The effect of reduced gravity on the kinematics of human walking: A test of the dynamic similarity hypothesis for locomotion

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 200, Issue 24, 1997, Pages 3193-3201

  Donelan, J Maxwell ^a   Kram, Rodger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Bipeds; Froude number; Gravity; Humans; Locomotion; Walking

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; GRAVITY; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; WALKING;

BIOMECHANICS; GRAVITATION; HUMANS; WALKING;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031464966     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. (1976). Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs. Science 261, 129-130.
2. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. (1984). Stride length and speed for adults, children and fossil hominids. Am. J. phys. Anthropol. 63, 23-27.
3. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. (1989). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 69, 1199-1227.
4. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. (1991). How dinosaurs ran. Scient. Am. 264, 130-136.
5. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. AND JAYES, A. S. (1980). Fourier analysis of forces exerted in walking and running. J. Biomech. 13, 383-390.
6. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. AND JAYES, A. S. (1983). A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool., Lond. 201, 135-152.
7. ALEXANDER, R. MCN. AND MALOIY, G. M. O. (1984). Stride lengths and stride frequencies of primates. J. Zool., Lond. 202, 577-582.
8. ARSHAVSKY, Y. I., KOTS, Y. M., ORLOVSKY, G. N., RODIONOV, I. M. AND SHIK, M. L. (1965). Investigation of the biomechanics of running by the dog. Biophysics 10, 737-746.
9. BENNETT, M. B. (1987). Fast locomotion of some kangaroos. J. Zool., Lond. 212, 457-464.
10. BODA, W. L., WATENPAUGH, D. E., BALLARD, R. E., CHANG, D. S. AND HARGENS, A. R. (1996). Comparison of gait mechanics and force generation during upright treadmill and supine LBNP exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, S87.
11. CAVAGNA, G. A. (1975). Force platforms as ergometers. J. appl. Physiol. 39, 174-179.
12. CAVAGNA, G. A. AND FRANZETTI, P. (1986). The determinants of the step frequency in walking in humans. J. Physiol., Lond. 373, 235-242.
13. CAVAGNA, G. A., FRANZETTI, P. AND FUCHIMOTO, T. (1983). The mechanics of walking in children. J. Physiol., Lond. 343, 323-339.
14. CAVAGNA, G. A., HEGLUND, N. C. AND TAYLOR, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 233, R243-R261.
15. CAVANAGH, P. R. AND KRAM, R. (1989). Stride length in distance running: velocity, body dimensions and added mass effects. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21, 467-479.
16. DAVIS, B. L. AND CAVANAGH, P. R. (1993). Simulating reduced gravity: a review of biomechanical issues pertaining to human locomotion. Aviat. Space env. Med. 64, 557-566.
17. DUNCAN, W. J. (1953). Physical Similarity and Dimensional Analysis. London: Edward Arnold.
18. FARLEY, C. T. AND MCMAHON, T. A. (1992). Energetics of walking and running: insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. J. appl. Physiol. 73, 2709-2712.
19. GATESY, S. M. AND BIEWENER, A. A. (1991). Bipedal locomotion - effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. J. Zool., Lond. 224, 127-147.
20. GOSLOW, G. E., JR, REINKING, R. M. AND STUART, D. G. (1973). The cat step cycle: hind limb joint angles and muscle lengths during unrestrained locomotion. J. Morph. 141, 1-41.
21. GRILLNER, S. ANDROSSIGNOL, S. (1978). On the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats. Brain Res. 146, 269-277.
22. HE, J. P., KRAM, R. AND MCMAHON, T. A. (1991). Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity. J. appl. Physiol. 71, 863-870.
23. HEGLUND, N. C. AND TAYLOR, C. R. (1988). Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait? J. exp. Biol. 138, 301-318.
24. KRAM, R., DOMINGO, A. AND FERRIS, D. P. (1997). Effect of reduced gravity on the preferred walk-run transition speed. J. exp. Biol. 200, 821-826.
25. LETKO, W. (1973). Locomotion in a rotating environment. In Fifth Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration. Washington. DC: NASA SP-314, 67-73.
26. LETKO, W., SPADY, A. A. AND HEWES, D. E. (1966). Problems of man's adaptation to the lunar environment. In Second Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration. Washington. DC: NASA SP-115, 25-32.
27. LOVELY, R. G., GREGOR, R. J., ROY, R. R. AND EDGERTON, V. R. (1990). Weight-bearing hindlimb stepping in treadmill-exercised adult spinal cats. Brain Res. 514, 206-218.
28. MARTINEZ, M. M., FULL, R. J. AND KOEHL, M. A. R. (1995). Kinematics of crabs locomoting in water versus air. Proceedings of 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Stanford University, pp. 237-238.
29. MCGEER, T. (1990). Passive dynamic walking. Int. J. Robotics Res. 9, 62-82.
30. MCGEER, T. (1992). Principles of walking and running. In Advances in Comparative And Environmental Physiology, vol. 11, Mechanics of Animal Locomotion (ed. R. McN. Alexander), pp. 113-139. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
31. MINETTI, A. E., CAPELLI, C., ZAMPARO, P., DI PRAMPERO, P. E. AND SAIBENE, F. (1995). Effects of stride frequency on mechanical power and energy expenditure of walking. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27, 1194-1202.
32. MOCHON, S. AND MCMAHON, T. A. (1980). Ballistic walking. J. Biomech. 13, 49-57.
33. MORETTO, P., PELAYO, P. AND LAFORTUNE, M. A. (1996). The use of Froude's numbers to normalize human gait. Proc. IXth Can. Soc. Biomech. Conference, p. 274.
34. MUIR, G. D., GOSLINE, J. M. AND STEEVES, J. D. (1996). Ontogeny of bipedal locomotion: Walking and running in the chick. J. Physiol., Lond. 493, 589-601.
35. NEWMAN, D. J., ALEXANDER, H. L. AND WEBBON, B. W. (1994). Energetics and mechanics for partial gravity locomotion. Aviat. Space env. Med. 65, 815-823.
36. NILSSON, J. AND THORSTENSSON, A. (1989). Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Acta physiol. scand. 136, 217-227.
37. NILSSON, J., THORSTENSSON, A. AND HALBERTSMA, J. (1985). Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans. Acta physiol. scand. 123, 457-475.
38. ROBERTS, J. F. (1963). Walking Responses under Lunar and Low Gravity Conditions: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.
39. WAGENAAR, R. C. AND BEEK, W. J. (1992). Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. J. Biomech. 25, 1007-1015.
40. WALL, J. C. AND CHARTERIS, J. (1981). A kinematic study of long-term habituation to treadmill walking. Ergonomics 24, 531-542.
41. ZANI, P. A. AND CLAUSSEN, D. L. (1994). Voluntary and forced terrestrial locomotion in juvenile and adult painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. Copeia 1994, 466-471.
42. ZIJLSTRA, W., PROKOP, T. AND BERGER, W. (1996). Adaptability of leg movements during normal treadmill walking and split-belt walking in children. Gait Posture 4, 212-221.