Optofluidic waveguides: II. Fabrication and structures

Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

Volumn 4, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 17-32

  Hawkins, Aaron R ^a   Schmidt, Holger ^b  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

^b University of California Santa Cruz   (United States)

Author keywords

Bragg; Integrated optics; Optofluidics; Photonic crystals; Waveguides

Indexed keywords

FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS; INTEGRATED OPTICS; OPTICAL FIBERS; OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES; PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; TWO DIMENSIONAL;

ANTIRESONANT REFLECTING OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES (ARROWS); OPTOFLUIDIC WAVEGUIDES; OPTOFLUIDICS; PHOTONIC CRYSTAL ARRAYS; PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS (PCFS);

FLUIDICS;

EID: 36448970145     PISSN: 16134982     EISSN: 16134990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10404-007-0194-z     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Altkorn R, Koev I, Van Duyne RP, Litorja M (1997a) Low-loss liquid-core optical fiber for low-refractive-index liquids: Fabrication, characterization, and application in Raman spectroscopy. Appl Opt 36:8992-8998
2. Altkorn R, Koev I, Gottlieb A (1997b) Waveguide capillary cell for low-refractive-index liquids. Appl Spectrosc 51:1554-1558
3. Balslev S, Kristensen A (2005) Microfluidic single-mode laser using high-order Bragg grating and antiguiding segments. Opt Exp 13:344-351
4. Barber JP, Conkey DB, Lee JR, Hubbard NB, Howell LL, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR (2005) Fabrication of hollow waveguides with sacrificial aluminum cores. IEEE Photonic Tech L 17:363-365
5. Barber JP, Lunt EJ, George ZA, Yin D, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR (2006a) Integrated hollow waveguides with arch-shaped cores. IEEE Photonic Tech L 18: 28-30
6. Barber JP, Lunt EJ, Yin D, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR (2006b) Monolithic fabrication of hollow ARROW based sensors. Proc SPIE 6110:61100H
7. Bernini R, DeNuccio E, Minardo A, Zeni L, Sarro PM (2007) Integrated silicon optical sensors based on hollow core waveguide. Proc SPIE 6477:647714
8. Brown M, Vestad T, Oakey J, Marr DWM (2006) Optical waveguides via viscosity-mismatched microfluidic flows. Appl Phys Lett 88:134109
9. Campopiano S, Bernini R, Zeni L, Sarro PM (2004) Microfluidic sensor based on integrated optical hollow waveguides. Opt Lett 29:1894-1896
10. Chow E, Grot A, Mirkarimi LW, Sigalas M, Girolami G (2004) Ultracompact biochemical sensor built with two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity. Opt Lett 29:1093-1095
11. Cox FM, Argyros A, Large MCJ (2006) Liquid-filled hollow core microstructured polymer optical fiber. Opt Express 14:4135-4140
12. Craighead H (2006) Future lab-on-a-chip technologies for interrogating individual molecules. Nature 442:387-393
13. Dallas T, Dasgupta PK (2004) Light at the end of the tunnel: Recent analytical applications of liquid-core waveguides. Trends Anal Chem 23:1-8
14. Dasgupta PK, Genfa Z, Poruthoor SK, Caldwell S, Dong S, LiuHigh S (1998) Sensitivity gas sensors based on gas-permeable liquid core waveguides and long-path absorbance detection. Anal Chem 70:4661-4669
15. Datta A, Eom I, Dhar A, Kuban P, Manor R, Ahmad I, Gangopadhyay S, Dallas T, Holtz M, Temkin H, Dasgupta P (2003) Microfabrication and characterization of Teflon AF-coated liquid core waveguide channels in silicon. IEEE Sens J 3:788-795
16. DeCorby RG, Ponnampalam N, Nguyen HT, Pai MM, Clement TJ (2007) Guided self-assembly of integrated hollow Bragg waveguides. Opt Express 15:3902-3915
17. Dell'Olio F, Passaro VMN (2007) Optical sensing by optimized silicon slot waveguides. Opt Express 15:4977-4993
18. 2O core. Proc SPIE 2686:157-163
19. 2-Si multilayer structures. Appl Phys Lett 49:13-15
20. Edwards JM, Hamblin MN, Fuentes HV, Peeni BA, Lee ML, Woolley AT, Hawkins AR (2007) Thin film electroosmotic pumps for biomicrofluidic applications. Biomicrofluidics 1:014101
21. Erickson D, Rockwood T, Emery T, Scherer A, Psaltis D (2006) Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits. Opt Lett 31:59-61
22. Fink Y, Winn JN, Fan S, Chen C, Michel J, Joannopoulos JD, Thomas EL (1998) A dielectric omnidirectional reflector. Science 282:1679-1682
23. Fouckhardt H, Grosse A, Grewe M, Kuhnke M (2001) Micro flow modules with combined fluidflow channel and optical detection waveguide - hyper Rayleigh scattering as a case study. Fresenius J Anal Chem 371:218-227
24. Gopal V, Harrington JA (2003) Deposition and characterization of metal sulfide dielectric coatings for hollow glass waveguides. Opt Express 11:3182-3187
25. Hawkins AR, Lunt EJ, Holmes M, Phillips B, Yin D, Rudenko MI, Schmidt H (2007) Advances in integrated hollow waveguides for on-chip sensors. Proc SPIE 6462:64620U
26. Hecht J (1998) City of light. Oxford University Press, New York
27. Hecht J (2002) Understanding fiber optics, 4th edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
28. Hubbard NB, Howell LL, Barber JP, Conkey DB, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2005) Mechanical models and design rules for on-chip micro-channels with sacrificial cores. J Micromech Microeng 15:720-727
29. Jenkins RM, McNie ME, Blockley AF, Price N, McQuillan J (2003) Hollow waveguides for integrated optics. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC), Rimini, Italy
30. Jensen JB, Pedersen LH, Hoiby PE, Nielsen LB, Hansen TP, Folkenberg JR, Riishede J, Noordegraaf D, Nielsen K, Carlsen A, Bjarklev A (2004) Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions. Opt Lett 29:1974-1976
31. Knight J (2003) Photonic crystal fibres. Nature 424:847-851
32. Lee JR, Barber JP, George ZA, Lee ML, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR (2007) Micro-channels with different core shapes fabricated using sacrificial etching. J Micro Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 6:013010
33. Liu C (2006) Foundations of MEMS. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
34. Lo S, Wang M, Chen C (2004) Semiconductor hollow optical waveguides formed by omni-directional reflectors. Opt Express 12:6589-6593
35. Martelli C, Canning J, Lyytikainen K, Groothoff N (2005) Water-core Fresnel fiber. Opt Express 13:3890-3895
36. McDonald JC, Whitesides GM (2002) Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a material for fabricating microfluidic devices. Acc Chem Res 35:491-499
37. Mohebbi M, Fedosejevs R, Gopal V, Harrington JA (2002) Silver-coated hollow-glass waveguide for applications at 800 nm. Appl Opt 41:7031-7035
38. Monat C, Domachuk P, Eggleton BJ (2007) Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light. Nat Phot 1:106-114
39. Peeni BA, Conkey DB, Barber JP, Kelly R, Lee ML, Woolley AT, Hawkins AR (2005) Planar thin film device for capillary electrophoresis. Lab Chip 5:501-505
40. Peeni BA, Lee ML, Hawkins AR, Woolley AT (2006) Sacrificial layer microfluidic device fabrication methods. Electrophoresis 27:4888-4895
41. Pone E, Dubois C, Guo N, Gao Y, Dupois A, Boismenu F, Lacroix S, Skorobogatiy M (2006) Drawing of the hollow all-polymer Bragg fibers. Opt Express 14:5838-5852
42. Psaltis D, Quake SR, Yang C (2006) Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics. Nature 442:381-386
43. Rindorf L, Jensen JB, Dufva M, Pedersen LH, Hoiby PE, Bang O (2006) Photonic crystal fiber long-period gratings for biochemical sensing. Opt Express 14:8224-8231
44. Risk WP, Kim H, Miller RD, Temkin H, Gangopadhyay S (2004) Optical waveguides with an aqueous core and a low-index nanoporous cladding. Opt Express 12:6446-6455
45. Schelle B, Dreß P, Franke H, Klein KF, Slupek J (1999) Physical characterization of lightguide capillary cells. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:3157-3163
46. Schmidt H, Yin D, Yang W, Wu B, Conkey DB, Barber JP, Hawkins AR (2006) Towards integration of quantum interference in alkali atoms on a chip. Proc SPIE 6130:613006
47. Skivesen N, Tetu A, Kristensen M, Kjems J, Frandsen LH, Borel PI (2007) Photonic-crystal waveguide biosensor. Opt Express 15:3169-3176
48. Stone J (1972) Optical transmission in liquid-core quartz fibers. Appl Phys Lett 20:239-240
49. 2 laser transmission. Nature 420:650-653
50. Tsunoda K, Nomura A, Yamada J, Nishi S (1989) The possibility of signal enhancement in liquid absorption spectrometry with a long capillary cell utilizing successive total reflection at the outer cell surface. Appl Spectrosc 43:49-55
51. Wang T, Aiken JH, Hule CW, Hartwick RA (1991) Nanoliter-scale multireflection cell for absorption detection in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 63:1372-1375
52. Wang S, Huang X, Fang Z, Dasgupta P (2001) A miniaturized liquid core waveguide-capillary electrophoresis system with flow injection sample introduction and fluorometric detection using light-emitting diodes. Anal Chem 73:4545-4549
53. Wolfe DB, Conroy RS, Garstecki P, Mayers BT, Fischbach MA, Paul KE, Prentiss M, Whitesides GM (2004) Dynamic control of liquid-core/ liquid-cladding optical waveguides. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:12434-12438
54. Wolfe DB, Vezenov DV, Mayers BT, Whitesides GM, Conroy RS, Prentiss MG (2005) Diffusion-controlled optical elements for optofluidics. App Phys Lett 87:181105
55. Xu Q, Almeida VR, Panepucci RR, Lipson M (2004) Experimental demonstration of guiding and confining light in nanometer-size low-refractive-index material. Opt Lett 29:1626-1628
56. Yin D, Barber JP, Hawkins AR, Deamer DW, Schmidt H (2004) Integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores. Appl Phys Lett 85:3477-3479
57. Yin D, Barber JP, Lunt EJ, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2005a) Optical characterization of arch-shaped ARROW waveguides with liquid cores. Opt Exp 13:10564-10569
58. Yin D, Barber JP, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2005b) Low-loss integrated optical sensors based on hollow-core ARROW waveguides. Proc SPIE 5730:218-225
59. Yin D, Barber JP, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2006a) Waveguide loss optimization in hollow-core ARROW waveguides. Opt Express 13:9331-9336
60. Yin D, Barber JP, Deamer DW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2006b) Single-molecule detection using planar integrated optics on a chip. Opt Lett 31:2136-2138