The impact of the responsibility to protect on peacekeeping

Journal of Conflict and Security Law

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 429-464

  Breau, Susan C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33846967447     PISSN: 14677954     EISSN: 14677962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/krl022     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (120)

1. UN doc., A/Res./60, UN Summit Outcome Document, 24 October 2005.
2. C. Gray, 'Peacekeeping After the Brahimi Report', (2001) 6(2) JCSL 267 at 269 in which she argued that peacekeeping is a permanent institution not just a temporary expedient to get around Cold War problems with Chapter VII enforcement, and at 270-271 arguing the central role of peacekeeping since 1999.
3. United Nations docs. A/47/277 - S/24111, An Agenda for Peace, 17 June 1992.
4. United Nations docs. A/55/305 and S/2000/809, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, 21 August 2000.
5. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
6. Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World, (2004).
7. UN doc. A/59/2005, In Larger Freedom, 21 March 2005.
8. K. Annan, Action Plan to Prevent Genocide (2004).
9. Loc. cit., fn. 3, p. 5.
10. Loc. cit, fn. 4, p. 54.
11. Ibid., p. 54.
12. Loc. cit., fn. 5, p. 3.
13. Ibid., p. 4.
14. Ibid., p. 7.
15. Ibid., p. 8.
16. Ibid., p. 11.
17. Ibid., p. 57.
18. Ibid., p. 62.
19. Ibid., p. 63.
20. Ibid. See synopsis pp. XI-XIII.
21. Loc. cit., fn. 7, p. 34, para. 87.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid. p. 39, para. 106.
24. Ibid., pp. 65-66, para. 201.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 66, para. 203.
27. Ibid., p. 68, paras 212-214.
28. Ibid., p. 69, para. 216.
29. Ibid., para. 218.
30. Ibid., para. 219.
31. Ibid., pp. 71-72, paras. 225, 230.
32. Ibid., p. 84, para. 264.
33. Ibid., para. 266.
34. Ibid., p. 85, para. 269.
35. Loc. cit., fn. 7, p. 24, para. 86.
36. Ibid., p. 29, para. 112.
37. Ibid., p. 35, para. 135.
38. Ibid., p. 33, para. 126.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 29, paras. 114-119.
41. N. White, Keeping the Peace (1990) 44-45, discussing the use of the term threat to the peace to internal violence and humanitarian crises.
42. K. Wellens, 'The UN Security Council and New Threats to the Peace: Back to the Future', (2003) 8(1) JCSL 15, see this article for an excellent review of changes in Security Council practice and the broadened notion of threat to the peace.
43. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, loc. cit., fn. 3, para. 15.
44. Ibid., para. 26.
45. Ibid., para. 28.
46. Brahimi Report, loc. cit., fn. 4, paras. 24 and 26.
47. UN doc. A/.54/2000, Millenium Report.
48. Brahimi Report, loc. cit., fn. 4, para. 30.
49. Ibid., para. 34.
50. Loc. cit., fn. 5, xi.
51. Ibid., para. 3.9.
52. Ibid., para. 3.16.
53. UN doc. S/1999/1257, Independent Inquiry Report on Rwanda, 16 December 1999.
54. Ibid., p. 53, and the text of the report.
55. Loc. cit., fn. 8.
56. The International Crisis Group in Brussels already operates as an early warning NGO and provides reports to every level of the UN system and to other governments.
57. SC Res. 795 (1992) of 11 December 1992.
58. SC Res. 842 (1993) of 18 June 1993.
59. SC Res. 983 (1995) of 31 March 1995.
60. White, op. cit., fn. 41, pp. 32-47; discussion of legal regime of 'threat to the peace' and controversy over Chapter VI or Chapter VII mandates in threat to peace.
61. Loc. cit., fn. 5, para. 7.5.
62. D. J. Ludlow, 'Preventive Peacemaking in Macedonia: An Assessment of U.N. Good Offices Diplomacy', (2003) Brigham Young U L Rev, part 2, 761 at 67.
63. A. Morrison, D. Fraser and J. Kiras (eds.), Peacekeeping with Muscle: The Use of Force in International Conflict Resolution (1997) Foreword.
64. R. Murphy, 'United Nations Peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia, and the use of force', (2003) 8(1) JCSL 71 at 95.
65. Loc. cit., fn. 6, para. 211.
66. Ibid., para. 212.
67. Ibid., para. 214.
68. UN doc., A/Res./60, UN Summit Outcome Document, 24 October 2005.
69. SCRes. 1279 (1999) of 30 November 1999, parties to the conflict were Uganda, Rwanda, Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.
70. SC Res. 1291 (2000) of 24 February 2000.
71. SC Res. 1355 (2001) 15 June 2001.
72. C. J. Le Mon and R.S. Taylor, 'Security Council Action in the name of human rights: From Rhodesia to the Congo', (2004) 10 U College Davis J Intl L & Policy 197, 224.
73. SC Res. 1484 (2003) of 30 May 2003.
74. SC Res. 1493 (2003) of 28 July 2003.
75. SC Res. 1565 (2004) of 1 October 2004.
76. The mission was just extended until 30 September 2006 in SC Res. 1635 (2005) 28 October 2005.
77. Le Mon and Taylor, loc. cit., fn. 72, p. 225.
78. SC Res. 1528 (2004) of 27 February 2004.
79. R. Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice (1994) p. xi.
80. D. Scheffer, 'Commentary; Shameful Inaction in Face of Genocide; In 1994, we in the U.S. government failed Rwanda', Los Angeles Times, 5 April 2004, part B, at 11.
81. S/PV.4876 of 4 December 2003.
82. Ibid.
83. Resolution 1545 (2004) of 21 May 2004.
84. SC Res. 1590 (2005) of 24 March 2005.
85. International Crisis Group, Darfur: The Failure to Protect, Africa Report No89, 8 March 2005, accessed 23 November 2005.
86. SC Res. 1593 of 31 March 2005.
87. Loc. cit., fn. 3, para. 5.5.
88. Gray, loc. cit., fn. 2, p. 275.
89. Loc. cit., fn. 5, p. 39, para 5.1.
90. Ibid., p. 40, para. 5.7.
91. Ibid., p. 41, para. 5.9.
92. Loc. cit., fn. 6, p. 71, para. 221.
93. Ibid., para. 225.
94. Ibid., para. 226.
95. Ibid., p. 72, para. 229.
96. Ibid., p. 83, para. 261.
97. Ibid., para. 263 and Article 29 of the Charter of the United Nations.
98. Ibid., para. 264.
99. Loc. cit., fn. 7, p. 29, para. 114.
100. Ibid., para. 115.
101. GA Res. A/Res/60/180 of 30 December 2005.
102. SC Res. 717 (1991) of 16 October 1991.
103. SC Res. 728 (1992) of 8 January 1992.
104. UN Peacekeeping, Background to United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, accessed 11 July 2005.
105. SC Res. 745 (1992) of 28 February 1992.
106. S. J. Stedman, 'UN Intervention in Civil Wars: Imperatives of Choice and Strategy', in D. Daniel and B. Hayes (eds.), Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (1995) 43-44.
107. S. Mohamed, 'From Keeping the Peace to Building Peace: A Proposal for a Revitalized United Nations Trusteeship Council', (2005) 105 Columbia L Rev 809 at 819.
108. SC Res. 1244 (1999) of 10 June 1999.
109. A. Yannis, 'Kosovo under International Administration', (2001) 43 Survival 31 at 44.
110. SC Res. 1272 (1999) of 25 October 1999.
111. SC Res. 1410 (2002) of 17 May 2002.
112. UN doc. (S/2002/432) of 17 April 2002.
113. SC Res. 1543 of 14 May 2004.
114. SC Res. 1401 of 28 March 2002.
115. W.B. Wood, 'Post-Conflict Intervention Revisited: Relief, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Reform', (2005) 29 Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 119, 130.
116. Ibid., p. 125.
117. Ibid., p. 124.
118. SC Res. 1542 of 30 April 2004.
119. Mohamed, loc. cit., fn. 107, p. 813, quoting Helman and Ratner defining state collapse as 'a nation-state utterly incapable of sustaining itself as a member of the international community'.
120. S. Willis, 'Military Interventions on behalf of vulnerable populations: the legal responsibilities of States and International Organizations engaged in Peace Support Operations', (2004) 9(3) JCSL 387 at 417.