HPA axis and sleep: Identifying subtypes of major depression

Stress

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 15-27

  Antonijevic, Irina ^a,b  

^a LUNDBECK RESEARCH USA   (United States)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Age; Atypical; Depression; HPA; Major; Melancholia; Sleep EEG

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HYDROCORTISONE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; CORTICOTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EEG ABNORMALITY; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LATENT PERIOD; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MELANCHOLIA; NORADRENERGIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDER; SLOW WAVE SLEEP;

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION TESTS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SLEEP;

EID: 37849001236     PISSN: 10253890     EISSN: 16078888     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10253890701378967     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Angst J, Gamma A, Sellaro R, Zhang H, Merikangas K. 2002. Toward validation of atypical depression in the community: Results of the Zurich cohort study. J Affect Disord 72:125-138.
2. Anisman H, Ravindran AV, Griffiths J, Merali Z. 1999. Endocrine and cytokine correlates of major depression and dysthymia with typical or atypical features. Mol Psychiatry 4:182-188.
3. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM, Barthelmes J, Steiger A. 2000a. Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls - part I: The sleep EEG. Sleep Res Online 3:5-13.
4. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM, Steiger A. 2000b. Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls - part II: Hormone secretion. Sleep Res Online 3:15-21.
5. Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM, Uhr M, Steiger A. 2003. On the role of menopause for sleep-endocrine alterations associated with major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28:401-418.
6. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. 2000. Slow-wave activity in NREM sleep: Sex and age effects in depressed outpatients and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 95:201-213.
7. Armitage R, Emslie GJ, Hoffmann RF, Rintelmann J, Rush AJ. 2001. Delta sleep EEG in depressed adolescent females and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 63:139-148.
8. Asnis GM, Sachar EJ, Halbreich U, Nathan RS, Novacenko H, Ostrow LC. 1981a. Cortisol secretion in relation to age in major depression. Psychosom Med 43:235-242.
9. Asnis GM, Sachar EJ, Halbreich U, Nathan RS, Ostrow L, Halpern FS. 1981b. Cortisol secretion and dexamethasone response in depression. Am J Psychiatry 138:1218-1221.
10. Brodaty H, Cullen B, Thompson C, Mitchell P, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Austin MP, Malhi G. 2005. Age and gender in the phenomenology of depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13:589-596.
11. Buysse DJ, Frank E, Lowe KK, Cherry CR, Kupfer DJ. 1997. Electroencephalographic sleep correlates of episode and vulnerability to recurrence in depression. Biol Psychiatry 41:406-418.
12. Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J. 1976a. Neuroendocrine regulation in depression I. Limbic system-adrenocortical dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1039-1044.
13. Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J. 1976b. Neuroendocrine regulation in depression II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1051-1058.
14. Carroll BJ, Cassidy F, Naftolowitz D, Tatham NE, Wilson WH, Iranmesh A, Liu PY, Veldhuis JD. 2007. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 115:90-103.
15. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, et al. 2003. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301:386-389.
16. Coryell W. 2007. The facets of melancholia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl :31-36.
17. Coryell W, Schlesser M. 2007. Combined biological tests for suicide prediction. Psychiatry Res 150(2).
18. Coryell W, Young E, Carroll B. 2006. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and mortality in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 142:99-104.
19. Dallman MF, Pecoraro NC, la Fleur SE. 2005. Chronic stress and comfort foods: Self-medication and abdominal obesity. Brain Behav Immun 19:275-280.
20. de Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F. 2005. Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:463-475.
21. Dijk DJ. 1995. EEG slow waves and sleep spindles: Windows on the sleeping brain. Behav Brain Res 69:109-116.
22. Fava M. 2006. Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of residual symptoms. J Psychopharmacol 20:29-34.
23. Foster FG, Kupfer DJ, Coble P, McPartland RJ. 1976. Rapid eye movement sleep density. An objective indicator in severe medical-depressive syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1119-1123.
24. Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Kaprinis S, Kaprinis G. 2006. Life events and clinical subtypes of major depression: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res 143:235-244.
25. Geracioti TD, Jr., Loosen PT, Orth DN. 1997. Low cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in eucortisolemic depression. Biol Psychiatry 42:165-174.
26. Gold PW, Chrousos GP. 2002. Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: High vs. low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry 7:254-275.
27. Gold PW, Licinio J, Wong ML, Chrousos GP. 1995. Corticotropin releasing hormone in the pathophysiology of melancholic and atypical depression and in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Ann NY Acad Sci 771:716-729.
28. Gold PW, Wong ML, Goldstein DS, Gold HK, Ronsaville DS, Esler M, Alesci S, Masood A, et al. 2005. Cardiac implications of increased arterial entry and reversible 24 h central and peripheral norepinephrine levels in melancholia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8303-8308.
29. Greden JF, Flegel P, Haskett R, Dilsaver S, Carroll BJ, Grunhaus L, Genero N. 1986. Age effects in serial hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal monitoring. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11:195-204.
30. Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Baumann K, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E. 2002. The combined DEX-CRH test in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression. J Psychiatr Res 36:287-297.
31. Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Brand S, Ising M, Holsboer-Trachsler E. 2004. Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: Association with DEX/CRH-test response. J Psychiatr Res 38:453-465.
32. Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, Graham YP, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. 2000. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. JAMA 284:592-597.
33. Heim C, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. 2004. Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:641-648.
34. Hermus AR, Pieters GF, Pesman GJ, Hofman J, Smals AG, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW. 1987. Escape from dexamethasone-induced ACTH and cortisol suppression by corticotrophin-releasing hormone: Modulatory effect of basal dexamethasone levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 26:67-74.
35. Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. 1994. The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: A refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 28:341-356.
36. Ising M, Kunzel HE, Binder EB, Nickel T, Modell S, Holsboer F. 2005. The combined dexamethasone/CRH test as a potential surrogate marker in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29:1085-1093.
37. Jindal RD, Friedman ES, Berman SR, Fasiczka AL, Howland RH, Thase ME. 2003. Effects of sertraline on sleep architecture in patients with depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:540-548.
38. Kaestner F, Hettich M, Peters M, Sibrowski W, Hetzel G, Ponath G, Arolt V, Cassens U, et al. 2005. Different activation patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression are associated with HPA axis activity. J Affect Disord 87:305-311.
39. Keller J, Flores B, Gomez RG, Solvason HB, Kenna H, Williams GH, Schatzberg AF. 2006. Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 60(3).
40. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Vittum J, Prescott CA, Riley B. 2005. The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: A replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:529-535.
41. Khan AA, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. 2002. Gender differences in the symptoms of major depression in opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry 159:1427-1429.
42. Khan AY, Carrithers J, Preskorn SH, Lear R, Wisniewski SR, John RA, Stegman D, Kelley C, et al. 2006. Clinical and demographic factors associated with DSM-IV melancholic depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 18:91-98.
43. Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH. 1993. The "Trier Social Stress Test" - a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28:76-81.
44. Koenigsberg HW, Teicher MH, Mitropoulou V, Navalta C, New AS, Trestman R, Siever LJ. 2004. 24-h Monitoring of plasma norepinephrine, MHPG, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in depression. J Psychiatr Res 38:503-511.
45. Krieg JC, Berger M. 1987. REM sleep and cortisol response to the cholinergic challenge with RS 86 in normals and depressives. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76:600-602.
46. Kunzel HE, Binder EB, Nickel T, Ising M, Fuchs B, Majer M, Pfennig A, Ernst G, et al. 2003. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis reactivity in acutely depressed psychiatric in-patients, measured by the Dex-CRH test. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:2169-2178.
47. Kupfer DJ. 1971. Sleep and depressive syndromes. N Engl J Med 285:1490.
48. Kupfer DJ. 1976. REM latency: A psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease. Biol Psychiatry 11:159-174.
49. Kupfer DJ. 1995. Sleep research in depressive illness: Clinical implications - a tasting menu. Biol Psychiatry 38:391-403.
50. Kupfer DJ. 2005. Dimensional models for research and diagnosis: A current dilemma. J Abnorm Psychol 114:557-559.
51. Kupfer DJ, Targ E, Stack J. 1982. Electroencephalographic sleep in unipolar depressive subtypes: Support for a biological and familial classification. J Nerv Ment Dis 170:494-498.
52. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Grochocinski VJ, Ulrich RF, McEachran A. 1986. Aspects of short REM latency in affective states: A revisit. Psychiatry Res 17:49-59.
53. Leonard BE. 2005. The HPA and immune axes in stress: The involvement of the serotonergic system. Eur Psychiatry 20(Suppl 3):S302-S306.
54. Levitan RD, Vaccarino FJ, Brown GM, Kennedy SH. 2002. Low-dose dexamethasone challenge in women with atypical major depression: Pilot study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 27:47-51.
55. Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J, Kerkhofs M, Leclercq R, Golstein J, Brasseur M, Copinschi G, Van Cauter E. 1987. 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: Effect of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:141-152.
56. Maes M. 2002. Effects of age and gender on the classification and phenomenology of unipolar depression. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 14:29-35.
57. Maes M, Meltzer H, Cosyns P, Calabrese J, D'Hondt P, Blockx P. 1994. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to oCRH in unipolar depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 18:1273-1292.
58. Markus R, Panhuysen G, Tuiten A, Koppeschaar H. 2000. Effects of food on cortisol and mood in vulnerable subjects under controllable and uncontrollable stress. Physiol Behav 70:333-342.
59. McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Harrison WM, Ocepek-Welikson K, Rabkin JG, Nunes EN, Wager SG, Tricamo E, et al. 1992. Predictive value of symptoms of atypical depression for differential drug treatment outcome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 12:197-202.
60. Meaney MJ, Szyf M. 2005. Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 7:103-123.
61. Murck H, Frieboes RM, Antonijevic IA, Steiger A. 2001. Distinct temporal pattern of the effects of the combined serotonin-reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A agonist EMD 68843 on the sleep EEG in healthy men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 155:187-192.
62. Nelson JC, Davis JM. 1997. DST studies in psychotic depression: A meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 154:1497-1503.
63. Nierenberg AA, Pava JA, Clancy K, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. 1996. Are neurovegetative symptoms stable in relapsing or recurrent atypical depressive episodes? Biol Psychiatry 40:691-696.
64. Overall JE, Rhoades HM. 1982. Use of the Hamilton rating scale for classification of depressive disorders. Compr Psychiatry 23:370-376.
65. Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. 2002. The neurobiology of sleep: Genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:591-605.
66. Parker G. 2000. Classifying depression: Should paradigms lost be regained? Am J Psychiatry 157:1195-1203.
67. Parker G. 2004. Evaluating treatments for the mood disorders: Time for the evidence to get real. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 38:408-414.
68. Parker G. 2005. Melancholia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1066.
69. Parker G, Roy K, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Malhi G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. 2002. Atypical depression: A reappraisal. Am J Psychiatry 159:1470-1479.
70. Parker G, Snowdon J, Parker K. 2003. Modelling late-life depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18:1102-1109.
71. Parker G, Parker K, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K. 2005. Atypical depression: Australian and US studies in accord. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18:1-5.
72. Poland RE, McCracken JT, Lutchmansingh P, Lesser IM, Tondo L, Edwards C, Boone KB, Lin KM. 1997. Differential response of rapid eye movement sleep to cholinergic blockade by scopolamine in currently depressed, remitted, and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 41:929-938.
73. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. 2001. Symptoms of atypical depression. Psychiatry Res 104:175-181.
74. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. 2002. Partial validation of the atypical features subtype of major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:70-76.
75. Pruessner JC, Champagne F, Meaney MJ, Dagher A. 2004. Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: A positron emission tomography study using [11C]raclopride. J Neurosci 24:2825-2831.
76. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Liebowitz MR, Harrison WM, Tricamo E, Klein DF, Rabkin JG, et al. 1988. Phenelzine versus imipramine in the treatment of probable atypical depression: Defining syndrome boundaries of selective MAOI responders. Am J Psychiatry 145:306-311.
77. Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Harrison W, Wager SG, Nunes E, Rabkin JG, Tricamo E, et al. 1989. Phenelzine and imipramine in mood reactive depressives. Further delineation of the syndrome of atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:787-793.
78. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Tricamo E, Rabkin JG, Ocepek-Welikson K, Nunes E, Harrison W, et al. 1993. Columbia atypical depression. A subgroup of depressives with better response to MAOI than to tricyclic antidepressants or placebo. Br J Psychiatry Suppl :30-34.
79. Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Thase ME, Frank E, Jarrett DB, Coble PA, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, et al. 1990. Sleep, gender, and depression: An analysis of gender effects on the electroencephalographic sleep of 302 depressed outpatients. Biol Psychiatry 28:673-684.
80. Rubin RT, Poland RE, Lesser IM, Martin DJ, Blodgett AL, Winston RA. 1987a. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression III. Cortisol secretion in relation to diagnosis and symptom patterns. Psychol Med 17:609-619.
81. Rubin RT, Poland RE, Lesser IM, Winston RA, Blodgett AL. 1987b. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression I. Cortisol secretory dynamics in patients and matched controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:328-336.
82. Rush AJ, Weissenburger JE. 1994. Melancholic symptom features and DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatry 151:489-498.
83. Rydmark I, Wahlberg K, Ghatan PH, Modell S, Nygren A, Ingvar M, Asberg M, Heilig M. 2006. Neuroendocrine cognitive and structural imaging characteristics of women on longterm sickleave with job stress-induced depression. Biol Psychiatry.
84. Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ, Bond TC, Cole JO. 1984. The DST in psychotic depression: Diagnostic and pathophysiologic implications. Psychopharmacol Bull 20:362-364.
85. Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ, Langlais PJ, Bird ED, Cole JO. 1985. A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotic depression and related states. J Psychiatr Res 19:57-64.
86. Schreier A, Hofler M, Wittchen HU, Lieb R. 2006. Clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder run in families-a community study of 933 mothers and their children. J Psychiatr Res 40:283-292.
87. Stefos G, Staner L, Kerkhofs M, Hubain P, Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P. 1998. Shortened REM latency as a psychobiological marker for psychotic depression? An age-, gender-, and polarity-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 44:1314-1320.
88. Steiger A. 2002. Sleep and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Sleep Med Rev 6:125-138.
89. Stewart JW, Garfinkel R, Nunes EV, Donovan S, Klein DF. 1998. Atypical features and treatment response in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:429-434.
90. Stewart JW, Bruder GE, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM. 2003. Do age of onset and course of illness define biologically distinct groups within atypical depression? J Abnorm Psychol 112:253-262.
91. Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Klein DF. 2005. Defining the boundaries of atypical depression: Evidence from the HPA axis supports course of illness distinctions. J Affect Disord 86:161-167.
92. Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Ulrich RF. 1986. Electroencephalographic sleep in psychotic depression. A valid subtype? Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:886-893.
93. Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Buysse DJ, Frank E, Simons AD, McEachran AB, Rashid KF, Grochocinski VJ. 1995a. Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in single-episode and recurrent unipolar forms of major depression: I Comparison during acute depressive states. Biol Psychiatry 38:506-515.
94. Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. 1995b. MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 12:185-219.
95. Thase ME, Buysse DJ, Frank E, Cherry CR, Cornes CL, Mallinger AG, Kupfer DJ. 1997. Which depressed patients will respond to interpersonal psychotherapy? The role of abnormal EEG sleep profiles. Am J Psychiatry 154:502-509.
96. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. 2006. Obesity-related sleepiness and fatigue: The role of the stress system and cytokines. Ann NY Acad Sci 1083:329-344.
97. Wager S, Robinson D, Goetz R, Nunes E, Gully R, Quitkin F. 1990. Cholinergic REM sleep induction in atypical depression. Biol Psychiatry 27:441-446.
98. Watson S, Gallagher P, Ferrier IN, Young AH. 2006. Post-dexamethasone arginine vasopressin levels in patients with severe mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 40:353-359.
99. Weaver IC, Meaney MJ, Szyf M. 2006. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3480-3485.
100. Wichers M, Maes M. 2002. The psychoneuroimmuno-pathophysiology of cytokine-induced depression in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5:375-388.
101. Wong ML, Kling MA, Munson PJ, Listwak S, Licinio J, Prolo P, Karp B, McCutcheon IE, et al. 2000. Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: Relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:325-330.