Canopy openness and leaf area in chronosequences of coastal temperate rainforests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 239-256

  Frazer, Gordon W ^a   Trofymow, J A ^b   Lertzman, Kenneth P ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b PACIFIC FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANOPY; CHRONOSEQUENCE; LEAF AREA; RAINFOREST; TEMPERATE FOREST;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; VANCOUVER ISLAND;

PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII; THUJA PLICATA; TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA;

EID: 0346356421     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x99-201     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Arsenault, A., and Bradfield, G.E. 1995. Structural-compositional variation in three age-classes of temperate rainforests in southern coastal British Columbia. Can. J. Bot. 73: 54-64.
2. Black, T.A., Chen, J.M., Lee, X., and Sagar, R.M. 1991. Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiances under a Douglasfir forest stand. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1020-1028.
3. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 1995. Biodiversity guidebook. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
4. Brix, H. 1981. Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on branch and foliage production in Douglas-fir. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 502-511.
5. Brown, M.J., and Parker, G.C. 1994. Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed-species deciduous forests. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1694-1703.
6. Canham, C.D. 1995. GLI/C: software for calculation of light transmission through forest canopies using color fisheye photography. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, N.Y.
7. Canham, C.D., Denslow, J.S., Platt, W.J., Runkle, J.R., Spies, T.A., and White, P.S. 1990. Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 620-631.
8. Canham, C.D., Finzi, A.C., Pacala, S.W., and Burbank, D.H. 1994. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 337-349.
9. Chason, J.W., Baldocchi, D.D., and Huston, M.A. 1991. A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating forest canopy leaf area. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57: 107-128.
10. Chen, J.M., and Black, T.A. 1991. Measuring leaf area index of plant canopies with branch architecture. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57: 1-12.
11. Chen, J.M., and Black, T.A. 1992a. Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 15: 421-429.
12. Chen, J.M., and Black, T.A. 1992b. Foliage area and the architecture of plant canopies from sunfleck size distributions. Agric. For. Meteorol. 60: 135-163.
13. Chen, J.M., Black, T.A., and Adams, R.S. 1991. Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of a forest stand. Agric. For. Meteorol. 56: 129-143.
14. Chen, J.M., Rich, P.M., Gower, S.T., Norman, J.M., and Plummer, S. 1997. Leaf area index of boreal forests: theory, techniques, and measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 102(D24): 29429-29443.
15. Deblonde, G., Penner, M., and Royer, A. 1994. Measuring leaf area index with the LI-COR LAI-2000 in pine stands. Ecology, 75: 1507-1511.
16. Decagon Devices. 1989. DIAS II user's manual. Decagon Devices, Pullman, Wash.
17. Easter, M.J., and Spies, T.A. 1994. Using hemispherical photography for estimating photosynthetic photon flux density under canopies and in gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2050-2058.
18. Fassnacht, K.S., and Gower, S.T. 1997. Interrelationships among the edaphic and stand characteristics, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1058-1067.
19. Fassnacht, K.S., Gower, S.T., Norman, J.M., and McMurtrie, R.E. 1994. A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 71: 183-207.
20. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, and the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
21. Franklin, J.F. 1988. Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests. In Biodiversity. Edited by E.O. Wilson. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 166-175.
22. Franklin, J.F., and Spies, T.A. 1991a. Composition, function, and structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. In Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Technical coordinators: L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. No. PNW-285. pp. 71-80.
23. Franklin, J.F., and Spies, T.A. 1991b. Ecological definitions of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. In Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Technical coordinators: L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. No. PNW-285. pp. 61-69.
24. Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A., and Tappeiner, J.C. 1997. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. In Creating a forestry for the 21st century. Edited by K.A. Kohm and J.F. Franklin. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 111-139.
25. Frazer, G.W., Trofymow, J.A., and Lertzman, K.P. 1997. A method for estimating canopy openness, effective leaf area index, and photosynthetically active photon flux density using hemispherical photography and computerized image analysis techniques. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Cent. Inf. Rep. No. BC-X-373.
26. Frazer, G.W., Canham, C.D., and Lertzman, K.P. 1999. Gap light analyzer (GLA), version 2.0: imaging software to extract canopy structure and gap light indices from true-colour fisheye photographs. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, N.Y.
27. Gower, S.T., and Norman, J.M. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology, 72: 1896-1900.
28. Green, R.N., and Klinka, K. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria. Land Manage. Handb. No. 28.
29. Hansen, A.J., Spies, T.A., Swanson, F.J., and Ohmann, J.L. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests: lessons from natural forests. BioScience, 41: 382-393.
30. Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack, K., Jr., and Cummins, K.W. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. No. 15. pp. 133-302.
31. Huff, M.H. 1995. Forest age structure and development following wildfires in the western Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecol. Appl. 5: 471-483.
32. Lertzman, K.P., Sutherland, G.D., Inselberg, A., and Saunders, S.C. 1996. Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal temperate rain forest. Ecology, 77: 1254-1270.
33. LI-COR, Inc. 1992. LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer: operating manual, April 1992. LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, Neb.
34. Lowman, M.D., and Nadkarni, N.M. 1995. Forest canopies. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla.
35. Marshall, J.D., and Waring, R.H. 1986. Comparison of methods of estimating leaf-area index in old-growth Douglas-fir. Ecology, 67: 975-979.
36. McComb, W.C., Spies, T.A., and Emmingham, W.H. 1993. Douglas-fir forests: managing for timber and mature-forest habitat. J. For. 91: 31-42.
37. Mencuccini, M., and Grace, J. 1996. Hydraulic conductance, light interception and needle nutrient concentration in Scots pine stands and their relations with net primary productivity. Tree Physiol. 16: 459-468.
38. Nicotra, A.B., Chazdon, R.L., and Iriarte, S. 1999. Spatial heterogeneity of light and woody seedling regeneration in tropical wet forests. Ecology, 80: 1908-1926.
39. Norman, J.M., and Campbell, G.S. 1989. Canopy structure. In Plant physiological ecology: field methods and instrumentation. Edited by R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. Chapman & Hall, New York. pp. 301-325.
40. Oliver, C.D. 1981. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. For. Ecol. Manage. 3: 153-168.
41. Parker, G.G. 1995. Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. In Forest canopies. Edited by M.D. Lowman and N.M. Nadkarni. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. pp. 73-98.
42. Pojar, J., Klinka, K., and Demarchi, D.A. 1991. Coastal western hemlock zone. Ch. 6. In Ecosystems of British Columbia. Edited by D. Meidinger and J. Pojar. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria. Spec. Rep. Ser. No. 6. pp. 95-112.
43. Rich, P.M. 1990. Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs. Remote Sens. Rev. 5: 13-29.
44. Rich, P.M., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., and Oberbauer, S.F. 1993. Long-term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. Agric. For. Meteorol. 65: 107-127.
45. Runyon, J., Waring, R.H., Goward, S.N., and Welles, J.M. 1994. Environmental limits on net primary production and light-use efficiency across the Oregon transect. Ecol. Appl. 4: 226-237.
46. Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound. 1995. Report 5: sustainable ecosystem management in Clayoquot Sound: planning and practices. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
47. Schowalter, T.D., Webb, J.W., and Crossley, D.A. 1981. Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology, 62: 1010-1019.
48. Smith, N.J., Chen, J.M., and Black, T.A. 1993. Effects of clumping on estimates of stand leaf area index using the LI-COR LAI-2000. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1940-1943.
49. Spies, T.A., Franklin, J.F., and Klopsch, M. 1990. Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Cascade Mountains. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 649-658.
50. Stenberg, P., Linder, S., Smolander, H., and Flower-Ellis, J. 1994. Performance of the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer in estimating leaf area index of some Scots pine stands. Tree Physiol. 14: 981-995.
51. ter Steege, H. 1996. WINPHOT, a Windows 3.1 programme to analyse vegetation indices, light and light quality from hemispherical photoraphs. Tropenbos-Guyana Programme, Georgetown, Guyana. Tropenbos-Guyana, Rep. No. 97-3.
52. Trofymow, J.A., Blackwell, B.A., Porter, G.L., Marshall, V., Arskey, R., and Pollard, D. 1997. An establishment report on chronosequences selected for research into the effects of converting coastal British Columbia old-growth forests to managed forests. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Cent. Inf. Rep. No. BC-X-374.
53. Tyrrell, L.E., and Crow, T.R. 1994. Structural characteristic of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology, 72: 370-386.
54. Waring, R.H., and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla.
55. Waring, R.H., and S.W. Running. 1998. Forest ecosystems: analysis at multiple scales. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
56. Welles, J.M., and Cohen, S. 1996. Canopy structure measurement by gap fraction analysis using commercial instrumentation. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 1335-1342.
57. Welles, J.M., and Norman, J.M. 1991. Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. Agron. J. 83: 818-825.
58. Wells, R.W. 1996. Developmental trends of stand structure and tree mortality in Coastal Western Hemlock forests. Master of Natural Resource Management Report. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
59. Wells, R.W., Lertzman, K.P., and Saunders, S.C. 1998. Old-growth definitions for the forests of British Columbia. Nat. Areas J. 18: 280-294.
60. West, D.C., Shugart, H.H., and Botkin, D.B. 1981. Forest succession: concepts and application. Springer-Verlag, New York.
61. Wilkinson, L., Hill, M., Welna, J.P., and Birkenbeuel, G.K. 1992. SYSTAT for Windows: statistics, version 5 edition. SYSTAT Inc., Evanston, Ill.
62. Yoder, B.J., Ryan, M.G., Waring, R.H., Schoettle, A.W., and Kaufmann, M.R. 1994. Evidence of reduced photosynthetic rates in old trees. For. Sci. 40: 513-527.