Terrorism in the Name of Animal Rights

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 159-169

  Monaghan, Rachel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033273387     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559908427538     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Grant Wardlaw, Political Terrorism 2nd Edition. (New York: Cambridge University Press 1990) notes that one of the major reasons for the difficulty regarding the defining of 'terrorism' is because 'terrorism' is a moral problem. Any attempt at definition will be predicated on the assumption that some classes of political violence are justifiable whereas others are not. This view is supported by Andrew Silke, 'Terrorism and the Blind Men's Elephant', Terrorism and Political Violence 8 /3 (Autumn, 1996): 'Considerable division exists among researchers on the issue of defining terrorism ... this [division] has been fuelled by the distinctive question of morality which cloak any consideration of terrorism', p.12.
2. Grant Wardlaw, Political Terrorism 2nd Edition. (New York: Cambridge University Press 1990) notes that one of the major reasons for the difficulty regarding the defining of 'terrorism' is because 'terrorism' is a moral problem. Any attempt at definition will be predicated on the assumption that some classes of political violence are justifiable whereas others are not. This view is supported by Andrew Silke, 'Terrorism and the Blind Men's Elephant', Terrorism and Political Violence 8 /3 (Autumn, 1996): 'Considerable division exists among researchers on the issue of defining terrorism ... this [division] has been fuelled by the distinctive question of morality which cloak any consideration of terrorism', p.12.
3. These core characteristics are taken from A.P. Schmid and A.J. Jongman's work, Political Terrorism (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books 1988), in which they content-analysed 109 definitions of the term 'terrorism'.
4. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation 2nd Edition. (London: Thorsons 1991); Tom Regan, The Case For Animal Rights (London: Routledge 1988).
5. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation 2nd Edition. (London: Thorsons 1991); Tom Regan, The Case For Animal Rights (London: Routledge 1988).
6. For a more detailed discussion see Rachel Monaghan, 'Animal Rights and Violent Protest', Terrorism and Political Violence 9 /4 (Winter 1997).
7. David Henshaw, Animal Warfare (London: Fontana 1989); Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution (Oxford: Blackwells 1989); Robert Garner, Animals, politics and morality (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1993).
8. David Henshaw, Animal Warfare (London: Fontana 1989); Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution (Oxford: Blackwells 1989); Robert Garner, Animals, politics and morality (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1993).
9. David Henshaw, Animal Warfare (London: Fontana 1989); Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution (Oxford: Blackwells 1989); Robert Garner, Animals, politics and morality (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1993).
10. Ryder (note 5); Garner (note 5).
11. Ryder (note 5); Garner (note 5).
12. Henshaw (note 5).
13. Taken from Freeman Wicklund, Animal Rights in Britain (http://envirolink.org/arrs/ar_uk.html, 1995).
14. The Animal Liberation Frontline Information Service's posting on the ALF's activities states: 'It is a nonviolent campaign, activists taking all precautions not to harm any animal (human or otherwise)'. (http://envirolink.org/ALF/orgs/alforg.html)
15. William Paton, Man and Mouse 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993); Maureen Duffy, Men and Beasts (London: Paladin 1984); Henshaw (note 5).
16. William Paton, Man and Mouse 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993); Maureen Duffy, Men and Beasts (London: Paladin 1984); Henshaw (note 5).
17. William Paton, Man and Mouse 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993); Maureen Duffy, Men and Beasts (London: Paladin 1984); Henshaw (note 5).
18. Paton (note 10); Garner (note 5).
19. Paton (note 10); Garner (note 5).
20. Eco-Vegan, 16 (1997). Eco-Vegan is an independent animal rights newsletter produced by an activist known as Rabbix and comes out at irregular intervals.
21. Ryder (note 5); Paton (note 10).
22. Ryder (note 5); Paton (note 10).
23. Henshaw (note 5) contends that Lee has called for the invention of new names. See also Ian Geldard, 'New Militancy Grips Animal Rights Groups', Terror Update 7 (1989).
24. Henshaw (note 5) contends that Lee has called for the invention of new names. See also Ian Geldard, 'New Militancy Grips Animal Rights Groups', Terror Update 7 (1989).
25. Quoted in David T. Hardy, America's New Extremists: What You Need to Know About the Animal Rights Movement (Washington DC: Washington Legal Foundation 1990) p.15. Although primarily concerned with the animal rights movement in the USA, Hardy does briefly examine the British movement.
26. Garner (note 5).
27. Ryder (note 5).
28. Figures quoted by Robin Webb, ALF Press Officer taken from Wicklund (note 8).
29. Information taken from the Internet, http://envirolink.org/ALF/ezines/ug1_1htmI and covers the period from February to early October 1994.
30. Taken from the Justice Department's press release located on the Internet at http://envirolink.org/ALF/orgs/alforg.html.
31. For more details see http://envirolink.org/ALF/orgs/jd1.html.
32. Taken from the ALF Guidelines found at http://envirolink.org/ALF/orgs/alforg.html.
33. Writing in 1993 Garner (note 5) puts the figure of dedicated activists at 50. In contrast, Michael Durham, 'Animal Passions', The Observer, 12 November 1995, estimates 100 such activists.
34. Writing in 1993 Garner (note 5) puts the figure of dedicated activists at 50. In contrast, Michael Durham, 'Animal Passions', The Observer, 12 November 1995, estimates 100 such activists.
35. Kevin Toolis, 'In for the Kill', The Guardian Weekend, 5 December 1998.
36. Quoted in G. Davidson Smith, 'Political Violence in Animal Liberation', Contemporary Review 247 (July 1985) p.28.
37. Henshaw (note 5); Robert Garner, 'The Animal Lobby', Political Quarterly 62/2 (1991) pp.285-291.
38. Henshaw (note 5); Robert Garner, 'The Animal Lobby', Political Quarterly 62/2 (1991) pp.285-291.
39. Henshaw (note 5) p.46.
40. Taken from the ALF Guidelines found at http://envirolink.org/ALF/orgs/alforg.html.
41. Duffy (note 10) p.118.
42. Quote by The Caterpillar, 'Where Have They Gone?', Arkangel 4 (no date available).
43. Wicklund (note 8). This position is supported by Henshaw (note 5) who states: 'You would come across ALF activists who would also belong to radical campaigning groups like the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, and probably the RSPCA as well', p.40.
44. Wicklund (note 8). This position is supported by Henshaw (note 5) who states: 'You would come across ALF activists who would also belong to radical campaigning groups like the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, and probably the RSPCA as well', p.40.
45. Garner (note 5).
46. Garner (note 5); Henshaw (note 5); Duffy (note 10).
47. Garner (note 5); Henshaw (note 5); Duffy (note 10).
48. Garner (note 5); Henshaw (note 5); Duffy (note 10).
49. Henshaw (note 5).
50. For example, Eco-Vegan 7 (1995) contained a piece entitled 'Mowing the Lawn' which identified an individual as a 'grass' and provided their address and phone number.
51. G. Aujila et al., 'An Open Letter to the Animal Rights Movement', Arkangel 15 (ND).
52. Garner (note 5) p.219.
53. Lorenz Otto Lutherer and Margaret Sheffield Simon, Targeted (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992).
54. ALF Supporters Group Newsletter (Summer 1996) and (Spring 1996).
55. Data supplied by email from the Animal Liberation Frontline Information Service (14 January 1999).
56. Paul Waugh, 'Terrorism law will ban other violent groups', The Independent 18 December 1998; Richard Ford, 'Animal activists face ban as terrorist,' The Times, 18 December 1998.
57. Paul Waugh, 'Terrorism law will ban other violent groups', The Independent 18 December 1998; Richard Ford, 'Animal activists face ban as terrorist,' The Times, 18 December 1998.
58. Clive Walker, The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1992).
59. The ALF allege that Mars supported the use of monkeys in tooth decay research.
60. Henshaw (note 5) p.157.