Telomere length in Trypanosoma brucei

Experimental Parasitology

Volumn 118, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 103-110

  Dreesen, Oliver ^a   Cross, George A M ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antigenic Variation; East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization; EATRO; ES; Expression Site; Glasgow University; GU; IC; intermediate size chromosomes; Isolation History; MBC; MC; megabase chromosomes; minichromosomes; PD; population doubling; Propagation History; Rockefeller University Molecular Parasitology; RUMP; STIB; Strain Phylogeny; Swiss Tropical Institute Basel; Telomere Length; TREU; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosomiasis Research Edinburgh University; Variant Surface Glycoprotein; VSG

Indexed keywords

VARIANT SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN;

ANTIGENIC VARIATION; ARTICLE; BASE PAIRING; CHROMOSOME; GENE CONVERSION; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE SWITCHING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RECIPROCAL CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; TELOMERE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI; TWO DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; CHROMOSOMES; DNA, PROTOZOAN; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, TWO-DIMENSIONAL; FEMALE; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED ICR; POLYMORPHISM, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RESTRICTION MAPPING; SWINE; TELOMERASE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI; VARIANT SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS, TRYPANOSOMA;

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

EID: 37349014074     PISSN: 00144894     EISSN: 10902449     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.07.016     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Baker J.R., Sachs R., and Laufer I. Trypanosomes of wild mammals in an area northwest of the Sergenti National Park, Tanzania. Zeitschrift fur Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 18 (1967) 280-284
2. Barry J.D. The relative significance of mechanisms of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Parasitology Today 13 (1997) 212-218
3. Bernards A., Michels P.A., Lincke C.R., and Borst P. Growth of chromosome ends in multiplying trypanosomes. Nature 303 (1983) 592-597
4. Berriman M., Ghedin E., Hertz-Fowler C., Blandin G., Renauld H., Bartholomeu D.C., Lennard N.J., Caler E., Hamlin N.E., Haas B., Bohme U., Hannick L., Aslett M.A., Shallom J., Marcello L., Hou L., Wickstead B., Alsmark U.C., Arrowsmith C., Atkin R.J., Barron A.J., Bringaud F., Brooks K., Carrington M., Cherevach I., Chillingworth T.J., Churcher C., Clark L.N., Corton C.H., Cronin A., Davis R.M., Doggett J., Djikeng A., Feldblyum T., Field M.C., Fraser A., Goodhead I., Hance Z., Harper D., Harris B.R., Hauser H., Hostetler J., Ivens A., Jagels K., Johnson D., Johnson J., Jones K., Kerhornou A.X., Koo H., Larke N., Landfear S., Larkin C., Leech V., Line A., Lord A., Macleod A., Mooney P.J., Moule S., Martin D.M., Morgan G.W., Mungall K., Norbertczak H., Ormand D., Pai G., Peacock C.S., Peterson J., Quail M.A., Rabbinowitsch E., Rajandream M.A., Reitter C., Salzberg S.L., Sanders M., Schobel S., Sharp S., Simmonds M., Simpson A.J., Tallon L., Turner C.M., Tait A., Tivey A.R., Van Aken S., Walker D., Wanless D., Wang S., White B., White O., Whitehead S., Woodward J., Wortman J., Adams M.D.., Embley T.M., Gull K., Ullu E., Barry J.D., Fairlamb A.H., Opperdoes F., Barell B.G., Donelson J.E., Hall N., Fraser C.M., Melville S.E., and El-Sayed N.M. The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 309 (2005) 416-422
5. Berriman M., Hall N., Sheader K., Bringaud F., Tiwari B., Isobe T., Bowman S., Corton C., Clark L., Cross G.A., Hoek M., Zanders T., Berberof M., Borst P., and Rudenko G. The architecture of variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 122 (2002) 131-140
6. Blackburn E.H., and Challoner P.B. Identification of a telomeric DNA sequence in Trypanosoma brucei. Cell 36 (1984) 447-457
7. Brun R., and Schonenberger M. Cultivation and in vitro cloning of procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei in a semi-defined medium. Acta Tropica 36 (1979) 289-292
8. Cross G.A.M. Identification, purification and properties of clone-specific glycoprotein antigens constituting the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 71 (1975) 393-417
9. Cunningham I. New culture medium for maintenance of tsetse tissues and growth of trypanosomatids. The Journal of Protozoology 24 (1977) 325-329
10. Cunningham M.P., and Vickerman K. Antigenic analysis in the Trypanosoma brucei group, using the agglutination reaction. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56 (1962) 48-59
11. de Lange T. Protection of mammalian telomeres. Oncogene 21 (2002) 532-540
12. de Lange T., and Borst P. Genomic environment of the expression-linked extra copies of genes for surface antigens of Trypanosoma brucei resembles the end of a chromosome. Nature 299 (1982) 451-453
13. Doyle J.J., Hirumi H., Hirumi K., Lupton E.N., and Cross G.A.M. Antigenic variation in clones of animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei derived and maintained in vitro. Parasitology 80 (1980) 359-369
14. Dreesen O., and Cross G.A.M. Consequences of telomere shortening at an active VSG expression site in telomerase-deficient Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryotic Cell 5 (2006) 2114-2119
15. Dreesen O., and Cross G.A.M. Telomerase-Independent Stabilization of Short Telomeres in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Cellular Biology 26 (2006) 4911-4919
16. Dreesen O., Li B., and Cross G.A.M. Telomere structure and shortening in telomerase-deficient Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Research 33 (2005) 4536-4543
17. Dreesen O., Li B., and Cross G.A.M. Telomere structure and function in trypanosomes: a proposal. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5 (2007) 70-75
18. Freitas-Junior L.H., Porto R.M., Pirrit L.A., Schenkman S., and Scherf A. Identification of the telomere in Trypanosoma cruzi reveals highly heterogeneous telomere lengths in different parasite strains. Nucleic Acids Research 27 (1999) 2451-2456
19. Geigy R., and Kauffmann M. Sleeping sickness survey in the Serengeti area (Tanzania) 1971 I. Examination of large mammals for trypanosomes. Acta Tropica 30 (1973) 12-23
20. Genest P.A., and Borst P. Analysis of telomere length variation in Leishmania over time. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 151 (2007) 213-215
21. Glover L., and Horn D. Repression of polymerase I-mediated gene expression at Trypanosoma brucei telomeres. EMBO Reports 7 (2006) 93-99
22. Goedbloed E., Ligthart G.S., Minter D.M., Wilson A.J., Dar F.K., and Paris J. Serological studies of trypanosomiasis in East Africa. II. Comparisons of antigenic types of Trypanosoma brucei subgroup organisms isolated from wild tsetse flies. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 67 (1973) 31-43
23. Hemann M.T., and Greider C.W. G-strand overhangs on telomeres in telomerase-deficient mouse cells. Nucleic Acids Research 27 (1999) 3964-3969
24. Hirumi H., and Hirumi K. Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms in a medium containing a low concentration of serum protein without feeder cell layers. Journal of Parasitology 75 (1989) 985-989
25. Horn D., and Cross G.A.M. Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei VSG expression site switching in vitro. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 84 (1997) 189-201
26. Horn D., Spence C., and Ingram A.K. Telomere maintenance and length regulation in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO Journal 19 (2000) 2332-2339
27. Kutty G., Ma L., and Kovacs J.A. Characterization of the expression site of the major surface glycoprotein of human-derived Pneumocystis carinii. Molecular Microbiology 42 (2001) 183-193
28. Lamont G.S., Tucker R.S., and Cross G.A.M. Analysis of antigen switching rates in Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 92 (1986) 355-367
29. McCulloch R., Rudenko G., and Borst P. Gene conversions mediating antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei can occur in variant surface glycoprotein expression sites lacking 70-base-pair repeat sequences. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17 (1997) 833-843
30. Melville S.E., Leech V., Gerrard C.S., Tait A., and Blackwell J.M. The molecular karyotype of the megabase chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei and the assignment of chromosome markers. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 94 (1998) 155-173
31. Melville S.E., Leech V., Navarro M., and Cross G.A.M. The molecular karyotype of the megabase chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei stock 427. Molecular Biochemical Parasitology 111 (2000) 261-273
32. Munoz-Jordan J.L., Cross G.A.M., de Lange T., and Griffith J.D. t-loops at trypanosome telomeres. EMBO Journal 20 (2001) 579-588
33. Myler P.J., Aline Jr. R.F., Scholler J.K., and Stuart K.D. Changes in telomere length associated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 29 (1988) 243-250
34. Myler P.J., Allison J., Agabian N., and Stuart K. Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes by gene replacement or activation of alternate telomeres. Cell 39 (1984) 203-211
35. Navarro M., and Cross G.A.M. DNA rearrangements associated with multiple consecutive directed antigenic switches in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16 (1996) 3615-3625
36. Navarro M., and Cross G.A.M. In situ analysis of a variant surface glycoprotein expression-site promoter region in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 94 (1998) 53-66
37. Onyango R.J., Van Hoeve K., and De Raadt P. The epidemiology of Trypanosoma rhodesiense sleeping sickness in Alego location, Central Nyanza, Kenya. I. Evidence that cattle may act as reservoir hosts of trypanosomes infective to man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60 (1966) 175-182
38. Pays E., Laurent M., Delinte K., Van Meirvenne N., and Steinert M. Differential size variations between transcriptionally active and inactive telomeres of Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Research 11 (1983) 8137-8147
39. Robinson N.P., Burman N., Melville S.E., and Barry J.D. Predominance of duplicative VSG gene conversion in antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19 (1999) 5839-5846
40. Rudenko G., McCulloch R., Dirks-Mulder A., and Borst P. Telomere exchange can be an important mechanism of variant surface glycoprotein gene switching in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 80 (1996) 65-75
41. Singh S.K., and Girschick H.J. Molecular survival strategies of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The Lancet Infectious Disease 4 (2004) 575-583
42. Taylor A.E., Lanham S.M., and Williams J.E. Influence of methods of preparation on the infectivity, agglutination, activity, and ultrastructure of bloodstream trypanosomes. Experimental Parasitology 35 (1974) 196-208
43. Turner C.M. The rate of antigenic variation in fly-transmitted and syringe-passaged infections of Trypanosoma brucei. FEMS Microbiology Letters 153 (1997) 227-231
44. Turner C.M., and Barry J.D. High frequency of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections. Parasitology 99 (1989) 67-75
45. van der Ploeg L.H., Cornelissen A.W., Michels P.A., and Borst P. Chromosome rearrangements in Trypanosoma brucei. Cell 39 (1984) 213-221
46. van der Ploeg L.H., Liu A.Y., and Borst P. Structure of the growing telomeres of Trypanosomes. Cell 36 (1984) 459-468
47. van Deursen F.J., Shahi S.K., Turner C.M., Hartmann C., Guerra-Giraldez C., Matthews K.R., and Clayton C.E. Characterisation of the growth and differentiation in vivo and in vitro-of bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei strain TREU 927. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 112 (2001) 163-171
48. van Steensel B., Smogorzewska A., and de Lange T. TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. Cell 92 (1998) 401-413
49. Vanhamme L., Poelvoorde P., Pays A., Tebabi P., Van Xong H., and Pays E. Differential RNA elongation controls the variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites of Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular Microbiology 36 (2000) 328-340
50. Wirtz E., Leal S., Ochatt C., and Cross G.A.M. A tightly regulated inducible expression system for conditional gene knock-outs and dominant-negative genetics in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 99 (1999) 89-101