Vigilantes on the high seas?: The sea shepherds and political violence

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 110-133

  Nagtzaam, Gerry ^a   Lentini, Pete ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Animal rights violence; Anti whaling activism; Delegitimatization model; Sea Shepherds; Vigilantism

Indexed keywords

EID: 38349120809     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550701723658     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Pete Lentini, "Terrorism and its (Re)Sources: A Review Article," The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 36, no. 3 (December): 368-378, at p. 368.
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5. See also, David Boulton, The Making of Tania Hearst (Holborn: New English Library, 1975), 21-76.
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10. Paul Watson cited in Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environment Movement (Chicago: The Nobel Press, 1990), 113.
11. Paul Watson cited in Andrew Darby, "Anti-Whaling 'Pirates' Get More Muscle for Antarctic Skirmish," The Age, 10 January 2007, 7.
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13. Brown (see note 11 above), 242.
14. Randall Amster, "Perspectives on Ecoterrorism: Catalysts, Conflations and Casualties," Contemporary Justice Review 9, no. 3 (2006): 289.
15. For examples see David J. Whittaker, ed., The Terrorism Reader (London: Routledge, 2001), 3-4;
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21. cited in Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 28.
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23. Ibid., 37.
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35. Schwartz (see note 23 above), 484.
36. Amster (see note 13 above), 289.
37. Leader and Probst (see note 24 above).
38. Ibid.
39. Noel Castree, "False Antitheses? Marxism, Nature and Actor-Networks," Antipode (2002): 113.
40. Amster (see note 13 above), 289.
41. Vanderheiden (see note 16 above), 426-427.
42. Ibid., 432.
43. Scarce argues that despite Watson's protestations that his work is based on Gandhi's teachings, Gandhi would regard the Sea Shepherds actions as against his approach, in so far as he regarded property destruction should be considered sabotage and thus not a form of non-violent protest. Scarce (see note 9 above), 106.
44. Vanderheiden (see note 16 above), 445.
45. Data have been derived from material which appears on the Animal Liberation Front (http://tkb.org/Group.jsp7groupID= 14);
46. Earth Liberation Front (http://tkb.org/Group. jsp?groupID=41);
47. Coalition to Save the Preserves (http://tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3967);
48. Peace Conquerors (http://tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4192);
49. Revolutionary Cells Animal Liberation Brigade (http://tkb.org/Group.jsp? groupID=4234);
50. and Fighting Ecological Activism (http://tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4369). Last accessed 14 October 2006.
51. See information listed at: http://tkb.org/IncidentTargetModule.jsp? targetid=9& pagemode=incident&startDate=01/01/1968&endDate=10/14/ 2006&domInt=0&suiInt=0 &filter=0&setFilter=3&detail= 0&info=Maritime. Last accessed 14 October 2006.
52. Reaching Critical Will, "References to the Definition of Terrorism and the United Nations General Assembly Debate 'Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism,' October 1-October 5, 2001, United Nations, New York." Located at http://www.reachingcritical will.org/political/lcom/ terror.html. Last accessed 1 October 2006.
53. Pete Lentini, "Antipodal Terrorists? Accounting for Differences in 'Global' and Australian Neojihadists," in Richard Devetak and Chris Hughes, eds., Globalization's Shadow: Globalization and Political Violence (London: Routledge, in press).
54. Larry Diamond, "Winning the New Cold War on Terrorism: The DemocraticGovernance Imperative," Institute for Global Democracy Policy Paper No. 1 (March 2002);
55. Mark Lynch, "Taking Arabs Seriously," Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (September/October 2003).
56. Lentini (see note 38 above).
57. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 108.
58. Ehud Sprinzak, "The Psychopolitical Formation of Extreme Left Terrorism in a Democracy: The Case of the Weathermen," in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1990/1998), 65-85;
59. Ehud Sprinzak, "The Process of Delegitimization: Towards a Linkage Theory of Political Terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence 3, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 50-68;
60. Ehud Sprinzak (see note 22 above), "Right-Wing Terrorism in a Comparative Perspective."
61. Christopher Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda (London: Routledge, 2003), 38-41.
62. Osama bin Laden, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden (Bruce Lawrence, ed, and James Howarth, trans.) (London: Pluto Press, 2005);
63. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Network of Terror (London: Hurst, 2002);
64. Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: In the Shadows of Terror (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003).
65. http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html. Accessed 12 January 2007.
66. Rex Weyler, Greenpeace: An Insider's Account (London: Rodale International, 2004), 543.
67. Andrew Darby, "Hunters and Protectors," The Age, 15 November 2006, 15.
68. Scarce (see note 9 above), 101.
69. http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html. Accessed 12 January 2007.
70. http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html. Accessed 12 January 2007.
71. Scarce (see note 9 above), 102.
72. http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html. Accessed 3 January 2007.
73. Scarce (see note 9 above), 97.
74. Sprinzak (see note 42 above), "The Psychopolitical Formation of Extreme Left Terrorism," 68.
75. Peter J. Stoett, The International Politics of Whaling (Vancouver BC: UBC Press, 1997), 140;
76. Scarce (see note 9 above), 97.
77. Scarce (see note 9 above), 105-106.
78. http://www.seashepherd.org/. Accessed 12 July 2006.
79. http://www.seashepherd,org/crew-watson.html. Accessed January 10 2007.
80. Rex Weyler, Greenpeace: An Insider's Account (London: Rodale International, 2004), 542-543.
81. Scarce (see note 9 above), 97.
82. Ibid., 98.
83. Ibid., 97-98.
84. Ibid., 98;
85. Weyler (see note 59 above), 543.
86. Ibid.
87. Scarce (see note 9 above), 98.
88. Ibid., 99.
89. Darby (see note 47 above).
90. Scarce (see note 9 above), 99;
91. Weyler (see note 59 above), 543.
92. Scarce (see note 9 above), 99;
93. Weyler (see note 59 above), 544.
94. Ibid., 543-544.
95. Scarce (see note 9 above), 99.
96. Ibid., 101.
97. Ibid., 100.
98. Weyler (see note 59 above), 544.
99. Valerii Tishkov, Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2004), Chapter 4.
100. Olivia Rousset (reporter/producer), "ELF-'Green With a Vengeance,'" Dateline (Sydney: SBS Television), broadcast 10 October 2001.
101. Sprinzak (see note 42 above), "The Psychopolitical Formation of Extreme Left Terrorism," 82.
102. Andrew Darby, "Attack Plan on Japan's Whale Ships: Sea Shepherd Brings Faster Vessel," The Age, 27 December 2006, 7.
103. Ibid.
104. Darby (see note 10 above).
105. Ibid.
106. Darby (see note 78 above).
107. Sea Shepherd, "Japanese Whaling Fleet Forced to Run From Sea Shepherd," Sea Shepherd News, 8 February 2007. Located at http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_ 070208_lp.html. Accessed 10 February 2007.
108. http://www.seashepherd.org/. Accessed 12 July 2006.
109. Andrew Darby, "NZ Films Whaling," The Age, 27 January 2007, 12.
110. Frank Walker, "Dob-in-a-whaler: Activists offer Cash to Spot Japanese," Sunday Age, 28 January 2006, 10.
111. Scarce (see note 9 above), 104.
112. Ibid., 105.
113. The High North News extra no. 7 (10 April) 1994. http://www.highnorth.no/ Library/Movements/Sea_Shepherd/se-sh-re.htm. Accessed 12 July 2006.
114. http://www.activistcash.com/organization_overview.cfm/oid/347. Accessed 12 July 2006.
115. Paul Watson, "Sea Shepherds," (U.S.A.: 2001).
116. Peter Alford, "Campbell Backing Eco-terrorists: Whalers," The Australian, 15 December 2006, online version; Andrew Darby (see note 78 above);
117. Andrew Darby, "Satellite Claim in Whaler Search," The Age, 18 January 2007, 12.
118. Sea Shepherd, "Whalers Activities Disrupted by Sea Shepherd," Sea Shepherd News, 8 February 2007. Located at http://www.seashepherd. org/news/media_070208_ 2p.html. Accessed 10 February 2007.
119. Darby (see note 21 above);
120. Andrew Darby, "Film Shows Attempts to Stop Whalers," The Age, 12 February 2007, 6.
121. Sea Shepherd, "Japanese Claims of Injuries Are Bogus," Sea Shepherd News, 9 February 2007. Located at http://www.seashepherd.org/news/ media_070209_l.html. Accessed 10 February 2007.
122. Darby (see note 93 above), "Film Shows Attempts;" Andrew Darby, '"Vigilantes' Hit Japanese Whaling Fleet," The Age, 13 February 2007, 2.
123. Darby (see note 95 above), '"Vigilantes' Hit Japanese Whaling Fleet"; AAP, "Whalers, Greenies Collide," The Australian, 13 February 2007, 3;
124. Peter Alford, "NZ Wants Whale Ship Away From Antarctica," The Weekend Australian, 17-18 February 2007, 12;
125. Darby (see note 21 above).
126. Darby (see note 21 above);
127. Alford (see note 96 above);
128. Andrew Darby, "Ship Fire May Not Stop Whaling," The Age, 16 February 2007, 3.
129. "Whaler Moving," The Australian, 26 February 2007, 12;
130. "Whaling: Japan Abandons Hunt," The Age, 1 March 2007, 2.
131. Darby (see note 21 above); Andrew Darby, "Tensions Ease in Anti-Whaling Fight," The Age, 14 February 2007, 2;
132. Darby (see note 95 above), '"Vigilantes' Hit Japanese Whaling Fleet;" "Whaling: Activists Head For Port," The Age, 15 February 2007, 6. Before the 2007 Antarctic showdown the Farley Mowat lost its registration in Belize, and it therefore became a pirate vessel, as it flew without a national flag, instead flying its version of the skull-and-crossbones, the shepherd's crook and Neptune's trident. At the behest of the Japanese, the British de-registered the Robert Hunter in January 2007. According to British RegistrarGeneral of Shipping and Seamen David Wright, his department withdrew the Robert Hunter's registration as a "pleasure vessel" because "her activities with Sea Shepherd were inconsistent" with that status.
133. See Darby (see note 10 above);
134. Andrew Darby, "Pirate Status Dents Anti-Whaling Bid," The Age, 30 January 2007, 7.
135. Darby (see note 99 above), "Tensions Ease."
136. Darby, (see note 95 above), '"Vigilantes' Hit Japanese Whaling Fleet."
137. Rousset (see note 76 above).
138. Sea Shepherd (see note 94 above), "Japanese Claims of Injury are Bogus."
139. Philip Jenkins, "Fighting Terrorism as if Women Mattered: Anti-Abortion Violence as Unconstructed Terrorism," in Pamala L. Griset and Sue Mahan, eds., Terrorism in Perspective (London: Sage, 2003), 111-128, at p. 114.
140. H. E. Jose Luis Jesus, "Protection of Foreign Ships against Piracy and Terrorism at Sea: Legal Aspects," The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 18, no. 3 (2003): 377-378.
141. Worrall (see note 18 above), 37.
142. AFP, "Pirates Take Food Aid Ship," The Australian, 27 February 2007, 9.
143. Young and Valencia (see note 20 above), 2.
144. Darby (see note 10 above).
145. Darby (see note 95 above), '"Vigilantes' Hit Japanese Whaling Fleet."
146. Andrew Silke, "Terrorism and the Blind Men's Elephant," Terrorism and Political Violence 8, no. 3 (Autumn 1996): 12-28.