. Kidney Int 40: 1055-1062, 1991
41. Bover J, Jara A, Trinidad P, Rodriguez M, Martin Malo A, Felsenfeld AJ: The calcemic response to PTH in the rat: Effect of elevated PTH levels and uremia. Kidney Int 46: 310-317, 1994
42. Hernandez A, Concepcion MT, Rodriguez M, Salido E, Torres A: High phosphorus diet increases preproPTH mRNA independent of calcium and calcitriol in normal rats. Kidney Int 50: 1872-1878, 1996
43. Li F, Muhlbauer RC: Food fractionation is a powerful tool to increase bone mass in growing rats and to decrease bone mass in aged rats: Modulation of the effect of dietary phosphate. J Bone Miner Res 14: 1457-1465, 1999
44. Nishida Y, Taketani Y, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Imamura F, Taniguchi F, Sato T, Shuto E, Nashiki K, Arai H, Yamamoto H, Takeda E: Acute effect of oral phosphate loading on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in healthy men. Kidney Int 70: 2141-2147, 2006
45. Kilav R, Silver J, Naveh-Many T: Parathyroid hormone gene expression in hypophosphatemic rats. J Clin Invest 96: 327-333, 1995
46. Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Hernandez A, Ballesteros E, Garcia-Navarro S, Torres A, Rodriguez M: Direct effect of phosphorus on parathyroid hormone secretion from whole rat parathyroid glands in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 11: 970-976, 1996
47. Slatopolsky E, Finch J, Denda M, Ritter C, Zhong M, Dusso A, MacDonald PN, Brown AJ: Phosphorus restriction prevents parathyroid gland growth. J Clin Invest 97: 2534-2540, 1996
48. Nielsen PK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Olgaard K: A direct effect in vitro of phosphate on PTH release from bovine parathyroid tissue slices but not from dispersed parathyroid cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11: 1762-1768, 1996
49. Almaden Y, Hernandez A, Torregrosa V, Canalejo A, Sabate L, Fernandez Cruz L, Campistol JM, Torres A, Rodriguez M: High phosphate level directly stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and synthesis by human parathyroid tissue in vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1845-1852, 1998
50. De Francisco ALM, Cobo MA, Setien ME, Rodrigo E, Fresnedo GM, Unzueta MT, Amado JA, Arias M, Rodriguez M: The effect of serum phosphate on PTH secretion during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 54: 2140-2145, 1998
51. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, Charles P, Eriksen EF: Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med 247: 260-268, 2000
52. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R: Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporosis Int 16: 713-716, 2005
53. Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF: Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 351: 805-806, 1998
54. Need AG, Horowitz M, Morris HA, Nordin BE: Vitamin D status: Effects on parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 1577-1581, 2000
55. Holick MF: High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc 81: 353-373, 2006
56. Ghazali A, Fardellone P, Pruna A, Atik A, Achard J-M, Oprisu R, Brazier M, Remond A, Moriniere PH, Garabedian M, Eastwood J, Fournier A: Is low plasma 25-(OH)vitamin D a major risk factor for hyperparathyroidism and Looser's zones independent of calcitriol? Kidney Int 55: 2169-2177, 1999
57. Holick MF: Vitamin D deficiency in CKD: Why should we care? Am J Kidney Dis 45: 1119-1121, 2005
58. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease: Prevention and treatment of vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency in CKD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 42: S84-S89, 2003
59. Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Felsenfeld AJ, Estepa JC, Rodriguez M: Direct effect of acute metabolic and respiratory acidosis on parathyroid hormone secretion in the dog. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1691-1700, 2002
60. Lopez I, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ, Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E: Direct suppressive effect of acute metabolic and respiratory alkalosis on parathyroid hormone secretion in the dog. J Bone Miner Res 18: 1478-1485, 2003
61. Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: Role of acidosis-induced increases in calcium on PTH secretion in acute metabolic and respiratory acidosis in the dog. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E780-E785, 2004
62. Bushinsky DA, Lam BC, Nespeca R, Sessler NE, Grynpas MD: Decreased bone carbonate content in response to metabolic, but not respiratory acidosis. Am J Physiol 265: F530-F536, 1993
63. Bushinsky DA, Ori Y: Effects of metabolic and respiratory acidosis on bone. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2: 588-596, 1993
64. Bichara M, Mercier O, Borensztein P, Paillard M: Acute metabolic acidosis enhances circulating parathyroid hormone, which contributes to the renal response against acidosis in the rat. J Clin Invest 86: 430-443, 1990
65. Fraley DS, Adler S: An extrarenal role for parathyroid hormone in the disposal of acute acid loads in rats and dogs. J Clin Invest 63: 985-997, 1979
66. Quinn SJ, Bai M, Brown EM: pH sensing by the calcium-sensing receptor. J Biol Chem 279: 37241-37249, 2004
67. Malberti F, Farina M, Imbasciati E: The PTH-calcium curve and the set point of calcium in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 2398-2406, 1999
68. Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D: The calcium-sensing receptor: A key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F253-F264, 2005
69. Dunlay R, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld A, Llach F: Direct inhibitory effect of calcitriol on parathyroid function (sigary moidal curve) in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 36: 1093-1098, 1989
70. Rodriguez M, Caravaca F, Fernandez E, Borrego MJ, Lorenzo V, Cubero J, Martin Malo A, Betriu A, Jimenez A, Tortes A, Felsenfeld AJ: Parathyroid function as a determinant of the response to calcitriol treatment in the hemodialysis patient. Kidney Int 56: 306-317, 1999
71. 3 or partial parathyroidectomy in normal dogs. J Endocrinol 155: 133-141, 1997
72. Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M, Dunlay R, Llach F: A comparison of parathyroid-gland function in haemodialysis patients with different forms of renal osteodystrophy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 244-251, 1991
73. Felsenfeld AJ, Jara A, Pahl M, Bover J, Rodriguez M: Differences in the dynamics of PTH secretion in hemodialysis patients with marked secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1371-1378, 1995
74. Pahl M, Jara A, Bover J, Felsenfeld AJ: Studies in a hemodialysis patient indicating that calcitriol may have a direct suppressive effect on bone. Nephron 71: 218-223, 1995
75. Rao DS, Agarwal C, Talpos GB, Phillips ER, Bandeira F, Mishra SK, Mithal A: Role of vitamin D and calcium nutrition in disease expression and parathyroid tumor growth in primary hyperparathyroidism: A global perspective. J Bone Miner Res 17[Suppl 2]: N75-N80, 2002
76. Albright F, Aub JC, Bauer W: Hyperparathyroidism: A common and polymorphic condition as illustrated by seventeen proved cases from one clinic. JAMA 102: 1276-1287, 1934
77. Norris EH: The parathyroid adenoma: A study of 322 cases. Int Abstr Surg 84: 1-41, 1947
78. Rao DS, Honasoge M, Divine GW, Phillips ER, Lee MW, Ansari MR, Talpos GB, Parfitt AM: Effect of vitamin D nutrition on parathyroid adenoma weight: Pathogenetic and clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 1054-1058, 2000
79. Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ: Clinical spectrum of primary hyperparathyroidism. Rev Endocrinol Metab Disord 1: 237-245, 2000
80. Lewin E, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Olgaard K: PTHrP enhances the secretory response of PTH to a hypocalcemic stimulus in rat parathyroid glands. Kidney Int 58: 71-81, 2000
81. Lewin E, Garfia B, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Olgaard K: Autoregulation in the parathyroid glands by PTH/PTHrP receptor ligands in normal and uremic rats. Kidney Int 64: 63-70, 2003
82. Lu K-C, Yeung L-K, Lin S-H, Lin Y-F, Chu P: Acute effect of pamidronate on PTH secretion in postmenopausal hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 42: 1221-1227, 2003
83. Doroszewicz J, Waldegger P, Jeck N, Seyberth H, Waldegger S: pH dependence of extracellular calcium sensing receptor activity determined by a novel technique. Kidney Int 67: 187-192, 2005
84. Sun F, Ritchie CK, Hassager C, Maercklein P, Fitzpatrick LA: Heterogeneous response to calcium by individual parathyroid cells. J Clin Invest 91: 595-601, 1993
85. Moallem E, Kilav R, Silver J, Naveh-Many T: RNA-protein binding and post-transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J Biol Chem 273: 5253-5259, 1998
86. Sanchez J, Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: A reduced PTH response to hypocalcemia after a short period of hypercalcemia: A study in dogs. Kidney Int 50[Suppl 57]: 518-522, 1996
87. Bas S, Bas A, Almaden Y, Ballesteros E, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E: Both duration and degree of hypercalcemia influence the reduced parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia after hypercalcemia. J Endocrinol 177: 119-126, 2003
88. Huan J, Olgaard K, Nielsen LB, Lewin E: Parathyroid hormone 7-84 induces hypocalcemia and inhibits the parathyroid hormone 1-84 secretory response to hypocalcemia in rats with intact parathyroid glands. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 1923-1930, 2006
89. Lewin E, Wang W, Olgaard K: Reversibility of experimental secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 52: 1232-1241, 1997
90. Grant FD, Conlin PR, Brown EM: Rate and concentration dependence of parathyroid hormone dynamics during stepwise changes in serum ionized calcium in normal humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71: 370-378, 1990
91. Aguilera-Tejero E, Sanchez J, Almaden Y, Mayer-Valor R, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: Hysteresis of the PTH-calcium curve during hypocalcemia in the dog: Effect of the rate and linearity of calcium decrease and sequential episodes of hypocalcemia. J Bone Miner Res 11: 1226-1233, 1996
92. Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: Effect of rate of calcium reduction and a hypocalcemic clamp on PTH secretion: A study in dogs. Kidney Int 55: 1724-1733, 1999
93. Fox J, Heath H, III: The "calcium clamp": Effect of constant hypocalcemia on parathyroid hormone secretion. Am J Physiol 240: E649-E655, 1981
94. Schwarz P, Sorensen HA, McNair P, Transbol I: Cica-clamp technique: A method for quantifying parathyroid hormone secretion - A sequential citrate and calcium clamp study. Eur J Clin Invest 23: 546-553, 1993
95. Schwarz P, Sorensen HA, Transbol I, McNair P: Regulation of acute parthyroid hormone release in normal humans: Combined calcium and citrate clamp. Am J Physiol 263: E195-E198, 1992
96. Madsen JC, Rasmussen AQ, Ladefoged SD, Schwarz P: Parathyroid hormone secretion in renal failure. Kidney Int 50: 1700-1705, 1996
97. Schwarz P, Madsen JC, Rasmussen AQ, Transbol I, Brown EM: Evidence for a role of intracellular stored parathyroid hormone in producing hysteresis of the PTH-calcium relationship in normal humans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48: 725-732, 1998
98. Keaton JA, Barto JA, Moore MP, Gruel JB, Mayer GP: Altered parathyroid response to calcium in hypercalcemic neonatal calves. Endocrinology 103: 2161-2167, 1978
99. Haden ST, Stoll AL, McCormick S, Scott J, El-Hajj Fuleihan C: Alterations in parathyroid dynamics in lithium-treated subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2844-2848, 1997
100. Boucher A, D'Amour P, Hamel L, Fugere P, Gascon-Barre M, Lepage R, Ste-Marie LG: Estrogen replacement decreases the set point of parathyroid hormone stimulation by calcium in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68: 831-836, 1989
101. Cosman F, Nieves J, Horton J, Shen V, Lindsay R: Effects of estrogen on response to edetic acid infusion in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 939-943, 1994
102. Mizunashi K, Furukawa Y, Goto MM, Abe K: Sigmoidal curve shift in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Calcif Tissue Int 62: 290-294, 1998
103. Conlin PR, Fajtova VT, Mortensen RM, LeBoff MS, Brown EM: Hysteresis in the relationship between serum ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone during recovery from induced hyper- and hypocalcemia in normal humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69: 593-599, 1989
104. Felsenfeld AJ, Ross D, Rodriguez M: Hysteresis of the parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients with low turnover aluminum bone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:1136-1143, 1991
105. Kwan JT, Beer JC, Noonan K, Cunningham J: Parathyroid sensing of the direction of change of calcium in uremia. Kidney Int 43: 1104-1109, 1993
106. Borrego MJ, Martin Malo A, A]maden Y, Rodriguez M, Aljama P, Felsenfeld AJ: Effect of calcitriol and age on recovery from hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34: 456-463, 1999
107. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Sams RA, Capen CC, Rosol TJ: Hysteresis and calcium set-point for the calcium parathyroid hormone relationship in healthy horses. Gen Comp Endocrinol 130: 279-288, 2003
108. Layland J, Young IS, Altingham JD: The length dependence of work production in rat papillary muscles in vitro. J Exp Biol 198: 2491-2499, 1995
109. Levy C, Landesberg A: Hystereses in the force-length relation and regulation of cross-bridge recruitment in tetanized rat trabeculae. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286: H434-H441, 2004
110. Brewer KK, Sakai H, Alencar AM, Majumdar A, Arold SP, Lutchen KF, Ingenito EP, Suki B: Lung and alveolar wall elastic and hysteretic behavior in rats: Effects of in vivo elastase treatment. J Appl Physiol 95: 1926-1936, 2003
111. Escolar JD, Escolar A: Lung hysteresis. Histol Histopathol 19: 159-166, 2004
112. Cote GL, Durai R, Zoghi B: Nonlinear closed-loop control system for intracranial pressure regulation. Ann Biomed Eng 23: 760-771, 1995
113. Flemming B, Arenz N, Seeliger E, Wronski T, Steer K, Persson PB: Time-dependent autoregulation of renal blood flow in conscious rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 2253-2262, 2001
114. Cloutier M, Brossard JH, Gascon-Barre M, D'Amour P: Lack of involution of hyperplastic parathyroid glands in dogs: Adaptation via a decrease in the calcium stimulation set point and a change in secretion profile. J Bone Miner Res 9: 621-629, 1994
115. Clements MR, Johnson L, Fraser DR: A new mechanism for induced vitamin D deficiency in calcium deprivation. Nature 325: 62-65, 1987
116. Davies M, Heys SE, Selby PL, Berry JL, Mawer EB: Increased catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with partial gastrectomy and elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels: Implications for metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 209-212, 1997
117. Prince RL, Criddle A, Garcia-Webb P, St. John A: The effects of menopause and age on calcitropic hormones: A cross-sectional study of 655 healthy women aged 35 to 90. J Bone Miner Res 10: 835-842, 1995
118. McKane WR, Khosla S, Egan KS, Robins SP, Burritt MF, Riggs BL: Role of calcium intake in modulating age-related increases in parathyroid function and bone resorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 1699-1703, 1996
119. Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, Melton LJ III, Riggs BL: Effects of age and estrogen status on serum parathyroid hormone levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover in women: A population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1522-1527, 1997
120. Fox J: Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by plasma calcium in aging rats. Am J Physiol 260: E220-E225, 1991
121. Lindeman RD, Tobin J, Shock NW: Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc 33: 278-285, 1985
122. Ireland P, Fordtran JS: Effect of dietary calcium and age on jejunal calcium absorption in humans studied by intestinal perfusion. J Clin Invest 52: 2672-2681, 1973
123. Gloth FM III, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JC Jr, Tobin JD: Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 274: 1683-1686, 1995
124. van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, de Groot LC, Haller J, Moreiras O, van Staveren WA: Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 346: 207-210, 1995
125. Holick MF, Siris ES, Binkley N, Beard MK, Khan A, Katzer JT, Petruschke RA, Chen E, de Papp AE: Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 3215-3224, 2005
126. Frassetto L, Sebastian A: Age and systemic acid-base equilibrium: Analysis of published data. J Gerontol 51A: B91-B99, 1996
127. Frassetto LA, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A: Effect of age on acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline. Am J Physiol 271: F1114-F1122, 1996
128. Malberti F, Corraci B, Cosci P, Calliada F, Marcelli D, Imbasciati E: Long-term effects of intravenous calcitriol therapy on the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 704-712, 1996
129. Holgado R, Haire H, Ross D, Sprague S, Pahl M, Jara A, Martin Malo A, Rodriguez M, Almaden Y, Felsenfeld AJ: Effect of a low calcium dialysate on PTH secretion in diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. J Bone Miner Res 15: 927-935, 2000
130. Tominaga Y, Takagi H: Molecular genetics of hyperparathyroid disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5: 336-341, 1996
131. Gogusev J, Duchambon P, Hory B, Giovannini M, Goureau Y, Sarfati E, Drueke TB: Depressed expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid gland tissue of patients with hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 51: 328-336, 1997
132. 3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J Clin Invest 92: 1436-1443, 1993
133. Felsenfeld AJ: Considerations for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 993-1004, 1997
134. Jara A, Chacon C, Valdivieso A, Aris L, Jalil R, Felsenfeld AJ: Effect of calcitriol treatment and withdrawal on hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients with hypocalcaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1009-1016, 2001
135. Pahl M, Jara A, Bover J, Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ: The set point of calcium and the reduction of parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 49: 226-231, 1996
136. Borrego MJ, Felsenfeld AJ, Martin Malo A, Almaden Y, Concepcion MT, Aljama P, Rodriguez M: Evidence for adaptation of the entire PTH-calcium curve to sustained changes in the serum calcium in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 505-513, 1997
137. Parfitt AM: Calcium homeostasis. In: Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone, edited by Mundy CR, Martin TJ, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp 1-65
138. De Cristofaro V, Colturi C, Masa A, Comelli M, Pedrini LA: Rate dependence of acute PTH release and association between basal plasma calcium and set point of calcium-PTH curve in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1214-1221, 2001
139. Caravaca F, Cubero JJ, Jimenez F, Lopez JM, Aparicio A, Cid MC, Pizarro JL, Liso J, Santos I: Effect of the mode of calcitriol administration of PTH-ionized calcium relationship in uraemic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10: 665-670, 1995
140. Rodriguez M, Caravaca F, Fernandez E, Borrego MJ, Lorenzo V, Cubero J, Martin Malo A, Betriu A, Rodriguez AP, Felsenfeld AJ: Evidence for both abnormal set point of calcium and adaptation to serum calcium in hemodialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 12: 347-355, 1997
141. 2D therapy increases the intact parathyroid hormone secretion set point in hemodialyzed patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 23: 25-32, 1997
142. Hardy-Yverneau P, Shenouda M, Moriniere P, Legallais C, Brazier M, Achard J, Fournier A: The dependency of calcium set point on basal plasma calcium in dialysis patients: A better explanation for the discrepancies regarding its link with PTH secretion than methodological differences. Clin Nephrol 50: 236-246, 1998
143. Malberti F, Surian M, Cosci P: Effect of chronic intravenous calcitriol on parathyroid function and set point of calcium in dialysis patients with refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7: 822-828, 1992
144. Goodman WG, Veldhuis JD, Belin TR, van Herle AJ, Juppner H, Salusky IB: Calcium-sensing by parathyroid glands in secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2765-2772, 1998
145. Brown EM: Four-parameter model of the sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone release and extracellular calcium concentration in normal and abnormal parathyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56: 572-581, 1983
146. Wallfelt C, Gylfe E, Larsson R, Ljunghall S, Rastad J, Akerstrom G: Relationship between external and cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, parathyroid hormone release and weight of parathyroid glands in human hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol 116: 457-464, 1988