China's diplomatic manoeuvring on the question of darfur

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 17, Issue 54, 2008, Pages 71-84

  Holslag, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; FOREIGN POLICY; INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; SOVEREIGNTY; VIOLENCE;

AFRICA; ASIA; CHINA; DARFUR; EAST AFRICA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; SUDAN;

EID: 37049034683     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670560701693088     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. UN Comtrade, 2007.
2. This description of China's economic interests in Sudan is based on J. Holslag et al., China's Resources and Energy Policy in Sub-Sahara Africa (Brussels: Report drafted for the Development Committee of the European Parliament, 2007), pp. 70-71.
3. 'Two Chinese abducted by rebels in Sudan', China Daily, (17 March 2004).
4. On the transition of China's diplomatic identity, see: Rosemary Foot, 'Chinese power and the idea of a responsible state', The China Journal 45(1), (2001), pp. 1-21
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8. Zhaoxing Li, 'Banner of diplomacy stressed', People's Daily, (23 August 2005).
9. On the application of non-interference as an economic lever, see: Jonathan Holslag, 'China's new mercantilism in central Africa', African and Asian Studies, (2006), pp. 133-171.
10. Quoted in The New York Times, (22 August 2005).
11. Conceived in 2001: See ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Council, 2001).
12. For the main arguments on the responsibility to protect, see: Adam Roberts, 'The price of protection', Survival, IISS 44(4), (2002), pp. 157-161
13. R. Thakur, 'Intervention, sovereignty and the responsibility to protect', Security Dialogue 33(3), (2002), pp. 323-340
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15. Joelle Tanguy, 'Redefining sovereignty and intervention', Ethics and International Affairs 17(1), (2003), pp. 141-148
16. Alex Bellamy, 'Responsibility to protect or Trojan horse? The crisis in Darfur and humanitarian intervention and state sovereignty', International Journal of Human Rights 6(3), (2005), pp. 103-113
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18. Susan Breau, 'The impact of the responsibility to protect on peacekeeping', Journal of Conflict and Security Law 11(3), (2006), pp. 429-464.
19. Yeshi Choedon, China and the United Nations (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1990)
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25. Neil MacFarlane et al., 'The responsibility to protect: Is anyone interested in humanitarian intervention?', Third World Quarterly 25(5), (2004), pp. 977-992
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28. Yong Deng, 'Reputation and the security dilemma: China reacts to the China threat theory', in Johnston and Ross, eds, New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy, pp. 186-217.
29. See: Yeshi Choedon, 'China's stand on UN peacekeeping operations: changing priorities of foreign policy', China Report 41(1), (2005), pp. 39-56.
30. Allen Carlson, 'Helping to keep the peace: China's recent stance on sovereignty and multilateral intervention', Pacific Affairs 77(1), (2004), p. 10.
31. Choedon, 'China's stand on UN peacekeeping operations', p. 40
32. and Yeshi Choedon, China and the United Nations (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1990), pp. 96-99.
33. Choedon, 'China's stand on UN peacekeeping operations', p. 55.
34. Carlson, 'Helping to keep the peace'; Zhongying Pang, 'China's changing attitude to UN peacekeeping', International Peacekeeping 12(1), (2005), pp. 87-104
35. Shulong Chu, 'China, Asia and issues of sovereignty and intervention', paper presented at International Intervention and State Sovereignty Conference, Beijing, 14-15 January 2002 (2004).
36. Carlson, 'Helping to keep the peace'
37. Pang, 'China's changing attitude to UN peacekeeping'.
38. Peace enforcement can be defined as the application of military force, or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order. Peacekeeping essentially entails the supervision by international forces of a truce between hostile nations. Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (New York: Secretariat of the Secretary General, United Nations, 1992).
39. Interview with Deputy Director of the China Institute of International Studies, Brussels, 28 June 2006.
40. African Union, Report of the Chairperson, (PSC/PR/2 (XLV) (Addis Ababa: African Union, 12 January 2006).
41. Simon Massey and Roy May, 'Crisis in Chad', African Affairs 105(420), (2006), p. 365.
42. Guangya Wang, Explanatory Remarks on Resolution 1672, (25 April 2006), available at: www.fm.prc.gov.cn/ce/ceun/eng/xw/t248836.htm.
43. Interview with Professor of International Relations, People's University of China, Brussels, 28 July 2007
44. interview with Deputy Director of the China Institute of International Studies, Brussels, 28 June 2006.
45. Interview with European Council Official, Brussels, 26 June 2007
46. interview with Adjunct Professor of International Affairs George Washington University, Brussels, 12 June 2007.
47. Judy Aita, US, UK Submit Resolution on UN Peacekeepers for Darfur, State Department, Washington File, (17 August 2006).
48. Judy Aita, United States wants United Nations in Darfur before 2007 State Department, Washington File, (26 June 2006)
49. Council on General and External Affairs of the EU, Conclusions on Sudan/Darfur, (15 September 2006).
50. Guangya Wang, Explanatory Statement on the Vote of the Security Council on Darfur, (31 August 2006), available at: www.fmprc.gov.cn/ ce/ceun/eng/xw/t269767.htm.
51. Resolution 1706, Art. 8-12.
52. Ibid., Art. 8.
53. Interview by email with two European diplomats to the UN, New York, 13 and 14 June 2002.
54. 'China pledges friendly relations with Sudan', Sudan Tribune, (16 May 2006)
55. 'Beijing hails Chinese, Sudanese cooperation', People's Daily, (7 September 2006)
56. 'Chinese CNPC in Sudan, model of South-South cooperation', China Daily, (3 November 2006).
57. On India's involvement in Sudan, see: Rahul Beri, 'Africa's energy potential: Prospects for India', Strategic Analysis 29(3), (2005).
58. 'President al-Bashir lauds Sudan-Indian ties', The Hindustan Times (12 February 2006).
59. See for instance: 'Malaysian Petronas embarks on oil project in Sudan', Business Times, (13 December 2005)
60. 'India gives 392 mln loan to Sudan for power plant', Rediff, (24 January 2006); 'Russia-Sudan set up business partnership', Moscow Times, (19 May 2006).
61. 'Chinese chief of general staff meets Sudanese air force commander', China Daily, (22 December 2005)
62. 'China, Sudan to boost exchanges between armed forces', People's Daily, (3 April 2006).
63. Interview by email with Chinese scholar, Beijing, 17 June 2007.
64. 'Sudan invites China for closer ties', China Daily, (25 January 2006).
65. 'China backs Sudan's efforts to resolve Darfur crisis', Sudan Tribune (27 March 2006).
66. Security Council in Presidential Statement Expresses 'Grave Concern' over Decision, Press Release SC/8699 (New York: Department of Public Information UN).
67. 'China urges Sudanese parties to honour Darfur peace deal', People's Daily, (10 May 2006).
68. Press conference in London, 13 September 2006, available at: www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page10056.asp.
69. 'China pushes Sudan to let UN troops into Darfur', International Herald Tribune, (15 September 2006).
70. Andrew Natsios, Testimony on Sudan Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs (House Committee on Foreign Affairs, US Congress, 8 February 2007)
71. Robert Worth, 'Sudan government agrees to allow UN peace force into Darfur', New York Times, (17 November 2006).
72. 'Chinese President urges to maintain Darfur stability', China Daily (2 November 2006).
73. Alfred De Montesquiou, 'China's Hu presses Sudan for progress on Darfur', Washington Post, (3 February 2007).
74. 'China seeks explanation of Sudan letter challenging UN Darfur plan', New York Times, (12 March 2007).
75. Wasil Ali, 'China voices opposition to sanctions on Sudan', Sudan Tribune, (19 March 2007).
76. Jun Zhai, Briefing for Chinese and Foreign Journalists on the Darfur Issue of Sudan (Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 April 2007), available at: www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t311008.htm.
77. Interview with European Council Official, Brussels, 15 June 2007
78. interview by email with Chinese scholar, Beijing, 23 June 2007.
79. Interview by email with Chinese scholar, Beijing, 23 June 2007.
80. Liu's official title is Special Representative of African Affairs. Interview with Chinese Africa specialist, Brussels, 24 June 2007.
81. Brief talk with Liu Guijin at the sidelines of a conference organized by the European Commission, Partners in Competition: The EU, Africa and China, Brussels, 28 June 2007.
82. Ibid.
83. On this procedure, see: David Cortright and George Lopez, eds, Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002)
84. Peter Wallensteen, Carina Staibano and Mikael Eriksson, Making Targeted Sanctions Effective: Guidelines for the Implementation of UN Policy Options, Results from the Stockholm Process on the Implementation of Targeted Sanctions (Uppsala: University of Uppsala, 2003).
85. Security Council Imposes Travel Ban, Assets Freeze on those Impeding Peace, Press Release SC/8346 (New York: Department of Public Information UN, 29 March 2005).
86. Final Report of the Panel of Experts, (S/2006/65), (30 January 2006), pp. 32-37.
87. Wang, Explanatory Remarks on Resolution 1672. The Report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to paragraph 3 of resolution 1591 concerning the Sudan (S/2006/65).
88. 'Leaked names highlight Sudan's failure to protect', Human Rights Watch, (26 December 2006).
89. Judy Aita, United States Seeks Sanctions on Sudan Officials, State Department, Washington File, (19 April 2006).
90. The list was brought out by the magazine The America Prospect on 17 February 2006
91. see: Mark Goldberg, 'The test', The American Prospect, (17 February 2006).
92. Although this list was not unconfirmed, several other media considered the list to be correct: Mark Turner, 'Sudan ministers named leaked UN Darfur list', Financial Times, (22 February 2006)
93. 'Leaked names highlight Sudan's failure to protect', Sudan Tribune (26 February 2006)
94. 'Names and blames', Africa Intelligence 47(5), (3 March 2006).
95. Security Council Imposes Travel, Financial Sanctions on Four Sudanese Press Release SC/8700 (New York: Department of Public Information UN, 25 April 2006).
96. Resolution 1679, Art. 1.
97. Gang Qin, Press Conference on 5 April 2005, available at: www.china-un.org/eng/fyrth/t190537.htm.
98. Robert Cryer, 'Sudan, resolution 1593, and international criminal justice', Leiden Journal of International Law 19(1), (2006), pp. 195-222.
99. Security Council Demands Sudan Disarm Militias in Darfur, Press Release SC/8160 (New York: Department of Public Information UN, 30 July 2006).
100. Warren Hoge, 'Sudan flying arms to Darfur, UN panel reports', International Herald Tribune, (18 April 2007).
101. Resolution 1564, Art. 12, 14.
102. Guangya Wang, Explanatory Remarks on Sudan Darfur Draft Resolution (18 September 2004), available at: www.china-un.org/eng/xw/ t158034.htm.
103. Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Meets with Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia Madani, (28 June 2007), available at: www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t335045.htm.
104. 'China urges peacekeepers in Darfur', China Daily, (16 June 2007).
105. Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Meets with Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia Madani, (28 June 2007), available at: www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t335045.htm.