Pharmacokinetics and metabolic profile of free, conjugated, and total silymarin flavonolignans in human plasma after oral administration of milk thistle extract

Drug Metabolism and Disposition

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 65-72

  Wen, Zhiming ^a   Dumas, Todd E ^a,c   Schrieber, Sarah J ^a   Hawke, Roy L ^a   Fried, Michael W ^b   Smith, Philip C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c IQVIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLAVONOLIGNAN; ISOSILYBIN A; ISOSILYBIN B; SILIBININ; SILICRISTIN; SILIDIANIN; SILYBIN A; SILYBIN B; SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACT; SILYMARIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG GLUCURONIDATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SULFATION; ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; NORMAL HUMAN; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SILYBUM MARIANUM; SINGLE DRUG DOSE;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; AREA UNDER CURVE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; DRUG COMPOUNDING; HUMANS; MILK THISTLE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PLANT EXTRACTS; SILYMARIN; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION;

SILYBUM MARIANUM;

EID: 37549005182     PISSN: 00909556     EISSN: 1521009X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017566     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Ball KR, and Kowdley KV (2005) A review of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) as a treatment for alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:520-528.
2. Barzaghi N, Crema F, Gatti G, Pifferi G, and Perucca E (1990) Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 15:333-338.
3. Crocenzi FA and Roma MG (2006) Silymarin as a new hepatoprotective agent in experimental cholestasis: new possibilities for an ancient medication. Curr Med Chem 13:1055-1074.
4. D'Andrea V, Perez LM, and Pozzi EJS (2005) Inhibition of rat liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by silymarin and the metabolite silibinin- glucuronide. Life Sci 77:683-692.
5. Desplaces A, Choppin J, Vogel G, and Trost W (1975) The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. Arzneimittelforschung 25:89-96.
6. Dryden GW, Song M, and McClain C (2006) Polyphenols and gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 22:165-170.
7. Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, and Benner K (1998) Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 93:139-143.
8. Fraschini F, Demartini G, and Esposti D (2002) Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin Drug Invest 22:51-65.
9. Gatti G and Perucca E (1994) Plasma concentrations of free and conjugated silybin after oral intake of a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (silipide) in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32:614-617.
10. Han YH, Lou HX, Ren DM, Sun LR, Ma B, and Ji M (2004) Stereoselective metabolism of silybin diastereoisomers in the glucuronidation process. J Pharm Biomed Anal 34:1071-1078.
11. Hoofnagle JH (2005) Milk thistle and chronic liver disease. Hepatology 42:4.
12. Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, and Thaler H (1983) Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Toxicol 2:183-195.
13. Jacobs BP, Dennehy C, Ramirez G, Sapp J, and Lawrence VA (2002) Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 113:506-515.
14. Kim NC, Graf TN, Sparacino CM, Wani MC, and Wall ME (2003) Complete isolation and characterization of silybins and isosilybins from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Org Biomol Chem 1:1684-1689.
15. Kren V, Ulrichova J, Kosina P, Stevenson D, Sedmera P, Prikrylova V, Halada P, and Simánek V (2000) Chemoenzymatic preparation of silybin β-glucuronides and their biological evaluation. Drug Metab Dispos 28:1513-1517.
16. Ladas EJ and Kelly KM (2003) Milk thistle: is there a role for its use as an adjunct therapy in patients with cancer? J Altern Complement Med 9:411-416.
17. Lee DYW and Liu Y (2003) Molecular structure and stereochemistry of silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle). J Nat Prod 66:1171-1174.
18. Lee JI, Hsu BH, Wu D, and Barrett JS (2006) Separation and characterization of silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin in milk thistle extract by liquid chromatographyelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1116:57-68.
19. Mascher H, Kikuta C, and Weyhenmeyer R (1993) Diastereomeric separation of free and conjugated silibinin in plasma by reversed phase HPLC after specific extraction. J Liq Chromatogr 16:2777-2789.
20. Mayer KE, Myers RP, and Lee SS (2005) Silymarin treatment of viral hepatitis: a systematic review. J Viral Hepat 12:559-567.
21. Morazzoni P, Montalbetti A, Malandrino S, and Pifferi G (1993) Comparative pharmacokinetics of silipide and silymarin in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 18:289-297.
22. Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Iaquinto G, and Gluud C (2005) Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C liver diseases - a systematic Cochrane hepato-biliary group review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2583-2591.
23. Rickling B, Hans B, Kramarczyk R, Krumbiegel G, and Weyhenmeyer R (1995) Two high-performance liquid chromatographic assays for the determination of free and total silibinin diastereomers in plasma using column switching with electrochemical detection and reversed-phase chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B 670:267-277.
24. Schandalik R and Perucca E (1994) Pharmacokinetics of silybin following oral administration of silipide in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Drugs Exp Clin Res 20:37-42.
25. Simánek V, Kren V, Ulrichova J, Vicar J, and Cvak L (2000) Silymarin - what is in the name? Hepatology 32:442-443.
26. USP (2006) The United States Pharmacopoeia and The National Formulary. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD.
27. Venkataramanan R, Komoroski B, and Strom S (2006) In vitro and in vivo assessment of herb drug interactions. Life Sci 78:2105-2115.
28. Vogel G, Tuchweber B, and Trost W (1984) Protection by silibinin against Amanita phalloides intoxication in beagles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73:355-362.