Energy cost and muscular activity required for leg swing during walking

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 23-30

  Gottschall, Jinger S ^a,b   Kram, Rodger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Electromyography; Locomotion; Metabolic cost

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY MOVEMENT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY COST; FEMALE; FORCE; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; HIP; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; ILIOPSOAS MUSCLE; LEG; LOCOMOTION; MALE; METABOLISM; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUS FEMORIS MUSCLE; SOLEUS MUSCLE; TREADMILL; WALKING;

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE TEST; EXERTION; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMANS; LEG; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL STIMULATION; STRESS, MECHANICAL; WALKING;

EID: 21644463488     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01190.2004     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Abbott BC, Bigland B, and Richie JM. The physiological cost of negative work. J Physiol 117: 380-390, 1952.
2. Andersson EA, Nilsson J, and Thorstensson A. Intramuscular EMG from the hip flexor muscles during human locomotion. Acta Physiol Scand 161: 361-370, 1997.
3. Basmajian JV and DeLuca CJ. Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.
4. Belli A, Bui P, Berger A, Geyssant A, and Lacour JR. A treadmill ergometer for three-dimensional ground reaction forces measurement during walking. J Biomech 34: 105-112, 2001.
5. Brockway JM. Derivation of formulae used to calculate energy expenditure in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 41: 463-471, 1987.
6. Cram JR and Kasman GS. Electrode Placement. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1998.
7. Donelan JM, Kram R, and Kuo AD. Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking. J Exp Biol 205: 3717-3727, 2002.
8. Donelan JM, Shipman DW, Kram R, and Kuo AD. Mechanical and metabolic requirements for, active lateral stabilization in human walking. J Biomech 37: 827-835, 2004.
9. Dubo HI, Peat M, Winter DA, Quanbury AO, Hobson DA, Steinke T, and Reimer G. Electromyographic temporal analysis of gait: normal human locomotion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 57: 415-420, 1976.
10. Gottschall JS and Kram R. Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. J Appl Physiol 94: 1766-1772, 2003.
11. Grabowski A, Farley CT, and Kram R. Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking. J Appl Physiol 98: 579-583, 2005.
12. Griffin TM, Roberts TJ, and Kram R. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J Appl Physiol 95: 172-183, 2003.
13. Harms CA, Babcock MA, McClaran SR, Pegelow DF, Nickele GA, Nelson WB, and Dempsey JA. Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 82: 1573-1583, 1997.
14. Hill AV. The mechanics of active muscle. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 141: 104-117, 1953.
15. Hof AL, Nauta J, van der Knaap ER, Schallig MAA, and Struwe DP. Calf muscle work and segment energy changes in human treadmill walking. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2: 203-216, 1993.
16. Kram R, Griffin TM, Donelan JM, and Chang YH. Force treadmill for measuring vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces. J Appl Physiol 85: 764-769, 1998.
17. Marsh RL, Ellerby DJ, Carr JA, Henry HT, and Buchanan CI. Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive. Science 303: 80-83, 2004.
18. McGeer T. Passive dynamic walking. Int J Robot Res 9: 62-82, 1990.
19. Meinders M, Gitter A, and Czerniecki JM. The role of ankle plantar flexor muscle work during walking. Scand J Rehabil Med 30: 39-46, 1998.
20. Mochon S and McMahon TA. Ballistic walking. J Biomech 13: 49-57, 1980.
21. Modica JR and Kram R. Energy cost and muscular activity required for leg swing in running. J Appl Physiol 94: 1766-1772, 2004.
22. Nene A, Mayagoitia R, and Veltink P. Assessment of rectus femoris function during initial swing phase. Gait Posture 9: 1-9, 1999.
23. Neptune RR, Kautz SA, and Zajac FE. Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. J Biomech 34: 1387-1398, 2001.
24. Perry JE. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, 1992.
25. Rose J and Gamble JG. Human Walking. Baltimore. MD: Willliams & Wilkins, 1994.
26. Soule RG and Goldman RF. Energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands, or feet. J Appl Physiol 27: 687-690, 1969.
27. Sutherland D, Kaufman KR, and Moitoza JR. Kinematics of Normal Walking. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.
28. Weber W and Weber E. Mechanik der Menschlichen Gehwerkzauge. Gottingen, Germany: Gottinger, 1836.
29. Winter DA. The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly, and Pathological. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Waterloo Biomachanics, 1983.
30. Winter DA. Energy generation and absorption at the ankle and knee during fast, natural, slow cadences. Clin Orthop 175: 147-154, 1983.
31. Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York. Wiley-Interscience, 1990.
32. Winter DA, Fuglevand AJ, and Archer SE. Crosstalk in surface electromyography: theoretical and practical estimates. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 4: 15-26, 1994.
33. Winter DA and Yack HJ. EMG profiles during normal human walking: stride-to-stride and inter-subject variability. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 67: 402-411, 1987.